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Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4

2014-2016

TECHNICAL REPORT

(SOUTH KOREA)

By

Gallop Korea

for

Asian Barometer Survey

Center for East Asia Democratic Studies

National Taiwan University

December 2015

Contact Information Gallup Korea

208 Sajik-ro Jongno-Gu Seoul 110-054, Korea

Tel: 82-3-3702-2100

Fax: 82-3-3702-2121

Email: [email protected]

Asian Barometer Survey

No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Center for East Asia Democratic Studies, College of Social Sciences

National Taiwan University

Tel: 886-2-3366-8456

Fax: 886-2-2365-7179

Email: [email protected]

1. BASIC INFORMATION 1.1 LOCATION

The Asian Barometer 2015 Survey covered South Korea, except Jeju-do.

1.2 POPULATION

The population of South Korea in 2014 was estimated to be 50.42 million.1

1.3 GOVERNMENT

South Korea is a democratic republic with the president as the head of the state and the

government. It is a unitary state.

The president is elected by popular vote for a single five-year term through the

first-past-the-post rule. According to the electoral rule, the unicameral National Assembly

in South Korea is comprised of at least 200 members with a four-year term. Over 80

percent of the members is elected by the simple majority district (SMD) rule. Over 5

percent of the members is elected party-list proportionate representation (PR) rule.

Currently, the National Assembly consists of 300 members, among which 246 were

elected by the SMD and 54 were elected by the PR.

The current president is Park Geun-hye, who was elected in December 2012. The latest

legislative election was held in 2012, with the president’s party—the Saenuri Party (New

Frontier Party (previously called the Grand National Party before February

2012)—controls 52% of the seats in the National Assembly.

1.4 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

The GNI per capital was USD 27,090 for the 2014 estimate. The annual economic growth

was 3.3% in 2014.2

1.5 IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND SOCIAL EVENTS

October 28: Local by-elections

November 2: South Korea-Japan summit meeting

November 3: Government announces plans for a revisionist Korean history textbook

November 14: Anti-government mass rally and violent protest by labor forces

November 22: Former president Kim Young-sam dies

1World Bank, “World Development Indicators”, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=KOR&series=&period=, accessed on January 6, 2016. 2 Ibid.

2. TIMETABLE

Activity Duration

Fieldwork 2015/10/27-12/02

3. RESPONDENTS 3.1 CRITERIA OF SELECTING RESPONDENTS

Data was gathered through face-to-face interviews of voting-age South Korean adults

aged 19 years old and above. The survey asked a host of questions about political, social

and economic issues, some undertaken as regular indicators monitored over time and

others reflective of current concerns. It also obtained information and background

characteristics about the household and family members. The questionnaire was

administered thru paper and pencil interviews (PAPI).

3.2 RESEARCH ETHNICAL REVIEW

In South Korea there is no need to obtain any permission for any research type. For

the ABS IV we did not need to go through the review process in South Korea.

However, before the beginning of interview process, the interviewers informed all

interviewees that ‘we will not record your name or identifying information about you

on the questionnaire. So no one will know who gave which answers to our questions.

There is no risk to you in participating in the survey. There is also no benefit to you in

participating in the survey. But if you answer our questions, you will help us

understand how the public feels about issues facing the country today. Your

participation in the survey is voluntary. If there are any questions you don't want to

answer you don't have to answer them. And you can stop participating in the survey at

any time. ..’

4. SAMPLING PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY 4.1 SAMPLING SIZES AND ERROR MARGINS

An indicator of data quality is the standard error of the estimate, on which the margin for

sampling error is based. As survey statistics are mostly proportions, the key measure of

data precision is the standard error of a proportion taken from a sample. It is computed as

follows:

Z ∗1

Where Z, at 95% confidence level is 1.96; p is the sample proportion estimate and n is the

sample size. The overall sample size of 1,200 voting-age adults gives a maximum error

margin of ± 2.83% at the 95% confidence level, assuming a simple random sampling

design. The sampling error is at its highest when the true proportion being estimated is

close to 50%.

In order to minimize respondent selection bias, the survey is conducted on weekends if

there are many one-person households in the location. Respondent’s demographics are

checked with tracking data, other nationwide survey results and official statistics.

4.2 SAMPLING SCHEME

South Korea was divided into two study areas: Metropolitan city and Do (province) (See

the figure below). Multi-stage probability sampling was used in the selection of sample

spots. The first stratification is at the regional level, divided into Metropolitan city and Do.

The second is at the city size level, covering city and Gun.

4.2.1 FIRST STAGE-SELECTION OF PSU

First, we determined the sample size by the largest administrative unit (Metropolitan city,

Do) and city size in proportion to the size of population. Jeju-do was excluded from the

sample because Jeju-do is the island whose population rate is just 1.2% of the total

population (14 cases is allocated for the 1,200 sample). The survey results of Jeju-do have

little effect on the total results. Thus, in case of nationwide 1,200 sample survey in Korea,

it is general to conduct the survey excluding Jeju-do.

Dong, Eup, Myun are the first stage administrative units which are selected randomly.

4.2.2 SECOND STAGE-SELECTION OF SSU

The second stage selects the final fieldwork locations (Ban, Village) through multi-stage

stratified random sampling.

4.2.3 THIRD STAGE-SELECTION OF HOUSEHOLDS

After choosing the final fieldwork locations (Ban, Village), 6-15 households (Ban: 6-8,

Village : 12-15) are randomly selected for interview in each “Ban” or “Village”. In this

step, the households in market/shopping area are excluded.

4.2.4 FOURTH STAGE-SELECTION OF RESPONDENT

In case a selected household has more than two persons of 19 years and over, the

interviewers select the right person whose birthday comes first in the forthcoming 12

months from the interviewing day.

In this step, persons who stay temporarily at a selected household, that is, lodger, family

member in military service, and persons in long-period official trip or overseas duty are

excluded.

4.3 NUMBER OF CALLS AND SUBSTITUTION/ALTERNATE SAMPLES

When the interviewee rejects response, the interviewer does not visit again. If the

survey is not completed, the interviewer continues the survey from the next number

household of the starting point.

4.4 SURVEY STATISTICS

A total of 3,345 respondents were contacted for the survey, of which 1,200 were

completed interviews. There were 1,654 eligible cases for which no successful interview

is obtained: 967 were cases of the respondent not eligible for the survey.

Completed Refusal Not an object of

interview Attempted interviews

Cases 1,200 1,654 967 3,821

Ratio 31.40% 43.30% 25.30% 100.00%

5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5.1 PREPARATION

5.1.1 QUESTIONNAIRE

The final questionnaire is composed of two modules: the Main Questionnaire and the

Socio-Demographic (SDC) Questionnaire. The Main Questionnaire has 172 questions,

while the SDC Questionnaire has 15 questions, for a total of 187 question items. The

definitive language version of the core questionnaire, English, was translated into Korean.

5.1.2 PRE-TESTING AND FINALIZING QUESTIONNAIRE

The Korean version underwent cognitive pretests to make sure that the messages were

conveyed accurately. In addition, cognitive pre-testing enables:

- Determine the time length of the interview;

- Improve the wording of the questions, if necessary;

- Eliminate unnecessary questions or add new items, as the case may be;

- Test question sequence and identify bases;

- Correct and improve translation;

- Change open-ended questions into multiple-choice questions;

- Find out which items are conceptually vague;

- Check accuracy and adequacy of the questionnaire instructions;

- Determine whether the focus of the question is clear; and,

- Identify interviewer's recording difficulties

5.1.3 TRAINING

Gallup Korea assigned superb interviewers who are above A level according to Gallup

Korea’s rating standard and who have experiences of former Gallup Omnibus Survey or

similar to it. All the interviewers were registered in Gallup Korea. Gallup Korea controls

the quality of the fieldwork by interviewer rating system. It grades interviewers ‘A’ to ‘C’

according to their survey experience, loyalty to Gallup Korea, understanding of survey,

and sincerity.

Interviewers received one-day orientation with test and had to finish three exercise

interviews successfully. The fieldwork supervisor collected completed questionnaires and

controlled the contents and environment daily.

The field interviewers’ trainings were conducted on-site, or in strategic, central locations

where the interviews were to be conducted.

5.2 FIELDWORK

5.2.1 WORKERS ON HAND

For this project, a total of 90 field interviewers and 6 supervisors were deployed.

5.2.2 SUPERVISION

5.2.2.1 SPOT-CHEKING

Fieldwork supervisors check the completed questionnaires and verify non-answered,

logical consistency.

5.2.2.2 RE-TESTING

Verification Team selects 30% of the questionnaires randomly and calls the

interviewees to check out if the interviewer conducted the survey actually, if the

interviewee filled up the questionnaire by oneself, and so on.

5.3 FIELD EDITING

All the questionnaires are checked for logical errors through cross-tabulation

6. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

As part of a full review of the survey, questions were subjected to a reliability analysis.

Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, α. It is a common rule of thumb

that a Cronbach α value of .6 to .7 is an acceptable value. This Technical Report uses

commonly accepted rule of thumb in interpreting Cronbach’s α values:

α ≥ 0.9 Excellent

0.7 ≤ α < 0.9 Good

0.6 ≤ α < 0.7 Acceptable

0.5 ≤ α < 0.6 Below Standard

α < 0.5 Poor

6.1 ECONOMIC EVALUTIONS

The Cronbach’s α value for the six items is .712, which is considered acceptable.

Each of the six items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

battery. Q3 (.379) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the

items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α

value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted

because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .712.

Cronbach's α = .712 Corrected Item-total

correlation

Cronbach's α if item

deleted

Q1. How would you rate the

overall economic condition

of our country today?

.440 .674

Q2. How would you describe

the change in the economic

condition of our country over

the last few years?

.456 .670

Q3. What do you think will

be the state of our country’s

economic condition a few

years from now?

.379 .698

Q4. As for your own family,

how do you rate the

economic situation of your

family today?

.486 .663

Q5. How would you compare

the current economic

condition of your family with

what it was a few years ago?

.530 .648

Q6. What do you think the

economic situation of your

family will be a few years

from now?

.400 .686

6.2 TRUST IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

The Cronbach’s α value for the 13 items is .872, which is considered good. Each of

the 13 items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery.

Q7 (.389) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items

from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value,

i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all

values are less than the overall reliability α = 872.


correlation


deleted

Q7. The Prime Minister .389 .873

Q8. The courts .558 .862

Q9. The national

government [in capital city] .543 .863

Q10. Political parties [not

any specific party] .503 .865

Q11. Parliament .464 .867

Q12. Civil service .604 .860

Q13. The military(or armed

forces) .512 .865

Q14. The police .528 .864

Q15. Local government .649 .857

Q16. Newspapers .614 .859

Q17. Television .579 .861

Q18. Election Commission .660 .856

Q19. NGOs .545 .865

6.3 SOCIAL CAPITAL

6.3.1 FAMILY TRUST

The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .746, which is considered good. Each of

the three items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery.

Q26 (.509) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. As Q27 has the highest

corrected item-total correlation of .694, deleting Q27 from the battery would have

significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value. That is, if it were to be deleted, it

would reduce the overall reliability to unacceptable .516.

Deleting either Q26 or Q28 from this battery would not have significant effect on the

overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if

they were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α

= .746.


correlation


deleted

Q26. Your relatives .509 .734

Q27. Your neighbors .694 .516

Q28. Other people you

interact with .539 .716

6.3.2 SOCIAL NETWORK

The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .530, which is considered unacceptable.

Each of the three items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

battery, though the correlations are low. Q32 (.193) has the lowest corrected

item-total correlation. Deleting Q32 from this battery would have a significant effect

on the overall Cronbach’s α value. That is, if it were to be deleted, it would increase

the overall reliability to .717, which is acceptable. Thus, we should consider deleting

Q32 from this battery.


correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q30. If you have a difficult problem to

manage, are there people outside your

household you can ask for help?

.454 .269

Q31. When people outside your

household have problems, do they come

to you for help?

.431 .298

Q32. If you had friends or co-workers

whose opinions on politics differed from

yours, would you have a hard time

conversing with them?

.193 .717

6.4 ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE

The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .716, which is considered good. Each of

the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery.




values are less than the overall reliability α .716.


correlation


deleted

Q39. An identity document

(such as a birth certificate or

passport)

.454 .696

Q40. A place in a public

primary school for a child .422 .717

Q41. Medical treatment at a

nearby clinic .638 .576

Q42. Help from the police

when you need it .574 .610

6.5 PSYCHOLOGICAL INVOLVEMENT

The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .630, which is considered acceptable.

Each of the three items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

module. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect

on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability

if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .497.

Cronbach's α =.630 Corrected Item-total

correlation


deleted

Q44. How interested would

you say you are in politics? .415 .569

Q45. How often do you

follow news about politics

and government?

.486 .498

Q46. When you get together

with your family members

or friends, how often do you

discuss political matters?

.465 .514

6.6 INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA

The Cronbach’s α value for the six items is -.085, which is considered poor. Four

items are negatively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Thus,

there might be two batteries in this set of questions. It is necessary to reconsider the

questions included in this battery.

Cronbach's α = -.085

Corrected

Item-total

Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q47. Do you have Internet access at

home? -.127 -.066

Q48. Do you have Internet access on a

mobile phone? -.127 -.061

Q49. How often do you use the

internet? -.243 .544

Q50. Do you currently use any of

the following social media networks? .412 -.227


Internet including social media

networks to find information about

politics and government?

.150 -.282


Internet including social media

networks to express your opinion

about politics and government?

.033 -.142

6.7 TRADITIONALISM

The Cronbach’s α value for the 14 items is .798, which is considered good. Each of

the 14 items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module.

Q66 and Q67 (.284) have the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of

the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s

α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted

because all values are less than the overall reliability α= .784.


correlation


deleted

Q55.For the sake of the family, the

individual should put his personal

interests second.

.414 .786

Q56.In a group, we should sacrifice

our individual interest for the sake of .426 .785

the group’s

collective interest.

Q57.For the sake of national interest,

individual interest could be sacrificed..476 .781

Q58.When dealing with others,

developing a long-term relationship is

more important than securing one’s

immediate interest.

.460 .782

Q59.When dealing with others, one

should not only focus on immediate

interest but also plan

for future.

.475 .781

Q60.Even if parents’ demands are

unreasonable, children still should do

what they ask.

.387 .788

Q61.When a mother-in-law and a

daughter-in-law come into conflict,

even if the mother-in-law is in the

wrong, the husband should still

persuade his wife to obey his mother.

.399 .787

Q62.Being a student, one should not

question the authority of their teacher..330 .793

Q63.In a group, we should avoid open

quarrel to preserve the harmony of the

group.

.482 .781

Q64.Even if there is some

disagreement with others, one should

avoid the conflict.

.532 .777

Q65.A person should not insist on his

own opinion if his co-workers disagree

with him.

.476 .781

Q66.Wealth and poverty, success and

failure are all determined by fate. .284 .797

Q67.If one could have only one child,

it is more preferable to have a boy than .284 .799

a girl.

Q68.When dealing with others, one

should not be preoccupied with

temporary gains and losses.

.479 .780

6.8 POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

6.8.1 EXPRESSION OF IDEAS


the five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module.




values are less than the overall reliability α = .821.

Cronbach's α =.821 Corrected Item-total

correlation


deleted

Q69. Contacted elected

officials or legislative

representatives at any level.

.694 .740

Q70. Contacted officials at

higher level. -- --

Q71. Contacted traditional

leaders/community leaders -- --

Q72. Contacted other

influential people outside the

government.

.770 .667

Q73. Contacted news media. .591 .861

6.8.2 CIVIC ACTION

The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .754, which is considered good. Q78 has

the lowest correlation and be considered deleting from this battery.


correlation


deleted

Q74. Got together with .677 .650

others to try to resolve local

problems.

Q75. Got together with

others to raise an issue or

sign a petition.

.676 .649

Q76. Attended a

demonstration or protest

march.

.704 .645

Q77. Used force or violence

for a political cause. .617 .682

Q78. Have you voted in

every election, voted in

most elections, voted in

some elections or hardly

ever voted?

.061 .865

6.9 REGIME PREFERENCE

6.9.1 IDEAL SYSTEM OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

This battery consists of four main questions, with each question having a follow-up

question. The main question and the follow-up question were grouped together, then

re-coded as “Statement 1: Strongly agree”, “Statement 1: Agree,” “Statement 2:

Strongly agree,” “Statement 2: Agree”. For example, Q79 and Q79a were grouped,

and re-coded as:

1 Statement 1. Government leaders implement what voters want: Strongly agree

2 Statement 1. Government leaders implement what voters want: Agree

3 Statement 2. Government leaders do what they think is best for the people: agree

4 Statement 2. Government leaders do what they think is best for the people: strongly

Agree

The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .550, which is considered unacceptable.

Each of the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

battery, but the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery would

not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items

would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the

overall reliability α = .550.


correlation


deleted

Q79+Q79a. Regime

Preference 1: Statement 1.

Government leaders

implement what voters want.

Statement 2. Government

leaders do what they think is

best for the people.

.335 .479

Q80+Q80a. Regime


Government is our employee,

the people should tell

government what needs to be

done.

Statement 2. The government

is like parent, it should decide

what is good for us.

.302 .506

Q81+Q81a. Regime

Preference 3: Statement 1. The

media should have the right to

publish news and ideas

without government

control.

Statement 2. The government

should have the right to

prevent the media from

publishing things that might

be politically destabilizing.

.342 .473

Q82+Q82a. Regime


Political leaders are chosen

by the people through open

and competitive elections.

Statement 2. Political leaders

are chosen on the basis on

.363 .457

their virtue and capability

even without election.

6.9.2 OPERATION OF CURRENT GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS


the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery.

Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the

overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if

they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability α = .788.


correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q83. Over the long run, our system of

government is capable of solving the

problems our country faces.

.575 .746

Q84. Thinking in general, I am proud of our

system of government. .588 .739

Q85. A system like ours, even if it runs into

problems, deserves the people's support. .618 .725

Q86. I would rather live under our system

of government than any other that I can

think of.

.608 .732

6.10 MEANING OF DEMOCRACY

The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .504, which is considered unacceptable.

Each of the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

battery, through the correlations are low. Q88 (.182) has the lowest corrected

item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have

significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would

increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar

to the overall reliability α = .504.

Cronbach's α = .504

Corrected

Item-total

Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q88. 1. Government narrows the gap

between the rich and the poor.

2. People choose the government leaders

in free and fair election.

3. Government does not waste any public

money.

4. People are free to express their

political views openly.

.217 .497

Q89. 1. The legislature has oversight over

the government.

2. Basic necessities, like food, clothes

and shelter, are provided for all.

3. People are free to organize political

groups.

4. Government provides people with

quality public services.

.349 .381

Q90. 1. Government ensures law and

order.

2. Media is free to criticize the things

government does.

3. Government ensures job opportunities

for all.

4. Multiple parties compete fairly in the

election.

.331 .402

Q91. 1. People have the freedom to take

part in protests and demonstrations.

2. Politics is clean and free of corruption.

3. The court protects the ordinary people

from the abuse of government power.

4. People receive state aid if they are

unemployed.

.297 .435

6.11 QUALITY OF GOVERNANCE

The Cronbach’s α value for the nine items is .763, which is considered good. Each of

the nine items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery.




values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .763.


correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q101.People have the power to change a

government they don’t like. .354 .755

Q102.Political parties or candidates in our

country have equal access to the mass

media during the election period.

.511 .730

Q103.Between elections, the people have

no way of holding the government

responsible for its actions.

.346 .759

Q104.When government leaders break the

laws, there is nothing the court can do. .386 .750

Q105.All citizens from different ethnic

communities in [Country X] are treated

equally by the government.

.413 .746

Q106.Rich and poor people are treated

equally by the government. .393 .748

Q107.People have basic necessities like

food, clothes, and shelter. .532 .730

Q108.People are free to speak what they

think without fear. .580 .720

Q109.People can join any organization

they like without fear. .518 .730

6.12 PREFERENCE FOR DEMOCRACY

The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .618, which is considered acceptable.

Each of the five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

battery. Q129 (.302) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of





Corrected

Item-total

correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q125. Which of the following statements

comes closest to your own opinion?

(1) Democracy is always preferable to any

other kind of government

(2) Under some circumstances, an

authoritarian government can be preferable

to a democratic one

(3) For people like me, it does not matter

whether we have a democratic or a

nondemocratic regime

.370 .566

Q126. Which of the following statements

comes closer to your own view?

(1) Democracy is capable of solving the

problems of our society

(2) Democracy cannot solve our society’s

problems

.326 .596

Q127. If you had to choose between

democracy and economic development,

which would you say is more important?

.407 .546

Q128. If you had to choose between

reducing economic inequality and

protecting political freedom, which would

you say is more important?

.478 .503

Q129. Do you agree or disagree with the

following statement: “Democracy may

have its problems, but it is still the best

form of government.”

.302 .598

6.13 LEGITMACY OF DEMOCRACY/ DETACHMENT FROM

AUTHORITARIANISM

The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .838, which is considered good. Each of

the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module.




values are less than the overall reliability α = .838.


Corrected

Item-total

Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q130. We should get rid of parliament

and elections and have a strong leader

decide things

.652 .804.

Q131. Only one political party should

be allowed to stand for election and

hold office

.733 .765

Q132. The army (military) should

come in to govern the country .638 .811

Q133. We should get rid of elections

and parliaments and have experts

make decisions on behalf of the

people

.669 .795

6.14 CITIZEN EMPOWERMENT AND POLITICAL SUPPORT

The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .656, which is considered acceptable.

Each of the five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

module. Q134 (.261) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of





Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q134. I think I have the ability to

participate in politics .261 .669

Q135. Sometimes politics and .359 .627

government seems so complicated

that a person like me can’t really

understand what is going on

Q136. People like me don’t have any

influence over what the government

does

.493 .561

Q137. You can generally trust the

people who run our government to

do what is right

.480 .572

Q138. A citizen should always

remain loyal only to his country, no

matter how imperfect it is or what

wrong it has done

.467 .578

6.15 AUTHORITARIAN/DEMOCRATIC VALUES

The Cronbach’s α value for the eleven items is .794, which is considered good. Each

of the eleven items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

module. Q141 (.200) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of



because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability α = .794.


Corrected

Item-total

correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q139.Women should not be involved in politics

as much as men. .324 .792

Q140.The government should consult religious

authorities when interpreting the laws. .332 .790

Q141.People with little or no education should

have as much say in politics as highly-educated

people.

.200 .802

Q142.Government leaders are like the head of a

family; we should all follow their decisions. .466 .777

Q143.The government should decide whether

certain ideas should be allowed to be discussed .492 .774

in society.

Q144.Harmony of the community will be

disrupted if people organize lots of groups. .558 .766

Q145.When judges decide important cases, they

should accept the view of the executive branch..532 .769

Q146.If the government is constantly checked

[i.e. monitored and supervised] by the

legislature, it cannot possibly accomplish great

things.

.552 .767

Q147.If we have political leaders who are

morally upright, we can let them decide

everything.

.471 .776

Q148.If people have too many different ways of

thinking, society will be chaotic. .518 .772

Q149.When the country is facing a difficult

situation, it is ok for the government to

disregard the law in order to deal with the

situation.

.494 .774

6.16 GLOBALIZATION

The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .396, which is considered poor. Each of

the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module,

though the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not

have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would

increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall

reliability α = .396.


Corrected

Item-total

correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q150.How closely do you follow major events

in foreign countries in the world? .134 .405

Q151.Our country should defend our way of life

instead of becoming more and more like other

countries.

.315 .207

Q152.Do you agree or disagree with the

following statement: “We should protect our

farmers and workers by limiting the import of

foreign goods.”

.332 .198

Q153. Do you think the government should

increase or decrease the inflow of foreign

immigrants into the country?

.097 .453

6.17 REDISTRIBUTION

The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .485, which is considered poor. Each of

the six items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module,

though the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not

have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would

increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or similar

to the overall reliability α = .485.


Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q155. How fair do you think income

distribution is in [Country]? .180 .472

Q156. Do you agree or disagree with

the following statement: It is the

responsibility of the government to

reduce the differences between

people with high income and those

with low incomes.

.163 .480

Q157. How concerned are you about

the loss of your or your family's

major source of income within the

next 12 months?

.294 .411

Q158. The following is a

hypothetical question: If you were

unfortunate enough to lose your

main source of income, how serious

would it be for you and your family?

.235 .447

Q159. Considering all the effort that

you and your family members have .391 .393

made in the past, do you think the

income that your family currently

receives is FAIR or NOT FAIR?

Q160. As compared to my parent's

generation, my generation has more

or fewer opportunities to improve

one's standard of living or social

status?

.262 .430

7. EXAMINATION OF REPRESENTATIVENESS OF SAMPLE SET AND WEIGHTING

The data are not weighted since it conforms to the population.

7.1 GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS

Gender

Sample Population

Result

Frequency Percent Percent

Male 597 49.8 49.5 Chi square= 0.023

P>.05

Consistent with the

population

Female 603 50.2 50.5

Total 1200 100 100

Age

Sample Population

Result

Frequency Percent Percent

19 – 29 214 17.8 17.8

Chi square=0.055

P>.05

Consistent with the

population

30 – 39 220 18.3 18.5

40 – 49 257 21.4 21.2

50 – 59 235 19.6 19.7

60 + 274 22.8 22.8

Total 1200 100 100

Appendix

1. List of PSU

Region Metropolitan City/

Do (Province)

PSU

(Gu, City, Gun)

Large city

Seoul

Gangseo-gu

Guro-gu

Gwangjin-gu

Songpa-gu

Gangdong-gu

Gangbuk-gu

Dongjak-gu

Yeongdeungpo-gu

Nowon-gu

Jung-gu

Yangcheon-gu

Seocho-gu

Seongbuk-gu

Seongdong-gu

Mapo-gu

Dongdaemun-gu

Dobong-gu

Gwanak-gu

Jungnang-gu

Seodaemun-gu

Gangnam-gu

Eunpyeong-gu

Busan

Yeongdo-gu

Nam-gu

Busanjin-gu

Seo-gu

Geumjeong-gu

Haeundae-gu

Buk-gu

Yeonje-gu

Suyeong-gu

Gijang-gun

Daegu

Dong-gu

Seo-gu

Nam-gu

Buk-gu

Suseong-gu

Dalseo-gu

Dalseong-gun

Incheon

Yeonsu-gu

Gyeyang-gu

Bupyeong-gu

Namdong-gu

Seo-gu

Songdo-gu

Nam-gu

Gwangiu

Dong-gu

Seo-gu

Nam-gu

Buk-gu

Daejon

Jung-gu

Dong-gu

Seo-gu

Yuseong-gu

Ulsan

Dong-gu

Nam-gu

Jung-gu

Ulju-gun

Do (province)

Gyeonggi

Paju-si

Gimpo-si

Yongin-si

Suwon-si

Osan-si

Anyang-si

Icheon-si

Gwangju-si

Anseong-si

Pyeongtaek-si

Gunpo-si

Namyangju-si

Ansan-si

Yangju-si

Goyang-si

Siheung-si

Hwaseong-si

Uijeongbu-si

Dongducheon-si

Seongnam-si

Gwangmyeong-si

Hanam-si

Bucheon-si

Gangwon

Gangneung-si

Sokcho-si

Chuncheon-si

Inje-gun

Chungcheongbuk

Cheongju-si

Chungju-si

Okcheon-gun

Chungcheongnam

Sejong City Hansoldong

Cheonan-si

Gongju-si

Gyeryong-si

Nonsan-si

Geumsan-gun

Jeollabuk

Jeonju-si

Iksan-si

Gochang-gun

Wanju-gun

Jeollanam

Gwangyang-si

Mokpo-si

Naju-si

Hwasun-gun

Jangseong-gun

Gyeongsangbuk

Seongju-gun

Andong-si

Gimcheon-si

Gumi-si

Gyeongsan-si

Pohang-si

Gunwi-gun

Gyeongsangnam

Jinju-si

Gimhae-si

Tongyeong-si

Changwon-si

Haman-gun

Geoje-si

2. Other supplement information Census data

Census data are collected every five years. The latest census data available were

collected in 2010. The 2015 census data were not released when the survey was

conducted. Hence, the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affaires’

Resident Registration Data as of September 2015 were used for sample selection.

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