ASIGURARI FINANCIARE IM

7/31/2019 ASIGURARI FINANCIARE IM

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Qljo ?% Lsleo lcdedjbc, yd`|` b f|ecbb`l osbg|yybb e lcdedjbo al {bo

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?% Diblcq|` al sq|ab|, jlqdal`l, sqy|cq|yo b scd{|` c|ys|`|b

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al lvd`|bo yoòbb`dy al ayl{q% Lcdedjbsq|` leg`l~ Oaoj Sjbqh dislyv, co osbg|yyb`l cdesqbq|bl dqlhebc fdoyql lfbcbleq al o {|`vlyb~o {blyalyb`l beabvba|o`l {l d oybl cq job òyg, focea|*`l job|sdy al s|{dyqoq, {ybe ocd{lybylo `dy al cqyl |e e|jy cq job joyl al {lysdoel%

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{yda|clylo ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq s*b {`qlosc osbg|yoq|`|b s|jo al osbg|yoyl so| als{g|ibylo alosbg|yoyl%

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9% Fdyl`l absqy|cqbvl o`l eoq|ybb b occbaleql`l {lybcd`l {lyjoeleql {leqy|vboo, beqlgybqoqlo cdy{dyo` o dj|`|b b i|e|yb`l `|b

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[|qlj gy|{o oclsql co|~l glelyoqdoyl al {og|il e ad| joyb coqlgdybb> beal{lealeql al vdbeo dojleb`dy, coyl o| coyocqly diblcqbv, `lgoql al cdj{dyqoylo dojleb`dy, oclsqlo ovea |e coyocqly s|iblcqbv%

Abe {ybjo coqlgdybl foc {oyql fdyl`l absqy|cqbvl o`l eoq|ybb, coyl e| {dq fb cdeqydòql blvbqoql al dj (c|qylj|yl al {jeq, slclq, o`|elcyb al qlyle, |yogoel, f|yq|eb, gybeabe, alclslqc%"

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Slclqo oflcqlo~ {|qlyebc ocqbvbqoqlo lcdedjbc b, {ybe oclosqo, {lybc`bqlo~ esb vboodojleb`dy%

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Al~vd`qoylo qbbelb b qlhebcbb, alb focl {dsbib` cylqlylo yo{ba o {yda|cblb, {doql{ydvdco occbaleql cl {dq ovoybo so| absqy|gl {oybo` so| qdqo`jleql jbn`docl`l al {yda|cbl bi|e|yb`l al cdes|j, {doql oflcqo co{ocbqoqlo al j|ec b chboy vboo dojleb`dy (al lxlj{`|>fd`dsbylo lelygblb oqdjbcl e scd{|yb jb`bqoyl, {ylc|j b blbylo oclsqlbo al s|i cdeqyd` e |yjo|edy occbaleql, al~vd`qoylo qyofbc|`|b y|qbly, flydvboy, olyboe b joybqbj s{dylsc {lybcd`l`l clojlebe |joebqoqlo"%

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3% Fdyjl al {ydqlcbl o dojleb`dy b i|e|yb`dy j{dqybvo ocb|ebb fdyl`dyabsqy|cqbvl o`l eoq|ybb b o occbaleql`dy

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e eoq|y b e sdcblqoql sl {yda|c d j|`qbq|abel al fledjlel {ydvdcoqdoyl al {og|il coylo| d fylcvle job j|`q so| job {|be ylg|òq b {l coyl dojlebb s*o| dibe|bq s `l eqj{bel eabflybq jda e vlalylo soqbsfoclybb beqlylsl`dy `dy lcdedjbcl b sdcbo`l% [leqy| eqj{beoylo oclsqdylvlebjleql {dqleob`l b e glelyo` elsbg|yl, glelyoqdoyl al {og|il, e|jbql ybsc|yb, dojlebb

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n|ybabcl beqlylsoql, al lcdedjbcbqoqlo sd`|bb`dy lqc%

1% Qb{|yb al fdea|yb al osbg|yoylSdcblqoqlo |joe c|edoql voyboql

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o" fdea|yb al yl~lyv cdesqbq|bql e jdabeabvba|o`=

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c" fdea|yb al osbg|yoyl {yd{yb|*~bs,

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Bj{dyqoeo osbg|yyb`dy oyl b |eos{lcq lcdedjbc, coyl cdesq e|yjqdoyl`l>

{ybe jbn`docl`l so`l s{lcbfbcl,yls{lcqbv {ybe cyloylo |edycdj|ebqb al ybsc b o{`bcoylo{ybecb{b|`|b j|q|o`bqbb es|{dyqoylo {og|il`dy, osbg|yoylo

cdeqybi|bl ò alsf|yoylo fyeqyly|{lyl o {ydcls|`|b al{yda|cbl=

{ybe {òsojleql`l fc|ql {l {booco{bqo`|`|b, cdj{oebb`l al osbg|yoyl

cdeqybi|bl ò al~vd`qoylo cylabq|`|b

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b ò fbeoeoylo |edy {ydblcqllcdedjbcl=

osbg|yoylo {oyqbcb{ ò fbeoeoylo|edy ocb|eb al {ylvlebyl bcdjioqlyl o |edy lvlebjleqlglelyoqdoyl al {og|il, cdeqybi|beaosqfl` ò jlebelylo beqlgybqbb{yd{yblqbb al sqoq, {ybvoql b jbxql=

{ybe osbg|yoylo b ylosbg|yoylojyf|yb`dy coyl foc diblcq|`yo{dyq|yb`dy n|ybabcl al cdjlybeqlyeobdeo`, {ylc|j b o

jbn`docl`dy c| coyl oclsqlo s|eqqyoes{dyqoql sl {doql {ydc|yo vo`|qoelclsoy ocd{lybybb |edy lvleq|o`l{og|il so| sl {dq ylo`b~o bj{dyqoeqllcdedjbb e vo`|q=

{ybe d{lyob|eb al {ybjbyl b claoylo |edy ybsc|yb {l {boobeqlyeobdeo` al osbg|yyb slcdeqybi|bl ò lxqbealylo ylòbb`dycdjlycbo`l beqlyeobdeo`l%

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L`ljleql coyl oqlsq bj{dyqoeoosbg|yybdy s|eq b f|ecbb`l {l coyl l`l `leal{`belsc e coay|` sdcblqbb%

F|ecbo {ybecb{o` o osbg|yybb f|ecbo al yl{oyqbbl sl joebflsq, e{ybj|` yea, e {ydcls|` al fdyjoyl ofdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl, ò abs{d~bbodygoeb~oblb al osbg|yoyl, {l slojo {ybjlbal osbg|yoyl (cdeqybi|blb", s|{dyqoql al{lysdoel`l fb~bcl b n|ybabcl c|{ybesl eosbg|yoyl%

e o` adb`lo yea, oclosq f|ecbl sl

joebflsq e {ydcls|` al abybnoyl ofdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl cqyl alsqbeobb`lso`l `lgo`l, b oe|jl> {òqo bealjeb~obb`dyal osbg|yoyl, fbeoeoylo |edy ocb|eb c|coyocqly {ylvleqbv, ocd{lybylo chl`q|bl`b`dy

oajbebsqyoqbvl b gds{daylqb o`ldygoeb~oblb al osbg|yoyl b cdesqbq|bylo|edy fdea|yb al yl~lyv% @o fl`, {ybebeqlyjlab|` f|ecblb al yl{oyqbblbj{d~bql`l aoqdyoql al dygoeb~obb`l al

osbg|yoyl s|eq abybnoql ò i|glq|` al sqoq,boy cdeqybi|bb`l c|vlebql osbg|yyb`dy

?7;


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sdcbo`l s|eq eayl{qoql cqyl i|glq|òsbg|yyb`dy sdcbo`l al sqoq%

F|ecbo al cdeqyd` co f|ecblcdj{`ljleqoy o osbg|yybb, |yjylqljda|` e coyl sl ecoslo~ {ybjl`l alosbg|yoyl b o`ql vlebq|yb o`l dygoeb~oblbal osbg|yoyl, c|j sl lflcq|lo~ {`b`l c|qbq`|` al bealjeb~obl al osbg|yoyl,chl`q|bl`b`l al {ylvlebyl o ybsc|yb`dy,chl`q|bl`b`l oajbebsqyoqbvl b gds{daylqblqc, c|j s|eq yls{lcqoql ayl{q|yb`lc|vlebql osbg|yob`dy, aoc s|eq eal{`bebql

beqlgyo` b ò qbj{ di`bgobb`l fbeoecboyl o`lbesqbq|blb al osbg|yoyl cqyl qlyb%O`ql f|ecbb s{lcbfbcl ocqbvbqbb

al osbg|yoylF|ecbo al cdj{lesoyl o {og|il`dy

yl{yl~beq {ybecb{oò f|ecbl oosbg|yyb`dy b {yl~beq beqlyls oqq {leqy|osbg|yoq, cq b {leqy| lcdedjbo |elb yb>

{leqy| osbg|yoq, osbg|yoylo a djoyn al sbg|yoe c| {ybvbyl ò

{ydqlcbo i|e|yb`dy b o vblbb, boy,

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14/149

ecosoylo {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl oyl `dc {l{oyc|ys|` lxlycbb|`|b fbeoecboy b scoaleoò ecl{|q|` oe|`|b al ylflybe%

[òqo als{g|ibyb`dy b o s|jl`dyosbg|yoql c|vlebql sl focl qyl{qoq, {l qdq{oyc|ys|` oe|`|b, {l js|yo o{oybblb boyg|jleqybb elclsbqbb {`b`dy%

Abflyleo abeqyl ecosyb b {`b {doqlfb |qb`b~oq co s|ys glelyo` al cylabqoyle lcdedjbl, fbbea cdesqbq|bq e al{d~bqlso| e abs{debib`bqb c|yleql ò iecb%

Osbg|yoylo e| lsql e|job d coqlgdybl

lcdedjbcd*fbeoecboy, aoy b |e besqbq|q alayl{q, aldoylcl, co b ayl{q|` e glelyo`, loeal{`belql b f|ecbo la|coqbv% eedyjl`l al ayl{q sqoq|` s|i fdyj alayl{q|yb b di`bgobb n|ybabcl {ylvlal

{leqy| jljiybb sdcblqbb d cdj{dyqoylc|vlebq% Edyjl`l al ayl{q coylylg`ljleqlo~ osbg|yoylo, al osljlelo,sqbj|`lo~ d cdj{dyqoyl c|vlebq os|iblcb`dy osbg|yybb, oclosqo oqbegea|*sl

{l co`lo sqoib`bybb |edy e`lsebyb bsoecb|eb%

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eqyliyb al vlybfbcoyl

?% E|jbb focqdybb coyl o| cdeqybi|bq ò al~vd`qoylo ylòbb`dy al osbg|yoyl4

9% Alfbebb cl yl{yl~beq osbg|yyb`l4

3% C|j {dq fb gy|{oql co|~l`l cl glelylo~ {og|il4

1% Coyl s|eq fdyjl`l al {ydqlcbl o dojleb`dy b i|e|yb`dy j{dqybvo ocb|ebb

fdyl`dy absqy|cqbvl4

o"

i"

c"

a"Qlsq|` ey% 9

Osbg|yoylo, clo job lfbcbleq fdyj o {ylvlalybb, oyl ò io~ {ybecb{b|`>

?% s|iydgoblb=

9% beqlyls|`|b osbg|yoib =

3% ys{|ealybb `bjbqoql=

1% j|q|o`bqbb%

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16/149

Qlsq|` ey% 3

Osbg|yyb`l eal{`belsc |yjqdoyl`l f|ecbb>

?% al absqybi|byl=

9% al yl{oyqbbl=

3% al oc|j|òyl=

1% al cdeqyd =

Qlsq|` ey% 1

[l èg f|ecbo al yl{oyqbbl b clo al cdeqyd`, le|jlyob cl`lò ql 3 f|ecbb

s{lcbfbcl osbg|yyb`dy

Qlsq|` ey%

?% sl joebflsq, e {ybj|` yea, e {ydcls|` al fdyjoyl o fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl, ò

abs{d~bbo dygoeb~oblb al osbg|yoyl, {l slojo {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl, s|{dyqoql al

{lysdoel`l fb~bcl b n|ybabcl c|{ybesl e osbg|yoyl=

9% co f|ecbl cdj{`ljleqoy o osbg|yybb, |yjylql jda|` c|j sl ecoslo~

{ybjl`l al osbg|yoyl b o`ql vlebq|yb o`l dygoeb~oblb al osbg|yoyl, c|j sl

l`lcq|lo~ {`b l c| qbq`|` al bealjeb~obl al osbg|yoyl, chl`q|bl`b l al

{ylvlebyl o ybsc|yb`dy, chl`q|bl`b`l oajbebsqyoqbvl b gds{daylqb=

3% yl~ba e ocllo c osbg|yoylo lsql o{ylcboq co fbbea |eo abe {yghb`l sbsqlj|`|b

fbeoecboy% ecosoylo {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl oyl `dc {l {oyc|ys|` lxlycbb|`|b

fbeoecboy b scoaleo ò ecl{|q|` oe||b al ylflybe%

Qlsq|` ey% 6

S|ysl`l al fdyjoyl o fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl {yd{yb|*~bs s|eq>?% Bj{d~bql`l b qoxl`l=

9% [ybjl`l al osbg|yoyl=

3% Vlebq|yb`l beabvba|o`l=

Qlsq|` ey% 7

Osbg|yyb`l yl{yl~beq TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

Qlsq|` ey% 8Fdea|` cleqyo`b~oq al osbg|yoyl lsql>

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17/149

?% |e fdea ylf`lcqoq ò co{bqd`|` chl`q|bl`b e i|glq|` al sqoq=

9% |e fdea glsqbdeoq al cqyl dygoe|` {|i`bc al s|{yovlghlyl o osbg|yyb dy=

3% |e fdea cdesqbq|bq al cqyl osdcbobo eobdeo` o osbg|yqdyb`dy%

Qlsq|` ey% 2

Coyocqlyb~ob fdea|` al osbg|yoyl {yd{yb|*~bs b e cl cdesq {ybecb{b|` j|q|o`bqbb

Qlsq|` ey% ?;Os{lcq|` lcdedjbc o` osbg|yyb`dy cdesq e |yjqdoyl`l>o"

i"

c"

a"l"

Qljo 9% Cdecl{q|` al osbg|yoyl?% Lvd`|bo cdecl{q|`|b al osbg|yoyl%

9% Osbg|yoylo s|i os{lcq n|ybabc b lcdedjbc%

3% O`ql oidyayb lcdedjbcl b fbeoecboyl o`l osbg|yybb%

?% Lvd`|bo cdecl{q|`|b al osbg|yoyl

Cdj|ebqoqlo al ybsc b j|q|o`bqoqlo o| cdesqbq|bq {yljbsl lslebo`l {leqy|

el`lglylo fo{q|`|b c e foo |edy {lybcd`l adoy |ebylo focl {|qlyl, b c {leqy| o

`l focl fo lsql elclsoy cdesqbq|bylo |e|b fdea cdj|e o cy|b |qb`b~oyl s obi `dc

{l io~o {ybecb{b|`|b qdb {leqy| |e|` b |e|` {leqy| qdb% Osbg|yoylo lsql |eo

abeqyl cl`l job vlchb bevlebb o`l djlebybb% Ballo lb sl {blyal e oaec|` slcd`l`dy%

A|{ {ylylo sovoeb`dy, {ybjl`l fdyjl al osbg|yoyl sl eqèlsc c| ad| jb`lebb

eobeqlo lylb edosqyl e `lgb`l `|b Hojj|yoib, coyl {ylvlalo echlblylo |edy

el`lglyb eqyl {oyqbcb{oebb ò coyovoeo cdjlycbo` c| {ybvbyl ò ocllo co |e|` abe

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lb s s|{dyql, cdòidyea, e ay|j {blyalyb`l al {l |yjo oqoc|yb`dy q`hylqb,

nof|yb`dy, f|yq|yb`dy lqc%

Cl sl el`lgl {ybe osbg|yoyl4 Oclosq eqylioyl o oqyos oqlebo j|`qdy

clyclqqdyb% [ydi`ljl`l osbg|yybb s|eq qyoqoql e e|jlydosl `|cyyb o`l

lcdedjbqb`dy b n|ybqb`dq abe abflybql yb% O{ydo{l fblcoyl sovoeq, coyl s*o dc|{oq

al {ydi`ljl`l osbg|yybb, qbealo s fdyj|`l~l alfbebbl o edb|ebb {yd{ybl al

osbg|yoyl%

[leqy| absc|qoylo qldybb`dy b edb|eb`dy cdeqlj{dyoel cl vb~lo~ osbg|yoylo,

e oe|` ?26;, ò @|xlji|yg, o fdsq cdevdcoq {ybj|` cdegyls o` \eb|ebb

beqlyeobdeo`l o `lgbsòblb c| {ybvbyl ò osbg|yoyl (OBAO"%

Abfbc|`qoqlo cdesq e al~v`|bylo lslelb oclsqlb coqlgdybb lcdedjbcl, coyl ò

{ybjo vlalyl lsql sbj{` b còy, eqy*d osqfl` al edb|el, coyl, {l al d {oyql, e| vo

fb {ylo eg|sq b vo c|{ybeal qdoql qb{|yb`l al osbg|yoyl, boy, {l al o`q {oyql, e| vo

fb {ylo òyg, co s e| c|{ybea e sflyo so l`ljleql sqybel%

Lxojbeoylo alfbebbb`dy aoql osbg|yybb qyli|bl al ecl{|q c| clo fdyj|òq al

V% M% Yobhly, aldoylcl lo o fdsq {ybjo, b eqy*d doylcoyl js|y o fdsq {|s ò io~o

cl`dyò`ql alfbebbb, coyl o| o{y|q job qy~b|%

Osbg|yoylo, s|sbel Yobhly, {doql fb fdyj|òq co d fdyj al dygoeb~oyl o

|e|b fdea ielsc cleqyo`b~oq abe cdeq|` |edy jbn`docl alscleqyo`b~oql> abe o`dcobb`l

fc|ql al {oyqbcb{oebb ò oclsq fdea% Abe {|ecq|` al vlalyl o` o|qdy|`|b, bj{dyqoeo

oclsqlb edb|eb ylblsl abe |ebvlyso`bqoqlo lb, lo {|qea fb o{`bcoq {leqy| qdoql

qb{|yb`l al osbg|yoyl, beabflyleq al qysq|yb`l lb s{lcbfbcl, b chboy os|{yo osbg|yybb

sdcbo`l%D{bebb`l lx{|sl job qy~b| al cqyl lcdedjbqb b o b s{lcbo`bqb o|

aljdesqyoq c oclosq alfbebbl o eqèbq |e by al dislyvobb, e oclòb yea cybqbcl,

abe co|~ c e lo e| o| fdsq `|oql e cdesbalyobl qysq|yb`l al io~ b yd`|` sdcbo`*

lcdedjbc o` ocqbvbqbb lcdedjbcl, coyl {doyq ale|jbylo al osbg|yoyl, b al

osljlelo e| s*o fc|q aldslibylo abeqyl f|ecbb`l osbg|yybb%

D o`q alfbebbl o cdecl{q|`|b lsql fdyj|òq al F% V% Mdebbe% Cdefdyjoclsqlbo osbg|yoylo yl{yl~beq |eo abeqyl jlqdal`l al fdyjoyl o |e|b fdea ielsc

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{leqy| ylc|{lyoylo abe cdeq|` {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl o {blyalyb`dy e lcdedjbo

eobdeo`, {yda|sl abe co|~o coòjbqb`dy eoq|yo`l so| occbaleql`dy b, al

osljlelo, {leqy| {òqo s|jl`dy cdyls{|e~qdoyl e `lgq|y c| s|yvlebylo |edy

oe|jbql lvlebjleql, `lgoql al vboo b co{ocbqoqlo al j|ec o cl`dy osbg|yob%

D o`q alfbebbl lsql aoq al sovoeq|` abe fdsqo Y%A%G% G% Ioalyo, coyl sl

aldslilql al cl`lò`ql fdyj|`yb {ybe fo{q|` c e lo sl {|el occleq|` {l l`ljleq|`

al còs o` osbg|yybb b sl jlebdelo~ fdyjl`l ({ybecb{bb`l" al cyloyl o fdea|`|b al

osbg|yoyl%

Osbg|yoylo scybl Ioalyo lsql d fdyj dygoeb~oq al cyloyl al cqyl

cd`lcqbvl`l al {lysdoel so| abflybql gy|{l o`l yl~lyvl`dy fbeoecboyl coyl sl io~lo~

{l {ybecb{bb ilelvd`l so| di`bgoqdybb b coyl sl of` e jbeb`l còslb adjbeoeql e

oclosq {lybdoa al qbj{, b e jbeb`l yl{yl~leqoeb`dy, cyloql {leqy| ocd{lybylo

elclsbqb`dy coyl {dq fb co`c|òql, elclsbqb cl o{oy e yl~|`qoq|` |edy lvlebjleql

eqj{`qdoyl%

\ebb o|qdyb, fdyj|èa alfbebbo cdecl{q|`|b al osbg|yoyl, lvbalebo~

coyocqly|` vd`bqbv e ocb|eb`l {lysdoel`dy coyl {oyqbcb{ ò cyloylo fdea|`|b al

osbg|yoyl% Abe {|ecq|` `dy al vlalyl, osbg|yoylo yl{yl~beq ebql ylòbb lcdedjbcl

cdecylql, coyl sl fdyjlo~ s|i bef`|leo eljbn dcbq o |edy clybel diblcqbvl al

al~vd`qoyl o jbn`docl`dy al {yda|cbl coyl bo| eoqlyl eqyl abflybql coqlgdybb al

{lysdoel b cd`lcqbvl b coyl sl lx{ybj {ybe ocb|eb vd`bqbvl cdecylql o`l

{lysdoel`dy e vlalylo qyoesflyybb |elb {yb abe {ydfbq|` `dy e fdea|` al osbg|yoyl,

e scd{|` fd`dsbybb oclsqdy s|ysl ielqb, e vbbqdy, {leqy| ylc|{lyoylo {og|il`dy

{ybcbe|bql al coòjbqb eoq|yo`l b o`ql occbaleql% C| qdoql c oclosq alfbebbl lsqlfdoyql òyg, lo e| {doyq qdq|b |e coyocqly |ebvlyso`, aldoylcl, e lsle, oqbegl

e|job osbg|yoylo al i|e|yb%

D aldslibq bj{dyqoe {leqy| al~vd`qoylo qldyblb lcdedjbcl o osbg|yybb d oyl

alfbebbo {yd{|s al @% O% Jdqb`dv> Osbg|yoylo al sqoq yl{yl~beq d qdqo`bqoql al

ylòbb lcdedjbcl b fbeoecboyl, {ybe beqlyjlab|` cydyo sl ylabsqybi|bl d {oyql abe

vlebq|` eobdeo` e beqlylsl`l eqybybb lcdedjblb {yda|cblb diqlqb b i|esqybbsoòybob`dy {l co`lo |elb jlqdal aldslibql al cyloyl o fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl abe

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cdeq|` al{|elyb`dy ielqb lflcq|oql al eqyl{ybealyb b dygoeb~obb b, al osljlelo,

al {d{|òbl, {leqy| fd`dsbylo `dy sqybcq a|{ alsqbeobl als{g|ibylo {blyalyb`dy

{oyqbcb{oeb`dy ò cyllylo fdea|`|b s|yvlebql al {l |yjo coòjbqb`dy eoq|yo`l,

occbaleql`dy, lqc% b ocdyaoylo on|qdy|`|b s|{`bjleqoy clqleb`dy (jljiyb dy

fojb`bb`dy `dy", e co~|` s|yvlebybb |edy lvlebjleql `lgoql al vboo b seqoqlo

oclsqdyo%

D alfbebbl osljeqdoyl c| clo o `|b @% O% Jdqb`dv d eqèbj ò n|ybqbb abe

Ydjebo Vcyl` B|`boe b Ilyclo F`dybe> Osbg|yoylo lx{ybj ylòbb al

absqybi|byl b ylabsqybi|byl o {yda|s|`|b beqlye iy|q, ylòbb coyl o{oy e {ydcls|`

cdesqbq|bybb b |qb`b~ybb fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl e vlalylo alsf|yybb eleqyly|{ql o

ocqbvbqbb lcdedjbcl, {sqyybb beqlgybqbb i|e|yb`dy osbg|yoql, {ydqlnybb

{lysdoel`dy fb~bcl j{dqybvo oe|jbqdy lvlebjleql coyl `l*oy {|qlo oflcqo vboo dyb

beqlgybqoqlo cdy{dyo`, {ylc|j b dedyybb di`bgobb`dy al ys{|ealyl cbvb` cl ylvbe

{lysdoel`dy fb~bcl b n|ybabcl fo al qlyb%

Alfbebbo edb|elo al osbg|yoyl fdyj|òq e @lglo Flalyoblb Y|sl c| {ybvbyl

ò osbg|yyb abe 97 edbljiybl ?229, oyqbcd`|` 9, s|e osqfl`> [ybe osbg|yoyl sl

l`lgl d qdqo`bqoql al ylòbb, jlebql s o{lyl beqlylsl`l {oqybjdebo`l o`l {lysdoel`dy

fb~bcl b n|ybabcl e co~|` {yda|clybb |edy lvlebjleql (co~|yb`dy osbg|yoql" abe

cdeq|` fdea|yb`dy ielqb cyloql abe al{|elyb`l al osbg|yoyl ({ybjl`l al osbg|yoyl"

lflcq|oql al l`l%

9% Osbg|yoylo s|i os{lcq n|ybabc b

lcdedjbc

Cdecl{q|` al osbg|yoyl {doql fb oidyaoq

abe {|ecq al vlalyl> n|ybabc, lcdedjbc b

fbeoecboy%

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Abe {|ecq al vlalyl n|ybabc {leqy| o fb

d{lyoeq, osbg|yoylo qyli|bl s co{lql d

fdyj n|ybabc, fo{q cl yl~|`q abeqy*|e

cdeqyocq co `lgl o {yb`dy b abe `lglo

{yd{yb|*~bs ljbs al {|qlylo `lgbs`oqbv%

Osqfl`, cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl b `lglo aldygoeb~oyl o osbg|yyb`dy cdesqbq|bl b~vdoyl`l

al ayl{q|yb b di`bgobb e joqlybl al

osbg|yyb%

Abe {|ecq al vlalyl lcdedjbc osbg|yoylo

bj{`bc cdesqbq|bylo, e cdeabbb s{lcbfbcl, o

fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl, e `lgq|y c| coyl {dq

fb {|sl e lvbale cqlvo os{lcql>

fo{q|` c osbg|yoylo sl cdesqbq|bl s|i

fdyj ielosc=

?8;


22/149

fdea|` al osbg|yoyl sl cdesqbq|bl

alscleqyo`b~oq, ò ebvl`|` fblcylb

sdcblqb al osbg|yoyl, {l slojo

{ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl ecosoql=

cdesqbq|bylo b |qb`b~oylo fdea|`|b al

osbg|yoyl bj{`bc ylòbb lcdedjbcleqyl {yb {ybe f`|x|yb`l ielqb {l coyl

`l {yls|{|el ecosoylo {ybjl`dy b o{db

{òqo als{g|ibyb`dy oflyleql%Abe {|ecq al vlalyl fbeoecboy sl {doql

o{ylcbo c osbg|yoylo sl cdesqbq|bl eqy*|e

beqlyjlaboy fbeoecboy eqyl {lysdoel`l fb~bcl

osbg|yoql coyl {`qlsc lo`deoq {ybjl`l al

osbg|yoyl b {lysdoel`l fb~bcl so| n|ybabcl

coyl o| elvdbl al yls|ysl fbeoecboyl

s|{`bjleqoyl%

?8?


23/149

[yljbsl`l osbg|yybb

Oclsqlo yl~ba abe coyocqly|` lvlebjleq|`|b osbg|yoq>

Coyocqly|` o`loqdy o` lvlebjleql`dy ò coyl sl ylfly osbg|yoylo% Oqfl`,

lvlebjleq|` qyli|bl s fbl eqj{`qdy, ylo`b~oylo `|b s e| al{bea al vdbeo

{yb`dy bj{`bcoql e osbg|yoyl% e oclsq scd{, {leqy| o fb osbg|yoib`,

lvlebjleq|` qyli|bl s fbl {dsbib` e vbbqdy, c| cdeslcbel eqylv~|ql, aoy

qdq|b elsbg|y s|i os{lcq|` {yda|clybb, o js|ybb e coyl vo {ydvdco so| e|

{og|il b s|i os{lcq|` `dco`b~ybb b o` a|yoqlb=

Coyocqly|` lvo`|oib` o` lvlebjleql`dy% Osqfl`, {leqy| o fb osbg|yoq,

lvlebjleq|` qyli|bl s {doq fb c|{ybes e clyclqoylo sqoqbsqbc, s alc|yg

a|{ `lgbqb`l lvlebjleql`dy eqj{`qdoyl, ecoayea|*sl e `lgb`l al

co`c|` o {ydioib`bqb`dy%

[dsbib`bqoqlo al lvo`|oyl o lvlebjleql`dy sl ylfly ò e|jy|` al co~|yb coyl

sl {dq bvb b ò ebvl`|` ò coyl l elclsoy ocd{lybylo {og|il`dy% Oclosqo focl

{dsbib` sqoib`bylo {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl cl |yjlo~ o fb {`qbql%

J|q|o`bqoqlo ylf`lcq cdesqbq|bylo b|qb`b~oylo fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl a|{

{ybecb{b|` |e|` {leqy| qdb b qdb

{leqy| |e|`%Fdea|` al osbg|yoyl cdesqbq|bq lxc`|sbv s|i fdyj ielosc {ybe cdeqybi|bo

|e|b e|jy joyl al {lysdoel fb~bcl b n|ybabcl * lsql |qb`b~oq e scd{|` e`q|yybb

|yjyb`dy glelyoql al {yda|clylo lvlebjleql`dy osbg|yoql%

Lxqlesbo e|jlybc o osbg|yob`dy ylf`lcq d clybe e aly|òylo {ydcls|`|b al

osbg|yoyl% E|jy|` al osbg|yob qyli|bl s fbl s|fbcbleq al joyl {leqy|

elclsbqb`l vb~ea co`c|`|` {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl, lvo`|oylo b abs{lysbo

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ybsc|`|b, osbg|yoylo |edy yls|ysl s|fbcbleql {leqy| cdesqbq|bylo fdea|`|b al

osbg|yoyl b |qb`b~oylo `|b lfbcbleq%

Lchbabsqoeo osbg|yob`dy fo al ybsc l elclsoy% Job {ylcbs, sl bj{|el

baleqbfbcoylo beqlylsl`dy sbjbòyl o`l osbg|yob`dy {leqy| o {ydjdvo d oe|jbq

fdyj al osbg|yoyl b als{g|ibylo e oclòb fl` o osbg|yob`dy {leqy| d

oe|jbq coqlgdybl al ybsc|yb%

J|q|o`bqoqlo fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl oyl |e yd` aldslibq al bj{dyqoeq% Abe

oclsq jdqbv, e| beqy e sflyo osbg|yyb`dy yl~lyvl`l cleqyo`b~oql o`l sdcblqbb

so| o`l ogleb`dy lcdedjbcb, chboy aoc oclsqlo oy ovlo co alsqbeobl ocd{lybylo

coòjbqb`dy ò ebvl` al ylflybe% e cdeslcbe, cdecl{q|` al o|qdosbg|yoyl

vlhbc|òq e qldybo lcdedjbc e| oyl yl`lvoe {leqy| o lx{`bco cdecl{q|` al

osbg|yoyl, qdcjob {leqy| c e| oyl ò io~ {yljbso di`bgoqdybl o j|q|o`bqbb%

[ydjdvoylo osbg|yyb`dy bj{`bc |yjqdoyl`l cdeabbb diblcqbvl b s|iblcqbvl>

Cdeabbb s|iblcqbvl>

Beqlyls|` {leqy| osbg|yoyl oy {|qlo fb beqly{ylqoq {ybe sbj|` elclsbqbb al o

baleqbfbco, o {ylvleb b o {yleqj{beo lvlebjleql`l, ybsc|yb`l glelyoqdoyl al

{og|il% Oclsqo sl of` e cdylòbl c| lvd`|bo glelyo` o sdcblqbb, c| ebvl`|` lb al

al~vd`qoyl, c| ebvl`|` al c|`q|y b cbvb`b~obl o dj|`|b%

S|{dyqoib`bqoqlo fbeoecboy o osbg|yybbsl ylfly ò {dsbib`bqb`l fbeoecboyl

o`l {lysdoel`dy fb~bcl b n|ybabcl al o s|{dyqo {òqo {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl% C| o`ql

c|vbeql, s|{dyqoib`bqoqlo fbeoecboy o osbg|yybb {doql {ydjdvo beqlyls|` {leqy|

osbg|yoyl, ` {doql i`dco so| ` {doql ojeo%

Cdeabbb`l diblcqbvl sl ylfly ò coyocqlybsqbcb`l bj{|sl lvlebjleql`dy {leqy|

o beqyo e sflyo osbg|yyb`dy>

?% s fbl s{dyoabcl=

9% s obi d oe|jbq ylg|òybqoql=

3% s obi lxqlesbl qlybqdybo`=

1% s sl {yda|c e vbbqdy%

Al`bjbqyb`l cdecl{q|o`l o`l osbg|yybb

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e sles|` cl` job òyg, fbl co ylòbl, fbl co sbsqlj, osbg|yyb`l {dq fb oidyaoql

co>

osbg|yyb sdcbo`l=

osbg|yyb cdjlycbo`l%

Osbg|yyb`l sdcbo`l sl ylfly ò {lysdoel, ovea jlebylo al o cylo

|el`lyl~lyvl ielqb cleqyo`b~oql, alsqbeoql {ydqlcblb, s|i abflybql fdyjl, o

jljiyb`dy sdcblqbb%

Osbg|yyb`l cdjlycbo`l s|eq ylo`b~oql al fbyjl {ybe sdcblqb s{lcbo`b~oql b {l

{ybecb{bb lcdedjbcl% Osbg|yyb`l cdjlycbo`l {dq fb> al i|e|yb, {lysdoel so|

ys{|ealyl cbvb`% [ydjdvoylo `dy bj{`bc sdcblqb`l al osbg|yoyl e co`bqoql al

osbg|yoqdyb {lysdoeo fb~bc so| n|ybabc e co`bqoql al osbg|yoq, ofòql e yo{dyq|yb

delydosl vb~ea> {òqo |edy {ybjl al osbg|yoyl, {yl`|oylo {ydqlcblb j{dqybvo

oe|jbqdy ybsc|yb, als{g|ibylo {leqy| {og|il`l glelyoql al ybsc|yb`l osbg|yoql%

3% O`ql oidyayb lcdedjbcl b fbeoecboyl o`l osbg|yybb

e yb`l al~vd`qoql osbg|yyb`l o| alvlebq d bj{dyqoeq yoj|y o lcdedjblb

eobdeo`l {leqy| c, {ybe vo`doylo oa|goq cyloq, sdcblqb`l al osbg|yoyl, al

beqlyjlablyl so| al {ylsqyb al slyvbcbb belabql {oyqbcb{ ò s{dybylo {yda|s|`|b

beqlye iy|q, dfly `dc|yb al j|ec, {oyqbcb{ ò dflyqo al co{bqo` al j{y|j|q {l

{boo fbeoecboy b {ybe s|jl`l ocdyaoql osbg|yob`dy cdeqybi|bl ò ylfoclylo

i|e|yb`dy absqy|sl so| ovoyboql%

\ebb s{lcbo`bqb {|e e lvbale oe|jbql vo`lel o`l osbg|yyb`dy>

co`bqoqlo al yoj|y {ylsqoqdoyl al slyvbcbb=

al beqlyjlaboy fbeoecboy=

al ocqbvbqoql fbeoecboy%

Osbg|yoylo co yoj|y {ylsqoqdoyl al slyvbcbb sl yl`lv {ybe fo{q|` c

sdcblqoqlo al osbg|yoyl, e schbji|` {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl ecosoql, dfly

osbg|yoq|`|b |e {yda|s elcdy{dyo` s{lcbfbc, b oe|jl> {yl`|oylo ys{|ealybb {leqy|

ybsc|yb l osbg|yoql, slc|ybqoqlo {leqy| co~|yb`l cdevlebql {ybe cdeqyocq|` al

osbg|yoyl%

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Osbg|yoylo co beqlyjlaboy fbeoecboy yl~ba e fo{q|` c, job o`ls e

osbg|yyb`l al vbo, sdcblqoqlo al osbg|yoyl dfly osbg|yob`dy e| e|job {ydqlcbo al

osbg|yoyl, cb b besqy|jleql`l al lcdedjbsbyl b al fy|cqbfbcoyl o yls|ysl`dy ielqb%

Osbg|yoylo co ocqbvbqoqlo fbeoecboy cdesq e ocllo c, e {lybdoao aly|`ybb

cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl, osbg|yoylo l bef`|leoq oqq al jybjlo oisd`|q

edjbeo` o s|jlb oc|j|`oql, cq b al jybjlo ylo` o oclsqlbo% Osqfl`, cdeqyocq|`

al osbg|yoyl o{oyl co d cyloe cdeabbdeoq ljbs al osbg|yoqdy b ochb~bbdeoq al

osbg|yoq%


?% Cl sl el`lgl {ybe osbg|yoyl4

9% Coyl fdyj|`oyl o cdecl{q|`|b al osbg|yoyl lsql job cdylcq4

3% Oeo`b~ob cdecl{q|` al osbg|yoyl abe {|ecq al vlalyl n|ybabc

1% Coyl lsql `lgq|yo abeqyl osbg|yyb`l sdcbo`l b osbg|yyb`l lcdedjbcl4

o" abe vlebq|yb l ogleq|`|b lcdedjbc=i" abe {ydfbq|` iy|q o` ogleq|`|b lcdedjbc=

c" abe {ydfbq|` elq o` ogleq|`|b lcdedjbc, l` fbbea co |e s|{`bjleq o`

co{bqo`|`|b sdcbo`%

Qlsq|` ey% 9

Coyocqly|` lcdedjbc o` ocqbvbqbb al osbg|yoyl sl joebflsq {ybe>

o" lflcq|oylo alcdeqyb`dy c| oglebb lcdedjbcbi" ocdyaoylo on|qdoyl`dy `dgbsqbcl {lysdoel`dy sbebsqyoql=

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c" ecosoylo {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl b ocdyaoylo s|jl`dy osbg|yoql b o

als{g|ibyb`dy al osbg|yoyl jljiyb`dy cdj|ebqbb al ybsc%

Qlsq|` ey% 3

[dqybvbq @lgbb c| {ybvbyl `o ocqbvbqoqlo osbg|yyb`dy, lxbsq |yjqdoyl`l adjlebb

al osbg|yoyl>

o" osbg|yyb al i|e|yb=

i" osbg|yyb sdcbo`l=

c" osbg|yoyb al ys{|ealyl cbvb`=

a" osbg|yoyb al {lysdoel%

Qlsq|` ey% 1

Fdea|` al osbg|yoyl {yd{yb|*~bs lsql |e fdea>

o" cdesqbq|bq al cqyl sdcblqb`l cdjlycbo`l al osbg|yoyl abe {ybjl`l al

osbg|yoyl ecosoql, aoqdybq coyocqly|`|b o`loqdyb| o` ybsc|yb`dy osbg|yoql=

i" cdesqbq|bq al cqyl qdb oglebb lcdedjbcb abe {ydfbq|` elq=

c" cdesqbq|bq e i|glq|` al sqoq `o co{bqd`|` chl`q|bl`b

Qlsq|` ey%

?% o-i-c=9% o-i-a=

3% o-c-a=

Qlsq|` ey% 6

Coyl abeqyl |yjqdoyl`l qysq|yb e| lsql s{lcbfbc adjleb|`|b osbg|yyb`dy>

o" ocd{ly e eqylgbjl {og|il`l {yda|sl al ybsc|yb=

i" yoj|y {ylsqoqdoyl al slyvbcbb=c" sl io~lo~ {l {ybecb{b|` j|q|o`bqbb=

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a" co bqoqlo al beqlyjlaboy fbeoecboy%

Qlsq|` ey% 7

Coyocqlyb~ob osbg|yoylo co ocqbvbqoql fbeoecboy

Qlsq|` ey% 8

Abe {|ecq al vlalyl n|ybabc {leqy| o fb d{lyoeq, osbg|yoylo qyli|bl s

co{lql d fdyj n|ybabc, fo{q cl yl~|`q abeqy*|e cdeqyocq co `lgl o {yb`dy b abe

`lglo {yd{yb|*~bs ljbs al {|qlylo `lgbsòqbv% Osqfl`, cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl b

`lglo al dygoeb~oyl o osbg|yyb`dy cdesqbq|bl b~vdoyl`l al ayl{q|yb b di`bgobb e

joqlybl al osbg|yyb% (oalvyoq so| fo`s"

Qlsq|` ey% 2

Co cdeabbl s|iblcqbv, coyocqlyb~ob beqlyls|` {leqy| osbg|yoyl

Qlsq|` ey% ?;

Cl bj{`bc osbg|yoylo abe {|ecq al vlalyl lcdedjbc

Qljo% L`ljleql`l qlhebcl b còsbfbcoylo osbg|yyb`dy

?% L`ljleql`l qlhebcl o`l osbg|yyb`dy cl lx{ybj cdeabbb`l glelyo`l o`losbg|yyb`dy%

9% Io~l`l glelyo`l b {ybecb{bb l al còsbfbcoyl o osbg|yyb`dy%

?% L`ljleql`l qlhebcl o`l osbg|yyb`dycl lx{ybj cdeabbb`l glelyo`l o`l

osbg|yyb`dy

Cdebe|q|` cdj{`lx b fdyjl`l e coylsl {lyflcqlo~ osbg|yyb`l s|eq fdoyqlvoyboql% C| qdoql oclsqlo, l`l o| oe|jbql

l`ljleql cdj|el>

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S|iblcq|` osbg|yybb osbg|yoylobj{`bc d slybl al {yb so| s|iblcql,{lsdoel fb~bcl so| n|ybabcl, eqyl coyl sleosc yo{dyq|yb n|ybabcl {l qljlb|yb `lgo`lso| cdeqyocq|o`l% Oclqb s|iblcb s|eq>

osbg|yoqdy|` lsql {lysdoeo n|ybabc(sdcblqoqlo al osbg|yyb" coyl, e schbji|`{ybjlb al osbg|yoyl ecosoql al òosbg|yob, b os|j yls{desoib`bqoqlo> al oocd{lyb {og|il`l i|e|yb`dy osbg|yoql{ydvdcoql al oe|jbql coòjbqb eoq|yo`lso| occbaleql, al o {`qb s|jo osbg|yoq ò

{yda|clylo |e|b oe|jbq lvlebjleq evboo {lysdoelb yls{lcqbvl so| al o {`qbals{g|ibyb {leqy| {yln|abcb|` al coylosbg|yoq|` ys{|eal, e io~o `lgbb, fo alo`ql {lysdoel=

osbg|yoq|`{doql fb> {lysdoeo fb~bc so| n|ybabc coyl, eschbji|` {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl, {`qbqlosbg|yoqdy|`|b, b osbg|y i|e|yb`lj{dqybvo oe|jbqdy coòjbqb eoq|yo`l

so| occbaleql, so|

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{lysdoeo fb~bc coyl sl osbg|yj{dqybvo |edy lvlebjleql coyl {dq s

o{oy e vboo so, {ylc|j b {lysdoeo fb~bc so| n|ybabc coyl slosbg|y {leqy| {yln|a|cb|` {l coyl `{doql {yda|cl |edy qlyl {lysdoel%

Cdeqyocqoeq|` osbg|yybb {lysdoeo

fb~bc so| n|ybabc coyl {doql echlboosbg|yoylo, fy o dibel {ybe oclosqoco`bqoqlo al osbg|yoq (al lxlj{`|> |e ogleqlcdedjbc {doql s echlbl osbg|yoylo{leqy| soòybobbb sb qyoes{dyqob ò b al

ò `dc|` al j|ec"%Ilelfbcboy|` osbg|yybb lsql {lysdoeocoyl oyl ayl{q|` s ecosl~l s|joosbg|yoq so| als{g|ibylo, fy s fblelo{yoq {oyql e cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl%

Diblcq|` osbg|yybb {doql fbyl{yl~leqoq al>i|e|yb osbg|yyb`l al i|e|yb bj{`bc

{òqo |edy als{g|ibyb al cqyl osbg|yqdye fovdoylo osbg|yoq|`|b, e co~|` e coyl,

aoqdybq |edy coòjbqb, occbaleql, sl

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{yda|c {og|il, {yln|abcbb i|e|yb`dyosbg|yoql=

{lysdoel oclsqlo {dq cdesqbq|b diblcqe osbg|yoyl {ybe fo{q|` c osbg|yqdy|`goyoeqlo~ {lysdoelb fb~bcl co osbg|yoq so| |elb qlyl {lysdoel co ilelfbcboy eosbg|yoyl {`oqo s|jlb osbg|yoql, `o bvbylolvlebjleq|`|b e f|ecbl al coyl s*o{lyflcqoq osbg|yoylo=

ys{|ealylo cbvb` osbg|yoqdy|` {ylboos|{yo so di`bgobb`l al als{g|ibyl {lcoyl osbg|yoq|` `l*oy {|qlo ovlo fo al d

qly {lysdoe fb~bc so| n|ybabc, cylboosbg|yoq|` b*o {yda|s |e {yln|abcb|%Ybsc|` edb|elo al ybsc lsql lslebo`

b coyocqlybsqbc e oesoji`|` l`ljleql`dyglelyo`l o`l osbg|yyb`dy% Ybsc|` oyl

sljebfbcobb j|`qb{`l> {lybcd` so|{ybjlnabl {dsbib` so| lvlebjleq beclyq,{dsbib` b vbbqdy, coyl oy {|qlo oflcqoi|e|yb`l, co{ocbqoqlo al j|ec, seqoqlo,vboo, lqc%

Ybsc|yb`l {dq fb {ydvdcoql al fdyl`leoq|ybb, oclsqlo {|qea ocbdeo c| coyocqly

?2;


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occbaleqo` (fdy jondy, becleab| lqc%" so|c| coyocqly {lyjoeleq (lx%> |~|yo"%Ybsc|yb`l {dq fb {ydvdcoql, al osljlelo, alfdyl |joel co |yjoyl o |edy beqlylslbeabvba|o`l aldslibql, o bef`|lel`dylcdedjbcl lqc% Ybsc|yb`l job {dq fb{ydvdcoql al bj{lyflcb|eb`lcdj{dyqojleq|`|b |joe%

Ybsc|` osbg|yoib` lsql fledjle|`,lvlebjleq|` so| |e gy|{ al fledjlel so|lvlebjleql coyl, daoq {yda|s, aoqdybqlflcql`dy so`l, di`bg {l osbg|yqdy s

{`qlosc osbg|yoq|`|b als{g|ibylo so|s|jo osbg|yoq%Edb|elo al ybsc osbg|yoib` oyl, al

ylg|`, job j|`ql sles|yb>* ybsc osbg|yoib` fd`dsbq e sles|` al

{ydioib`bqoql al {yda|clyl olvlebjleq|`|b% C| cq d job joylfylcvle oyl oclsq lvlebjleq, c| oqq jobjoyl lsql {lybcd`|` al {yda|clyl o{og|ilb b c| oqq job elclsoy o{oyl

osbg|yoylo%

?2?


33/149

* |e o`q sles lsql {dsbib`bqoqlo alabsqy|glyl {oybo` so| qdqo` o i|e|yb`dyal |el`l fledjlel bj{ylvb~bib`l (gybeabe,becleab|, slbsj lqc%"%

e co~|` osbg|yyb`dy al {lysdoel,ybsc|` osbg|yoib` lsql l`ljleq|èl{ylv~|q, aoy {dsbib` al ylo`b~oq, coyl,daoq {yda|s, cdea|cl ò {blyalylo qdqo`so| {oybo` o co{ocbqbb al j|ec oosbg|yoq|`|b%

Fledjle|` coyl o fdsq alno {yda|s sle|jlql co~ osbg|yoq so| sbebsqy|%

* ybsc|` osbg|yoq job {doql fb eqèbq be sles|` al jybjl, abjlesb|el oys{|ealybb os|joql al osbg|yqdy {ybeechlblylo |elb osbg|yyb%

e osbg|yoyl e| {dq fb c|{ybesl qdoql

fledjlel`l coyl {yda|c {og|il, cb e|jobocl`lo coyl eal{`belsc c|j|òqbv|yjqdoyl`l cdeabbb>

{yda|clylo fledjlel`dy, {leqy|coyl sl echlbl osbg|yoylo, s fbl

{dsbib`, c| d oe|jbq ylg|òybqoqle {yda|clyl b |e gyoa al abs{lysbl?29


34/149

qlybqdybo` cq job joyl, {leqy| co`qfl` e| sl {doql joebflsqobeqlyls|` {leqy| osbg|yoylo `|b, e|sl {doql cdesqbq|b ebcb j|q|o`bqoqloelclsoy fdyjybb |e|b fdea alosbg|yoyl al abjlesb|ebcdyls{|e~qdoyl=

fledjle|` qyli|bl s obi, e qdoqlco~|yb`l, coyocqly eqj{`qdy=eylgbsqyoylo fledjle|`|b s sl

{doq ylo`b~o e lvbaleo sqoqbsqbc%Lxbsqleo |edy aoql ylflybqdoyl `o

{yda|clylo ybsc|`|b {l d {lybdoacq job eal`|egoq {lyjbqlsqoib`bylo, c| |e gyoa al {ylcb~bls{dybq, o ys{|ealybb osbg|yoqdy|`|bb, bj{`bcbq, o {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl=

{yda|clylo fledjle|`|b s e|al{bea al vdbeo osbg|yoq|`|b so|o ilelfbcboy|`|b osbg|yybb%

\e i|e {doql fb osbg|yoq j{dqybvo|e|bo so| o job j|`qdy ybsc|yb%

Lvo`|oylo e vlalylo osbg|yybbyl{yl~beq d{lyobo {ybe coyl sl sqoib`lql

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vo`doylo i|e|yb`dy, e vlalylo c|{ybealybb`dy e osbg|yoyl% Oclosq vo`doyl lsqlelclsoy s fbl sqoib`bq e al{`becdecdyaoe c| vo`doylo ylo` o i|e|`|byls{lcqbv, aldoylcl dybcl lxoglyoyl, eqy*|e sles so| e o`q|`, {doql ovlo cdeslcbelelgoqbvl {leqy| osbg|yoq% Osqfl`,s|{yolvo`|oylo a|cl ò sìbylo{yldc|{ybb osbg|yob`dy {leqy| {ylvlebylo{og|il`dy, boy s|ilvo`|oylo e| {lyjbql, eco~ al {og|i, ocdyaoylo |elb als{g|ibybc| coyl osbg|yoq|` s*b {doq ocd{lyb

eqylogo {blyalyl%Vo`doylo al osbg|yoyl {doql fb jobjbc so| cl` j|`q lgo` c| vo`doyloi|e|`|b yls{lcqbv, eylgbsqyoq e lvbaleocdeqoib` so| sqoib`bq ò {yl|` al

ve~oyl*c|j{yoyl {yocqbcoq {leqy| oclì|e {l {bo, e jdjleq|` echlblybbosbg|yybb%

Vo`doylo e osbg|yoyl lsql |e l`ljleq{l coyl ` eqèbj e|job e osbg|yyb`l al

i|e|yb%

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S|jo osbg|yoq cdefdyj cdeqyocq|`|bal osbg|yoyl, lsql {oyqlo abe vo`doyloosbg|yybb {leqy| coyl osbg|yqdy|` bos|j ys{|ealylo, e co~|` {yda|clybbfledjle|`|b {leqy| coyl s*o echlboqosbg|yoylo% S|jo osbg|yoq lsql `bjbqojoxbj o ys{|ealybb osbg|yqdy|`|b b loe| {doql al{b vo`doylo ylo` o i|e|`|bosbg|yoq%

e osbg|yyb`l di`bgoqdybb, osbg|yoq|`e|*b {doql sqoib`b s|jo osbg|yoq, oclosqofbbea {ylv~|q al `lgl, ylsqybcqbv so|

o`qlyeoqbv, {|yqea ale|jbylo al edyjal osbg|yoyl% @o cl`l foc|`qoqbvl, oclosqo slsqoib`lql e f|ecbl al {yd{|elyloosbg|yoq|`|b, c| cdeabbo co osbg|yqdy|` sfbl al ocdya% @o osbg|yyb`l al {lysdoel,

s|jo osbg|yoq sl sqoib`lql e f|ecbl alel`lglylo abeqyl osbg|yqdy b osbg|yoq%[ybjo al osbg|yoyl s|jo al ioeb {l

coyl d {`qlql osbg|yoqdy|` {leqy| cooclsqo s cdesqbq|bl fdea|` al osbg|yoyl

elclsoy {`bb bealjeb~obb`dy e co~|`{yda|clybb ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq%

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Sdcblqoqlo al osbg|yoyl oyl di`bgobo sjob cdesqbq|bl b o`ql yl~lyvl so| fdea|yb{ylv~|ql {ybe abs{d~bbb`l `lgo`l%

Vo`doylo {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl slsqoib`lql ej|`bea s|jo osbg|yoq c|cdqo*{ybj, sqoib`bq ò ?;; |%j% s|josbg|yoq (so| ?;;; |%j%"%

A|yoqo osbg|yybb {lybdoao al qbj{cq lxbsq yo{dyq|` al osbg|yoyl eqylosbg|yoq b osbg|yqdy, oo c|j o| fdsqsqoib`bq {ybe cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl%A|yoqo osbg|yybb lsql s{lcbfbc

osbg|yyb`dy foc|`qoqbvl> ò osbg|yyb`l ali|eyb, cdeqyocql`l al osbg|yyb a|ylo~eqyl cqlvo `|eb b |e oe= ò osbg|yyb`l alvbo a|yoqo lsql job lxqbes (


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alcq job jbc so| cl` j|`q lgo` c|vo`doylo i|e|`|b osbg|yoq% Osqfl`, {og|io{doql fb>

* qdqo` i|e|` o fdsq absqy|s eeqylgbjl=

* {oybo` {blyalylo lsql job jbcalcq vo`doylo i|e|`|b osbg|yoq%

Als{g|ibylo al osbg|yoyl s|jo alioeb {l coyl osbg|yoqdy|` lsql di`bgoq s d{`qlosc, c| scd{|` al o cdj{leso {og|io{yda|s al ybsc|` osbg|yoq% Als{g|ibyloe| {doql al{b s|jo osbg|yoq b lsql job

jbc so| lgo` c| vo`doylo {og|il`dy, ef|ecbl al {ybec{b|` al ys{|ealyl oòsbg|yqdy|`|b coyl o fdsq o{`bcoq òocd{lybylo {og|ilb%

e {yocqbco c|yleq sl |qb`b~lo~ qylb

{ybecb{bb voòib`l ò ocdyaoylo als{g|ibybb>{ybecb{b|` ys{|ealybb {yd{dybdeo`l als{g|ibylo lsql sqoib`bq eocllob {yd{dybl fo al {og|i ecoyl sl of` s|jo osbg|yoq fo al

vo`doylo i|e|`|b osbg|yoq% e co~|` ecoyl s|jo osbg|yoq lsql lgo` c|

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vo`doylo ylo` o i|e|`|b osbg|yoq,als{g|ibylo lsql b lo lgo` c|{og|io s|flybq al i|e|` yls{lcqbv%

Lxlj{`|>Vo`doylo cdesqy|cblb * 3;;;; `lb=S|jo osbg|yoq * 9;;;; `lb=[og|io * ?


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ys{|ealybb {yd{dybdeo`l, {leqy| c{og|il`l s|eq cdj{lesoql eqy*d js|yjob joyl, aoy b ebvl`|` {ybjl`dy alosbg|yoyl lsql job joyl%

Lxlj{`|>Vo`doylo cdesqy|cblb * 3;;;; `lb=S|jo osbg|yoq * 9;;;; `lb=[og|io B * ?


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oclosqo lsql job joyl alcqfyoechb~o=

Lxlj{`|>S|jo osbg|yoq * ?;;;; lb=Fyoeb~o * 3;;; lb=[og|io B *


42/149

Osbg|yyb`l al i|e|yb, {lysdoel b ys{|ealylcbvb` {dq fb còsbfbcoql a|{ job j|`ql cybqlybb, abeqyl coyl jlebdej> adjleb|` (yoj|yo" òcoyl sl ylfly, fdyjo n|ybabc al ylo`b~oyl o osbg|yybb, ybsc|yb`l c|{ybesl e osbg|yoyl, sflyo alc|{ybealyl e {ydfb` qlybqdybo`, fl`|` yo{dyq|yb`dy cl sl sqoib`lsc eqyl osbg|yqdy b osbg|yoq%

A|{ adjleb|` ò coyl sl ylfly,osbg|yyb`l {dq fb gy|{oql osqfl`> osbg|yyb ali|e|yb, osbg|yyb al {lysdoel b osbg|yyb alys{|ealyl cbvb`%

Osbg|yyb`l al i|e|yb o| co diblcq abflybql vo`dyb joqlybo`lo{oybeea {lysdoel`dy fb~bcl so| n|ybabcl, coyl {dq fb s|{|sl ocb|ebb |edy fledjlel eoq|yo`l so|occbaleql`dy% Osbg|yyb`l al i|e|yb c|{ybea d goj voyboq al vo`dyb joqlybo`l, c|j s|eq>jbn`docl`l al {yda|cbl fbxl b cbyc|òeql, c|`q|yb`l ogybcd`l b yda|` vbb`dy, oebjo`l`l adjlsqbcl,o|qdvlhbc|`l`l, eovl`l joybqbjl b f`|vbo`l, olydeovl`l, càbyb`l b o`ql cdesqy|cbb, i|e|yb`l cosebclb o`ql coqlgdybb al i|e|yb o{oybeea {d{|òblb%

Osbg|yyb`l al {lysdoel o| co diblcq {lysdoeo fb~bc e sbel, l`lechlbea|*sl {leqy| abjbe|oylo cdeslcbel`dy elgoqbvl co|~oql al coòjbqb eoq|yo`l, occbaleql,

id`b lqc% so| {leqy| {òqo s|jl dy osbg|yoql e `lgq|y c| {yda|clylo |edy lvlebjleql e vboo{lysdoel`dy (alcls, j{ bebylo |elb oe|jbql vysql, {blyalylo co{ocbqbb al j|ec lqc%"%

[ybe osbg|yyb`l al ys{|ealyl cbvb`,osbg|yqdy|` b os|j di`bgobo al o {`qb als{g|ibylo {leqy| {yln|abcb|` oa|s al osbg|yoq |edyqlyl {lysdoel% Lsql vdyio al {yln|abcb|` cl {doql fb co|~oq {ybe {yda|clylo |edy occbaleqlcdecylqb~oql e vqjoyl cdy{dyo` so| alcls dyb e ovoyblylo so| absqy|glylo |edy i|e|yb so| e o`ql

{og|il {leqy| coyl osbg|yoq|` ys{|eal cdefdyj `lgbb%A|{ diblcq|` al ocqbvbqoql sqoib`bq {ybe cdeqyocq|` al sdcblqoql b sqoq|q, sdcblqb`l

cdjlycbo`l abe adjleb|` osbg|yyb`dy {dq {yocqbco |yjqdoyl`l coqlgdybb al osbg|yyb> osbg|yyb alvbo, osbg|yyb al {lysdoel, o`ql`l alcq cl`l al vbo= osbg|yyb al o|qdvlhbc|`l= osbg|yyb joybqbjlb al qyoes{dyq= osbg|yyb al ovbobl= osbg|yyb al becleab| b o`ql {og|il ò i|e|yb= osbg|yyb alys{|ealyl cbvb`= osbg|yyb al cylabql b goyoebb= osbg|yyb al {blyalyb fbeoecboyl abe ybsc|ybosbg|yoql b osbg|yyb ogybcd`l%

A|{ fdyjo n|ybabc al ylo`b~oyl,osbg|yyb`l al i|e|yb, {lysdoel b ys{|ealylcbvb` sl gy|{lo~ e osbg|yyb {ybe lflcq|``lgbb (di`bgoqdybb" b osbg|yyb foc|`qoqbvl(cdeqyocq|o`l"%

Osbg|yyb`l {ybe lflcq|` `lgbb b~vdysc abe beqlyls|`lcdedjbc b sdcbo` o` eqylgbb cd`lcqbvbqb {leqy| o{yoylo ov|blb eobdeo`l, jlebelylocdeqbe|bqbb {ydcls|`|b al {yda|cbl b {ydqlnoylo vbcqbjl`dy |edy occbaleql% C| o`ql c|vbeql,osbg|yoylo {ybe lflcq|` `lgbb sl beqyda|cl oq|ecb cea i|e|yb`l |e|b joyl e|jy al {lysdoel fb~bcl

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so| n|ybabcl s|eq ojlebeoql al oe|jbql ybsc|yb, osqfl` ecq fblcoyl albeqdy o` i|e|`|b yls{lcqbv oy{|qlo ovlo al s|{dyqoq {og|il, job alvyljl so| job qy~b|, ò {yda|clylo ybsc|yb`dy yls{lcqbvl%Alcb, {leqy| co oglebb lcdedjbcb so| {d{|òbo s {doq {ybjb als{g|ibyb`l elclsoyl ocd{lybybb

{og|il`dy {yda|sl al coòjbqb eoq|yo`l so| occbaleql |edy i|e|yb fdoyql bj{dyqoeql (càbyb b o`qljbn`docl fbxl, oebjo`l, c|`q|yb ogybcd`l lqc%" sl besqbq|bl osbg|yoylo oclsqdyo {ybe lflcq|` `lgbb%

e osbg|yyb l {ybe lflcq|` `lgbb, yo{dyq|yb`l abeqyl osbg|yoq b osbg|yqdy, ayl{q|yb`l b

di`bgobb`l `dy s|eq sqoib`bql {ybe `lgl% Oclosqo esloje c osbg|yoylo bo fbbe e vbyq|qlo `lgbb fyo sl clyl ocdya|` al vdbe o` cl`dy coyl albe i|e|yb`l yls{lcqbvl so| o` {lysdoel`dy fb~bcl dybn|ybabcl cl beqy s|i becbaleo `lgbb% S{yl lxlj{`|, osbg|yoylo al ys{|ealyl cbvb` o|qd sl {yocqbcs|i fdyj di`bgoqdybl o{ydo{l e qdoql yb`l abe L|yd{o%

Osbg|yyb`l foc|`qoqbvl bo| eoqlyl {l io~o cdeqyocq|`|b alosbg|yoyl echlboq eqyl osbg|yqdy b osbg|yoq% Osbg|yqdy|` lsql di`bgoq s occl{ql osbg|yoylofoc|`qoqbv {yd{|s al osbg|yoq, aoc oclosqo cdyls{|eal {ylvlalyb`dy abe ocql`l edyjoqbvl evbgdoyl% [leqy| co osbg|yqdy|` s occl{ql osbg|yoylo {yd{|s, lsql elclsoy co {lysdoeo fb~bc so|

n|ybabc cl sd`bcbq echlblylo oclsqlbo s alcòyl e scybs qdoql aoql`l elclsoyl {leqy| baleqbfbcoyloi|e|`|b yls{lcqbv, j{yln|yyb`l lslebo`l {ybvbea eoq|yo b sflyo ybsc|`|b% Al osljlelo, lsql elclsoy

co {lysdoeo coyl sd`bcbq echlblylo osbg|yybb s fbl al ocdya c| {òqo {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl b syls{lcql qdoql di`bgobb`l cl*b ylvbe {l {lybdoao voòib`bqbb cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl% [leqy|

{dqlebo`bb osbg|yob, echlblylo osbg|yybb foc|`qoqbvl al{beal al vdbeo `dy, lb fbbea sbeg|ybb coyl {dqalcbal e `lgq|y c| cdeqyocqoylo osbg|yybb%

A|{ ybsc|` c|{ybes e osbg|yoyl,osbg|yyb`l {dq fb còsbfbcoql osqfl`> osbg|yyb j{dqybvo becleab|`|b, qyselq|`|b, lx{`d~blb, jbcyb`dy slbsjbcl lqc% I|e|yb`l

osbg|yoql cdeqyo oclsqdy fledjlel s|eq> càbyb l, cdesqy|cbb`l, |qb onl`l b besqoòbb`l,jbn`docl`l al qyoes{dyq, jdib`bly|` b diblcql`l al |~ cosebc lqc%=

osbg|yyb cdeqyo gybeabelb, f|yq|ebb, |yogoe|`|b, {`db`dy qdylebo`l, be|eaobb`dy, {yi|bybb so|o`|elcybb al qlyle lqc% j{dqybvo oclsqdy ybsc|yb s|eq osbg|yoql al dibclb c|`q|yb`l ogybcd`l byda|` vbb`dy=

osbg|yyb {leqy| id`b, l{b~ddqbb b occbaleql coyl sl {yocqbc e co~|` oebjo`l`dy= osbg|yyb cdeqyo ovoybb`dy b o`qdy ybsc|yb s{lcbfbcl (ysq|yeyb, cbdcebyb, calyb, alyo{yb lqc%", ò

coyl s|eq s|{|sl jbn`docl`l al qyoes{dyq b ecycq|yb`l ofòql {l oclsqlo, e qbj{|` sqobdeybbb o` jlys|`|b=

osbg|yyb j{dqybvo |edy lvlebjleql cl o{oy e vboo dojleb`dy, co> alcls, id`b, occbaleql lqc%coyl {dq a|cl ò {blyalylo qlj{dyoy so| alfbebqbv o co{ocbqbb al j|ec=

osbg|yyb {leqy| co~|yb`l al ys{|ealyl cbvb` coyl sl ylfly ò {yln|abcbb co|~oql qlyl`dy

{lysdoel {ybe occbaleql al o|qdvlhbc|`l, {ybe lxlycbqoylo |elb oe|jbql ocqbvbqb lqc%

A|{ sflyo al c|{ybealyl e {ydfb`qlybqdybo`, osbg|yyb`l {dq fb gy|{oql eosbg|yyb beqlyel b osbg|yyb lxqlyel%

Osbg|yyb`l beqlyel o| coyocqlybsqobc fo{q|` c, e glelyo`, {yb`lcdeqyocqoeql adjbcb`bo~ e ocllob oy, i|e|yb`l, {lysdoel`l b ys{|ealylo cbvb` coyl foc diblcq|``dy sl of` {l qlybqdyb|` ocl`lbob yb, boy ybsc|yb`l osbg|yoql sl {dq {yda|cl {l oclòb qlybqdyb|%

Osbg|yyb`l lxqlyel o| coyocqlybsqbc fo{q|` c o{oy e `lgq|y c|{lysdoel, ys{|ealyl cbvb` so| i|e|yb coyl bls e ofoyo `bjbql`dy qlybqdybo l o`l ybb e coyl sl

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echlbl cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl% e co~|` oclsqdy osbg|yyb, |eo abe {yb`l cdeqyocqoeql dybilelfbcboy|` osbg|yybb adjbcb`bo~ e o`q oy so| diblcq|` osbg|yybb dyb ybsc|` osbg|yoq sl of`,yls{lcqbv sl {doql {yda|cl, {l qlybqdyb|` |elb o`ql yb%

A|{ fl`|` yo{dyq|yb`dy cl sl sqoib`lsc eqyl osbg|yqdy bosbg|yoq, osbg|yyb`l {dq fb gy|{oql e osbg|yyb abylcql b osbg|yyb beabylcql so| ylosbg|yyb%

S{lcbfbc osbg|yyb`dy abylcql lsql fo{q|` c yo{dyq|yb`l al osbg|yoyl sl sqoib`lsc e jdaeljbn`dcbq eqyl osbg|yob (abflybql {lysdoel fb~bcl so| n|ybabcl" b osbg|yqdy, fbl {ybe beqlyjlab|`cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl, fbl e io~o `lgbb% S{yl aldslibyl al osbg|yyb`l abylcql, ylosbg|yoylo o{oylco |e yo{dyq cl sl sqoib`lql al fblcoyl aoq eqyl ad| sdcblqb al osbg|yoyl, abeqyl coyl |eo oylco`bqoqlo al ylosbg|yoq (claleq", boy cloò`q al ylosbg|yqdy% Ylosbg|yoylo oyl ò io~ cdeqyocq|` alylosbg|yoyl, {ybe beqlyjlab|` cy|bo ylosbg|yoq|` clalo~ |e|b ylosbg|yqdy d {oyql abe ys{|ealyb`l

{l coyl b `l*o os|joq {ybe cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl b d {oyql abe {ybjl`l al osbg|yoyl ecosoql% eoclsq fl , ylosbg|yqdy|` (ylosbg|yqdybb" b os|j ys{|ealylo al o {oyqbcb{o ò ocd{lybylo

{og|il`dy coyl sl {dq {yda|cl i|e|yb`dy c|{ybesl e cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl e `bjbql`l jlebdeoqle cdeqyocq|` al ylosbg|yoyl%


?% Coyl lsql s|iblcq|` b diblcq|` osbg|yyb dy4

9% Coyl s|eq cdeabbb`l co |e ybsc s fbl osbg|yoib`4

3% Coyl lsql al{lealeo abeqyl vo`doylo ylo` o i|e|`|b ò jdjleq|` echlblybb

cdeqyocq|`|b b s|jo osbg|yoq4

1% Cl yl{yl~beq {ybjo al osbg|yoyl4

o" osbg|yyb di`bgoqdybb=

i" osbg|yyb al i|e|yb=

c" osbg|yyb beqlyel=

a" osbg|yyb al {lysdoel=l" osbg|yyb abylcql=

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f" osbg|yyb al ys{|ealyl cbvb`%

O`lglb voyboeqo cdylcq>

?% o-c-a-f=

9% i-a-f=

3% o-i-c-a=

1% i-a-l%

Qlsq|` ey% 9

Coyl s|eq {ybecb{o`l`l l`ljleql qlhebcl o`l osbg|yybb4

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c" beqlyls|` osbg|yoq=

a" als{g|ibylo=

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f" {ybjo al osbg|yoyl%

Voyboeql al ys{|es>

?% i-a-l-f=

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1% o-c-a-l-f%

Qlsq|` ey% 3

Coyl s|eq cl`l qylb {ybecb{bb fd`dsbql `o ocdyaoylo als{g|ibybb4

o" {ybecb{b|` ys{|ealybb bjbqoql,

i" {ybecb{b|` j|q|o`bqbb=c" {ybecb{b|` {ybj|`|b ybsc=

a" {ybecb{b|` ys{|ealybb {yd{dybdeo`l%

Voyboeql al ys{|es>

?% o-i-c=

9% o-i-a=

3% o-c-a=Qlsq|` ey% 1

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Lsleo lcdedjbc o {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl sl joebflsq {ybe fo{q|` c> (o`lglb

voyboeqo cdylcq"

o" lo {doql fb alqlyjbeoq co d lx{ybjoyl ielosc o di`bgob|eb`dy al

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osbg|yoyl abeqyl {yb`l cdeqyocqoeql=

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lvlebjleql`dy elfovdyoib`l=

c" lsql d {òq {lybdabc o osbg|yoq|`|b%

Qlsq|` ey% alcls,

bevo`babqoql abe occbaleql so| oqbeglylo |elb oe|jbql vysql%

e cl {ybvlql beqlyls|` al osbg|yoyl fo al |e `|cy| vbbqdy, s|eq al sljeoòq

|yjqdoyl`l os{lcql>

* e {yocqbco osbg|yyb`dy abe abflybql sqoql, i|e|yb`l vbbqdoyl, c|j oy fb yda|`

vbb`dy so| {yda|cbb`l ogybcd`l, {dq focl diblcq|` osbg|yybb% Oclosqo aldoylcl d

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{yda|cl cqbg|yb=

* e co~|` osbg|yybb i|e|yb`dy {l qbj{|` qyoes{dyq|`|b sl als{g|ilql b

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cdeqyoyl%

9% [ybe diblcq|` osbg|yybb sl el`lgl cllo cl s*o osbg|yoq> oe|jbql i|e|yb,

als{g|ibyb`l aoqdyoql al osbg|yoq co |yjoyl o ys{|ealybb cbvb`l fo al d qly

{lysdoe ({oqybjdebo` abe coyl oy |yjo s sl {`qlosc" so| |e oqybi|q o` {lysdoelb

(vboo, co{ocbqoqlo al j|ec lqc%", oabc vo`dyb`l {oqybjdebo`l so| el{oqybjdebo`l

lx{|sl {lybcd`|`|b% Osqfl`, e osbg|yyb l al i|e|yb osbg|yqdy|` goyoeqlo~

osbg|yoq|`|b {òqo |edy als{g|ibyb, e co~|` e coyl oe|jbql coòjbqb so|

occbaleql oy {yda|cl {og|il i|e|`|b yls{lcqbv= e osbg|yyb`l al {lysdoel sl

goyoeqlo~ {òqo |edy s|jl abeobeql sqoib`bql, e co~|` e coyl e vboo osbg|yoq|`|b

oy beqlyvleb |e oe|jbq lvlebjleq (s|{yovbl|byl, bevo`babqoql, alcls lqc%"= boy e

osbg|yyb`l al ys{|ealyl cbvb osbg|yqdy|` {ylbo os|{yo so di`bgobb`l al

als{g|ibyl {l coyl osbg|yoq|` `l*oy {|qlo ovlo fo al d qly {lysdoe, co |yjoyl ofo{q|`|b c b*o {ybcbe|bq oclsq|bo |e {yln|abcb|%

Diblcq|` osbg|yybb e| qyli|bl cdef|eaoq c| diblcq|` cdeqyocq|`|b

(yo{dyq|`|b" al osbg|yoyl% Al lxlj{`|, vboo b seqoqlo {dq fdyjo diblcq|`

osbg|yybb, aoy fbbea scdosl abe cbyc|bq|` cbvb` e| fdyjlo~ diblcq|` cdeqyocq|`|b

(yo{dyq|`|b" al osbg|yoyl= oclsqo cdesq abe di`bgobb`l {yb`dy {ybvbea {òqo {ybjlb

al osbg|yoyl b o bealjeb~oblb al osbg|yoyl, {ybjo b bealjeb~obo al osbg|yoyl

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cdesqbq|bea diblcq|` {ylsqobb`dy ò coyl sl di`bg {yb l (diblcq|` beabylcq o`

cdeqyocq|`|b"%

Ybsc|` cdesqbq|bl l`ljleq|` lslebo` b coyocqlybsqbc o` cdeqyocq|`|b al

osbg|yoyl% Aoc ybsc|` `b{slql, cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl lsql `b{sbq al lfbcocbqoql, al

{yd{ybo so s|isqoe, eqy|cq ybsc|` yl{yl~beq es|b co|~o osbg|yybb%

e `bqlyoq|yo al s{lcbo bqoql ybsc|` osbg|yoq lsql baleqbfbcoq co fbbea

fledjle|` so| lvlebjleq|` ò {yda|clylo cy|bo sdcblqoqlo al osbg|yyb lsql

di`bgoq {ybe `lgl so| cdeqyocq s ochbql osbg|yoq|`|b so| ilelfbcboy|`|b osbg|yybb

als{g|ibylo al osbg|yoyl ò i|e|yb so| s|jo osbg|yoq e co~|` {lysdoel`dy% Ybsc|`

osbg|yoq sl ylfly ò |e|` so| job j|`ql lvlebjleql (fledjlel" vbbqdoyl, {dsbib`l b

elsbg|yl (beclyql", gyoa|` al {ydioib`bqoql o` bvbybb |elb {ybjlnabb, {ylc|j b

ys{|ealylo {yl`|oq al osbg|yqdy al o {`qb osbg|yoq|`|b als{g|ibylo so| s|jo

osbg|yoq aoqdyoq co |yjoyl o {yda|clybb lvlebjleq|`|b {yda|cqdy al {og|il% e

adjleb|` osbg|yyb`dy, ybsc|` osbg|yoq {doql s fbl b |e lvlebjleq flybcbq, co~

eqèbq e osbg|yoylo al vbo ò j{`bebylo |elb oe|jbql vysql% Al ylg|`, oclsql

lvlebjleql s|eq eqj{`qdoyl (so| qlyjle|` al s|{yovbl|byl lsql elalqlyjbeoq",

beclyql b bj{ylvb~bib`l% E| sl {doql c|edoql abeobeql aoc |e osqfl` al lvlebjleq

vo s|yvleb eqy*oalvy eqy*|e oe|jbq `dc, aoc l` vo {yda|cl so| e| {og|il

oe|jbqdy {lysdoel, boy e co~|` e coyl s*oy bvb, e| sl {doql qb coyl vo fb jdjleq|`,

cl oj{`doyl vo ovlo b coyl vo fb jybjlo {og|il`dy cl v*dy fb {ydvdcoql% @o

osbg|yyb`l al {lysdoel, ybsc|` osbg|yoq lsql lvlebjleq|` (lvlebjleql`l"

bj{ylvb~bib`, vbbqdy b {dsbib` s sl {yda|c b coyl {doql ovlo co lflcq {blyalylo

{oybo` so| qdqo` o co{ocbqbb al j|ec, j{`bebylo |elb oe|jbql vysql, alcls|`%[ybe ybsc osbg|yoq sl job el`lgl b jybjlo ({yd{dybo" ys{|ealybb

{yl`|oql al osbg|yqdy {ybe echlblylo osbg|yybb yls{lcqbvl%

Fledjle|` (lvlebjleq|`" osbg|yoq coyl o fdsq alno {yda|s, {doyq

ale|jbylo al co~ osbg|yoqso| sbebsqy|% Yl~|`q c, s{yl aldslibyl al ybsc, coyl lsql

|e lvlebjleq cl sl {doql bvb, co~|` osbg|yoq lsql |e lvlebjleq coyl s*o {yda|s%

Edb|elo al co~ osbg|yoq oyl d esljeqoql aldslibq e joqlybl, {leqy| c abe

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jdjleq|` {yda|clybb `|b, osbg|yqdy|` lsql di`bgoq s {`qlosc ealjeb~obo al

osbg|yoyl (als{g|ibyl so| s|j osbg|yoq"%

3% S|jo osbg|yoq lsql {oyqlo abe vo`doylo al osbg|yoyl {leqy| coyl osbg|yqdy|`

b os|j ys{|ealylo e co~|` {yda|clybb fledjle|`|b (lvlebjleq|`|b" {leqy| coyl

s*o echlboq osbg|yoylo% S|jo osbg|yoq yl{yl~beq `bjbqo joxbj o ys{|ealybb

osbg|yqdy|`|b b cdesqbq|bl |e|` abe l`ljleql`l coyl sqo| ò io~o co`c|`ybb {ybjlb

al osbg|yoyl%

e co~|` osbg|yyb`dy al i|e|yb, s|jo osbg|yoq e| {doql s al{losc

vo`doylo ylo` o i|e|`|b ò aoqo osbg|yybb (vo`doylo al osbg|yoyl"% S|{yoosbg|yoylo

e| lsql oajbs aldoylcl {doql qyl~b beqlyls|` osbg|yoq|`|b ò {yda|clylo co~|`|b

osbg|yoq% e schbji, s|jo osbg|yoq {doql fb beflybdoy vo`dybb ylo`l o i|e|`|b

(s|iosbg|yoyl"% e oclsql `bjbql s|jo osbg|yoq sl qoib`lql al cqyl {yb e

cdeqyocq%

e co~|` osbg|yybb al ys{|ealyl cbvb`, eqy|cq e| lxbsq d vo`doyl al

osbg|yoyl, s|jo osbg|yoq sl sqoib`lql {ybe cdevlebl, boy e co~|` osbg|yybb

di`bgoqdybb, {ybe hdqyyl o G|vlye|`|b%

e co~|` osbg|yyb`dy al {lysdoel, s|jo osbg|yoq e| lsql `bjbqoq% Fbbea

vdyio al vboo b al seqoqlo dj|`|b, e| sl {doql sqoib b d `bjbq fbl jbebj, fbl

joxbj al vo`doyl% Osqfl` fbbea, edb|eb`l al s|{yoosbg|yoyl so| s|iosbg|yoyl

s|eq beo{`bcoib`l b s|jo osbg|yoq sl sqoib`lql {dqybvbq el`lglybb abeqyl {yb, e

jda `bily% e co~|` osbg|yyb`dy al {lysdoel, cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl oyl |e coyocqly

ealjebqoy, oabc e schbji|` {ybjl`dy al osbg|yoyl osbg|yqdy|` e| sl di`bg s

ocd{lyl d {og|i, cb s {`qlosc, ò ylo b~oylo ybsc|`|b, s|jo osbg|yoq,beal{lealeq al dybcl ball al {yln|abcb|, aoq fbbea fo{q|` c oqq vboo, cq b

seqoqlo dj|`|b e| s|eq lvo`|oib`l e ioeb (alcb sl lxc`|al dybcl yo{dyq eqyl s|jo

osbg|yoq b {og|io s|flybq al osbg|yoq"%

[ybjo al osbg|yoyl lsql s|jo al ioeb {l coyl osbg|yoq|` lsql di`bgoq, e

io~o cdeqyocq|`|b so| o `lgbb, s d {`qlosc osbg|yqdy|`|b, e schbji|` goyoeblb {l

coyl oclsqo b*d ocdya b sl fd`dslql {leqy| cdesqbq|bylo fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl, ofdea|yb`dy al yl~lyv, {leqy| fbeoeoylo ocb|eb`dy al {ylvlebyl b cdjioqlyl o |edy

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lvlebjleql {yda|cqdoyl al {og|il b {leqy| ocd{lybylo chl`q|bl`b`dy `lgoql al

oajbebsqyoylo osbg|yyb dy% [ybjo al osbg|yoyl lsql, ooaoy, {yl|` {`qbq al osbg|yoq

co osbg|yqdy|` s {ylbo os|{yo so ybsc|`%

C|oeq|j|` {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl al{beal al cdqo al {ybj qoybfoy sqoib`bq,

al lxj{`|, `o ?;;; `lb s|j osbg|yoq {l co{ al oebjo`, hlcqoy, lqc%, {ylc|j b al

jybjlo s|jlb osbg|yoql% [ybe |yjoyl, {ybjo al osbg|yoyl sl co`c|`lo~ {ybe

ej|`bylo cdqoblb (lx{ybjoq e {ydcleql" on|sqoq, e |yjo bes{lcblb al ybsc b o

elgdcblybb, c| s|jo osbg|yoq%

Lxbsq job j|`ql coqlgdybb al {ybjl (cdqb~obb al osbg|yoyl" b oe|jl>

o" [ybjo {|y, ale|jbq b{ybj al ysbc so|{ybj qlhebc, lsql alsqbeoq

cdesqbq|bybb fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl abe coyl sl {`qlsc als{g|ibyb`l al osbg|yoyl b

s|jl`l osbg|yoql% Lo sl co`c|`lo~ ej|`bea fylcvleo sbebsqyl`dy c| cdsq|` `dy

jlab|%

S{yl lxlj{`|, s {yls|{|elj c |e osbg|yqdy abe Ydjebo osbg|y

j{dqybvo becleab|`|b 9;;; al cosl coyl cdsq e jlabl 9;;%;;;%;;; `lb% S|jo

osbg|yoq vo fb 9;; jb`% `lb X 9;;; : 1;; jb`boyal `lb% Aoc, {dqybvbq sqoqbsqbcb`dy, e

fblcoyl oe, e jlabl, |eo abeqyl oclsql cosl oyal cdj{`lq, osbg|yqdy|` vo qyli|b s

{`qlosc 9;; jb`bdoel `lb {leqy| o*b dedyo oegonojleql`l% [ybjo {|y elclsoy

{leqy| o focl fo oclsqlb sbebsqyo`bqb lsql lgo` e fblcoyl oe c| ?;;%;;; `lb, oo

c|j yl~|`q abe |yjqdy|` co`c|`>

Fylcvleo : ?$9;;; : ;,; 9;; jb`% `lb

[ybjo {|y : fylcv% X s|jo osbg|yoq : ;,;


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?;; jb` `lb vo {`qb ;; jb`% `lb X ;,;

`lgo`bqoqlo=

. co{ocbqoqlo {yb`dy cdeqyocqoeql=

. cdesbjjeq=

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. diblcq=

. co|~=

fdyj%

o" @lgo`bqoqloò echlblylo cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl {yls|{|elyls{lcqoylo cdeabblb, a|{ coyl sl oajbql qdq|` cllo cl e| sl beqly~bcl% Osqfl`, s{yl

lxlj{`|, sl cdesbaly echlboql c| ec`coylo cdeabblb al osbg|yoyl ocl`l

cdeqyocql, coyl {yls|{|el |e beqlyls b`bcbq, osbg|yoylo {yln|abcb|`|b s|{dyqoq ò

ndc|yb, {oyb|yb, `dqlybb, lvleq|o`l`dy chl`q|bl`b ò coyl {doql fb s|{|s {lysdoeo e

scd{|` l`bilyybb dsqoqbcb`dy lqc%

i" Co{ocbqoqlo al o echlbo cdeqyocq|` al

osbg|yoyl d oyl>ovea co`bqoqlo al osbg|yoq dybcl {lysdoe fb~bc so| n|ybabc, coyl e

cdeabbb`l glelyo`l {dsla co{ocbqoql n|ybabc al o echlbo cdeqyocq|`% Lsql

`dgbc fo{q| , co adieabylo co`bqbb al osbg|yoq s*b o{oybe, s{yl

lxlj{`|, {yd{yblqoy|`|b |e|b bjdib`, alb oclsqo e| oyl j{`bebq vysqo

jondyoq|`|b% Oclosqo ebcbalc|j e| qyli|bl al cdef|eaoq c| ayl{q|` al o

alcbal echlblylo cdeqyocq|`|b, so| o`qfl` s{|s c| co{ocbqoqlo al o lx{|el

ocdya|` ò echlblylo cdeqyocq|`|b, aldoylcl oclsqo lsql {yd{yb| ò oo

cdeqyocql adoy ò {lysdoel`l fb~bcl cl abs{|e al co{ocbqoql al lxlycbb|

cdj{`lq (Osqfl`, dybcl {lysdoe {doql cdeqyocqo, aoc e| lsql alcòyoq

al `lgl beco{oib`% Beco{oib`b al o cdeqyocqo s|eq> jbedybb, beqly~bbb

n|alcqdylqb b, e glelyl, qdb clb cydy `lglo `l*o beqly~bs dybcoyl

cdeqyocqoyl% Jbedybb eqyl ?1*?8 oeb o| co{ocbqoql ylsqyes b {dq bechlbo

ocql n|ybabcl {lysdeo`l, aoy e|job c| ocdya|` {oybeql`|b so| o o|qdybqbb

q|qlòyl"%

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ovea co`bqoqlo al osbg|yqdy dybcl {lysdoe n|ybabc cdesqbq|bq,

bec`|sbv b c| co{bqo` sqybe, e scd{|` alsf|yybb ocqbvbqbb al osbg|yoyl

{l io~ al `bcle%

ovea co`bqoqlo al ilelfbcboy al osbg|yoyl dybcl {lysdoe qly, cylbo

osbg|yqdy|` b vo als{g|ib co~|` osbg|yoq e io~o cdeqyocq|`|b al

osbg|yoyl%

c" Cdesbjjeq|` ò echlblylo cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyllsql ylo`b~oq oq|ecb cea {yb l o| cdevlebq os|{yo cdeabbb`dy lslebo`l o`l

cdeqyocq|`|b% Abe coqlgdybo cdeabbb`dy lslebo`l o`l cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl foc

{oyql> qb{|` osbg|yybb, diblcq|` osbg|yoq, ybsc|` b co~|` osbg|yoq, jybjlo {ybjlb alosbg|yoyl, qlyjle|` al ochbqoyl o {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl, jybjlo als{g|ibybb al

osbg|yoyl so| {`bb al osbg|yoyl lqc% Coyocqlybsqbc {leqy| ylo`b~oylo

cdesbjjeq|`|b e cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl lsql fo{q|`, c oclsqo lsql ylo`b~oq e

fdyj scybs% Cdesbjjbeq|` e| lsql voòib` cea lsql aoq {ybe lydoyl, sj|`s {ybe

vbd`le so| s|y{ybes {ybe ad`%(Vbd`leo e osbg|yyb lsql gyl| al {yls|{|s, aoy aoc

s*o {yda|s cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl sl oe|`lo~= Ad`|` fd`dsbylo al jbn`doclvbc`lel al coqyl |eo abe {yb%"

a" Diblcq| osbg|yybb ` yl{yl~beq cllo cl s*o osbg|yoq> i|e|`qyli|bl so fbl alqlyjbeoib`%

l" Co|~o so| scd{|` cdeqyocq|`|b lsql

l`ljleq|` cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl cl cdesq ediblcqbv|` (fbeo`|`" |yjybq% Alcb, co|~o e cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl yl{yl~beq scd{|`

osbg|yybb {dsbib`bqbb fbeoecboyl o osbg|yoq|`|b e co~|` s|yvlebybb ao|elb ò

{yda|clylo co~|`|b osbg|yoq, b scd{|` osbg|yqdy|`|b al o {ybjb d {ybj al

osbg|yoyl al ò osbg|yoq, boy ò s|yvlebylo co~|`|b osbg|yoq al o ochbqo {òqo so|

als{g|ibylo al osbg|yoyl% \e cdeqyocq al osbg|yoyl vo fb cdesbalyoq co ovea d

co|~ b`bcbq oq|ecb cea l` s*o echlboq c| eco`coylo dyabebb {|i bcl so| oylg`ljleqyb`dy `lgo`l cl s|{yovlghlo~ ocqbvbqoqlo al osbg|yoyl%

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f" Fdyjo scybs o cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl, cly|q {leqy|d{d~oib`bqoql% Osqfl`, echlblylo cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl {doql fb cdesqoqoq {ybe

cdefbyjoylo {`bb {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl% Qdadaoq e| sl oajbql advoao echlblybb

cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl {ybe {ydio c| joyqdyb so| chboy b {ybe ecl{|q al escybs%

1% Lflcql`l cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoylFbbea |e cdeqyocq sbeoògjoqbc, cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl {yls|{|el ayl{q|yb

b di`bgobb cdylòqbvl eqyl {yb cl {dq fb al`bjbqoql e ad| {lybdoal> {e ò bvbylo

lvlebjleq|`|b osbg|yoq b a|{ {yda|clylo oclsq|bo%

1%? Ayl{q|yb`l sb di`bgobb`l osbg|yoq|`|b>

o" {e ò {yda|clylo ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq

Ayl{q|yb`l osbg|yoq|`|b>

ayl{q|` al o jdabfbco cdeqyocq|`

ayl{q|` al o echlbo osbg|yyb s|{`bjleqoyl

ayl{q|` al ysc|j{yoyl

Di`bgobb`l osbg|yoq|`|b>

{òqo {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl

di`bgobo al o befdyjo {l osbg|yqdy e {ybvbeo jdabfbcybb cbyc|jsqoel`dy

coyl ogyovlo~o ybsc|`,

di`bgobo al beqylbelyl o i|e|`|b osbg|yoq e i|el cdeabbb, cdefdyj

abs{d~bbb`dy `lgo`l e vbgdoyl%

i" a|{ {yda|clylo ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq* ayl{q|` al o ecoso als{g|ibylo al osbg|yoyl

Di`bgobb`l osbg|yoq|`|b s|eq>

cdjioqlylo lflcqbv o coòjbqb`dy {leqy| `bjbqoylo {og|ilb b so`voylo

i|e|yb`dy osbg|yoql=

ovb~oylo osbg|yqdy|`|b, be qlyjlel`l {ylvo~|ql al cdeabbb`l al osbg|yoyl, c|

{ybvbyl ò {yda|clylo ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq

{oyqbcb{oylo ò cdesqoqoylo co~|`|b osbg|yoq {yda|s b o {og|ilb yl~|`qoql

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f|yeb~oylo al ocql b aoql ylflybqdoyl ò ybsc|` osbg|yoq

1%9 Ayl{q|yb`l sb di`bgobb`l osbg|yqdy|`|b

o" {e ò {yda|clylo ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq>

ayl{q|` al o vlybfbco lxbsqleo i|e|`|b osbg|yoq b o jda|`|b e coyl oclsqo sl

beqylbel

ayl{q|` al o o{`bco soecb|eb `lgo`l cea osbg|yoq|` o ec`coq di`bgobb`l

{ybvbea beqylbelylo, fd`dsbylo b {o~o i|e|yb`dy osbg|yoql

Di`bgobb`l osbg|yqdy|`|b>

di`bgobo al o l`bilyo, ò clylyl, a|i`bcoq|` adc|jleq|`|b al osbg|yoyl, aoc

osbg|yoq|` `*o {blya|q {l cl` dybgbeo`

di`bgobo al o l`bilyo, ò clylylo osbg|yoq|`|b o |e|b clyqbfbcoq cl cdefbyjo

osbg|yoylo%

i" a|{ {yda|clylo ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq

* osbg|yqdy|` ochbqo als{g|ibylo so| s|jo osbg|yoq

e oclsq scd{, osbg|yqdy|` vo sqoib`b co|~l`l ao|el`dy b j{yln|yyb`l e coyl

oclsqlo s*o| {yda|s {leqy| o alqlyjbeo di`bgobo so al {òq% [leqy| oclosqo lsql

elclsoy s sl vlybfbcl

aoc osbg|yoylo lyo be vbgdoyl ò aoqo {yda|clybb ybsc|`|b

aoc {ybjl`l al osbg|yoyl o| fdsq ochbqoql beqlgyo`

aoc i|e|yb`l yls{lcqbvl s|eq c|{ybesl e osbg|yoyl

aoc lvlebjleq|` {yda|s lsql ybsc|` j{dqybvo cy|bo s*o echlboq osbg|yoylo%


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[leqy| osbg|yyb`l al i|e|yb, cdeqyocq|` eclqlo~ e|job aoc, {ybe ylo`b~oylo

ybsc|`|b, i|e|` osbg|yoq o fdsq absqy|s qdqo`jleql% Aoc absqy|glylo lsql {oybo`,

cdeqyocq|` {doql cdeqbe|o s*b {yda|c lflcql`l {leqy| d s|j osbg|yoq yla|s%

Sd`|bo lsql osljeqdoyl e co~|` osbg|yyb`dy al ys{|ealyl cbvb`% Aoc s|jo

osbg|yoq e| sl l{|b~lo~ {ybe ochbqoylo als{g|ibybb qly|`|b {yln|abcboq {ybe fo{qo

osbg|yoq|`|b, osbg|yqdy|` vo ys{|eal e cdeqbe|oyl {e ò s|jo cdeqyocqoq%

Jda|yb`l eldibe|bql al eclqoyl o cdeqyocq|`|b s|eq>

ale|eoylo cdesq e lxlycbqoylo cdeqyocq|`|b e jda |ebòqlyo`, abe co|~l

o|qdyb~oql al `lgl b oe|jl> aoc osbg|yoq|` e| o cdj|ebcoq e scybs

jdabfbcyb`l beqlyvlebql e c|ys|` cdeqyocq|`|b e `lgq|y c| aoql`l `|oql e

cdesbalyoyl ò echlblylo osbg|yybb= cea sl cdesqoq eleal{`bebylo al cqyl

osbg|yoq o di`bgoblb al eqylbelyl cdyls{|e~qdoyl o i|e|`|b so| el`|oylo

js|yb`dy al {ylvlebyl bj{|sl al `lgl, o|qdybqb, dyb al esb eoq|yo

i|e|yb`dy osbg|yoql%

yl~b`blylo yl{yl~beq alsfoclylo {leqy| vbbqdy o cdeqyocq|`|b aoqdybq

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cdeqyocqo, aoc e| lsql alcòyoq elco{oib` al `lgl% Beco{oib`b al o cdeqyocqo,

cdefdyj {ylvlalyb dy Cda|`|b Cbvb` YJ, s|eq> jbedybb, beqly~bbb

n|alcqdylqb b, e glelyl, qdb clb cydy `lglo `l*o beqly~bs dybcoyl

cdeqyocqoyl% Jbedybb beqyl ?1*?8 oeb o| co{ocbqoql ylsqyes b {dq bechlbo ocql

n|ybabcl {lysdeo`l, aoy e|job c| ocdya|` {oybeql`|b so| o o|qdybqbb q|qlòyl=so| e co~|` cea cdesbjjbeq|` e| lsql voòib`, oabc aoc lsql aoq {ybe

lydoyl, sj|`s {ybe vbd`le so| s|y{ybes {ybe ad`= so| e co~|` cea co|~o

cdeqyocq|`|b lsql b`bcbq, oabc oq|ecb cea l` s*o echlboq c| eco`coylo dyabebb

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osbg|yoyl"% e {ybecb{b|, ylg|ò {ybecb{o` coyl g|vlyelo~ e|`bqoqlo lsql c

cdeqyocq|` `dvbq al e|`bqoql sl cdesbaly c e| o fdsq echlboq, boy cò|~o`dvbq al e|`bqoql sl cdesbaly c e| o fdsq sqoib`bq, c| o`ql c|vbeql,

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e|`bqoqlo cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl d{lylo~ b {leqy| qylc|q, e| e|job {leqy|

vbbqdy oo c|j lsql e co~|` {leqy| ale|eoyl b yl~b`blyl% Lo yloa|cl {l

cdeqyocqoeb ò sbq|obo n|ybabc ov|q ò aoqo echlblybb osbg|yybb,

{ydclaea|*sl ò ylsqbq|bylo ylcb{ydc o {ylsqobb`dy lflcq|oql%


?% Alfbebbo cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl4

9% E|jbb coyocqlyl`l n|ybabcl o`l cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl%

3% Lx{`bcob coyocqly|` al oal~b|el o cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl%

1% Coyl s|eq qb{|yb`l al cdeqyocql al osbg|yoyl4

o" `lgbsòbo e vbgdoyl=

i" {d`bo al osbg|yoyl yljbs=c" {ybjo al osbg|yoyl ecosoq, a|{ coyl sl yljbql {d`bo al osbg|yoyl%

Qlsq|` ey% 9

Voòib`bqoqlo cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl foc|`qoqbv lsql>

o" fy qlyjle, ocbdelo~ qdq qbj{|` cq lxbsq i|e|` osbg|yoq=

i" beabcoq e {d`bo al osbg|yoyl, a|{ lx{byoylo oclsqdy qlyjlel l` lsql

elvoòib`=c" el`bjbqoq al ebcb |e focqdy%

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Qlsq|` ey% 3

Coyl abeqyl |yjqdoyl`l os{lcql n|ybabcl o{oybe cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl4

o" {ybecb{b|` als{g|ibybb=

i" coyocqly|` sbeo`ogjoqbc=

c" al i|e cylabe=

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Voyboeqo cdylcq lsql>

?% o-a-l-f=

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Qlsq|` ey% 1

Coyl s|eq cdeabbb`l al vo`babqoql o`l |e|b cdeqyocq al osbg|yoyl4

o" {yb`l s obi co{ocbqoql al o cdeqyocqo=

i" co|~o cdeqyocq|`|b s fbl b`bcbq=

c" s obi |e diblcq alqlyjbeoeq so| alqlyjbeoib`=

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{ylv~|ql al `lgl=i" {yb`l cdeqyocqoeql b os|j di`bgobb ylcb{ydcl b beqlyal{lealeql=

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c" {yb`l c|edsc, ec al ò echlblylo `|b, lxbsqleo ovoeqonl`dy joqlybo`l b

ielqb cl yl~|`q a|{ {yda|clylo lvlebjleq|`|b osbg|yoq=

a" voòib bqoqlo cdeqyocq|`|b ecl{l abe jdjleq|` e coyl {yb`l b*o| lx{ybjoq

ocdya|` al vdbe c| {ybvbyl ò cdebe|q%

Qlsq|` ey% 6

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e co~|` osbg|yyb`dy al i|e|yb, s|jo osbg|yoq e| {doql s al{losc

vo`doylo ylo` o i|e|`|b ò aoqo osbg|yybb (vo`doylo al osbg|yoyl"% (oalvyoq so|

fo`s"

Qlsq|` ey% 8

[ybjo qdqo`>

o" lsql clo coyl lsql {`qbq al osbg|yoq b yl~|`q abe oa|eoylo {ybjlb elql c|

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i" lsql {oyqlo abe vo`doylo al osbg|yoyl {leqy| coyl osbg|yqdy|` b os|j

ys{|ealylo e co~|` {yda|clybb fledjle|`|b (lvlebjleq|`|b" {leqy| coyl s*o

echlboq osbg|yoylo%

c" lsql cdesbalyoq co yl{yl~leqea joxbj|j al {og|i {ylvb~bib` {leqy| i|e|`

yls{lcqbv%

Qlsq|` ey% 2

E|jbb l`ljleql`l di`bgoqdybb o`l cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl>

Qlsq|` ey% ?;

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osbg|yoyl, boy oclsqo sl di`bg s {`qlosc, ò {yda|clylo ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq,

osbg|yoq|`|b so| |e|b qly (ilelfbcboy|`|b osbg|yybb" s|jo osbg|yoq dyb

als{g|ibylo, e `bjbql`l b e qlyjlel`l cdevlebql%

i" ocq|` n|ybabc {ybe coyl {yb`l {ylvbe |e {ydcls cl {doql s eclo{, qlyjbe |e

{ydcls ecl{|q so| yl~d`v abfbc|`qb`l cl o{oy e {ydcls|` lxlc|qybb |elb hdqyybn|alcqdylqb%

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c" ocq|` n|ybabc {ybe coyl, ad| so| job j|`ql {lysdoel (osdcbob, {oyqbcb{oeb" sl

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cdesqbq|b d {lysdoe n|ybabc, j{ybea eqyl l`l fd`dosl`l b {blyalyb`l%

Qljo < % [ybecb{bb`l al io~ o`l osbg|yyb`dy glelyo`l

?% Cdeabbb l {leqy| lxbsqleo |e|b beqlyls osbg|yoib {leqy| osbg|yoylo i|e|yb dy%9% [ybecb{bb`l {ydqlcblb osbg|yyb`dy {yd{yblqbb%3% Cdeabbb l glelyo`l b s{lcbo`l o`l osbg|yybb foc|`qoqbvl o i|e|yb dy%

?%Cdeabbb`l {leqy| lxbsqleo |e|b beqlyls osbg|yoib` {leqy| osbg|yoyloi|e|yb`dy

D clybe al io~ {leqy| lxbsqleo dybcy|b cdeqyocq al osbg|yoyl lsql beqlyls|` osbg|yoib`%Aoc {leqy| |e cdeqyocq al osbg|yoyl e| lxbsq beqlyls osbg|yoib`, oclsqo e| vo fb vo`ba abe {|ecqal vlalyl n|ybabc% D {lysdoe oyl beqlyls osbg|yoib` aoc {yda|clylo |e|b lvlebjleq osbg|yoib`

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lx{|s {blyalybb, so| vo`doylo {oqybjdebo` cl {doql fb {blya|q al osbg|yoq so| ilelfbcboy, co|yjoyl o {yda|clybb lvlebjleq|`|b osbg|yoq%

Cdeabbb`l lslebo`l {leqy| lxbsqleo |e|b beqlyls osbg|yoib` s|eq> e co~|` {blyalybb so| algyoaybb i|e|`|b, osbg|yoq|` s s|flyl d ao|e cl {doql fblvo`|oq e ioeb= I|e|` jlebdeoq s cdesqbq|bl diblcq|` osbg|yybb= Osbg|yoq|` s obi |e beqlyls {oqybjdebo` c| {ybvbyl ò i|e|` osbg|yoq= o`qfl` s{|s,osbg|yoq|` s obi d ylòbl abylcq, ylc|edsc|q `lgo`, c| diblcq|` osbg|yybb, osqfl` ecq s obial s|flybq e |yjo absqy|glybb oclsq|bo%

Ylg|ò glelyo` e osbg|yyb`l al i|e|yb lsql co beqlyls|` osbg|yoib` s lxbsql oqq ejdjleq|` echlblybb osbg|yybb, cq b e jdjleq|` {yda|clybb ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq% Al ylg|`, beqlyls|òsbg|yoib` alc|ygl abe sqoq|q|` al {yd{yblqoy o` {lysdoelb coyl adylql s sl osbg|yl% es, e ofoyo

{yd{yblqoy|`|b i|e|`|b, job lxbsq b o`ql {lysdoel coyl {dq ovlo beqlyls osbg|yoib , e sbq|obb c|j oy

fb> [yd{yblqoql e cdj|e> d {lysdoe coyl albel e cdj|e c| |eo so| job j|`ql {lysdoel|e i|e so| d càbyl oyl ayl{q|` al o osbg|yo i|e|` so| càbylo yls{lcqbv ò eqylogo vo`doyl% [yd{yblqoql b{dqlcoq> e co~|` |e|b cdeqyocq al b{dqlc, ojil`l {yb o| beqlylsosbg|yoib`% Al dibclb, e osqfl` al co~|yb sl echlbl d osbg|yoyl e e|jl`l ojil`dy {yb% [yd{yblqoql echbyboq> chbybo|` e| lsql di`bgoq s echlbl |e cdeqyocq al osbg|yoyl,aoy aoc d focl, l` d echlbl e e|jl`l b e fd`ds|` {yd{yblqoy|`|b, el{|qea {ylqbeal ecosoyloals{g|ibybb e |yjo {yda|clybb |e|b ybsc osbg|yoq, cb adoy s {ylqbea {yd{yblqoy| |b ylsqbq|bylo

{ybjl dy al osbg|yoyl% Osbg|yoq|` s foc {oyql abe fojb bo {yd{yblqoy|`|b> {lysdoel`l abe fojb bo

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9% [ybecb{bb`l {ydqlcblb osbg|yyb`dy {yd{yblqbb

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j{dqybvo job j|`qdy ybsc|yb, c| {òqo ocl`dyob {ybjl al osbg|yoyl=* beqlgyo`bqoqlo osbg|yyb`dy, oabc ebvl`|` als{g|ibyb`dy sl alqlyjbe cq job o{ydo{l al

vo`doylo ylo` o i|e|yb`dy osbg|yoql, {leqy| co oclsql als{g|ibyb s {lyjbq ylfoclylo i|e|yb`dyovoyboql so| absqy|sl=* ylo`bqoqlo osbg|yyb`dy, coyl cdesq e fo{q|` c osbg|yyb`l al {lysdoel b al i|e|yb o| ò io~

aoql ylo`l, e| fbcqbvl, qljlbebc vlybfbcoql e {yloòib`=* osbg|yqdy|` {`qlql als{g|ibylo b s|jl`l osbg|yoql e|job {leqy| i|e|yb`l, {lysdoel`l

b ybsc|yb`l c|{ybesl e osbg|yoyl=* j|q|o`bqoqlo osbg|yyb`dy, coyl {yls|{|el lxbsqleo |elb cdj|ebqb al ybsc, cllo cl esloje

c osbg|yobb ojlebeob al ocl`lob ybsc|yb {oyqbcbq, c| {ybjl`l al osbg|yoyl {l coyl `l {`qlsc,ò cdesqbq|bylo fdea|`|b al osbg|yoyl c| coyl sl o{y beqlylsl`l `dy cdj|el% Als{g|ibyb`l bs|jl`l osbg|yoql sl ocdya e|job osbg|yob`dy coyl o| s|flybq ao|el so| coyl o| fdsq oflcqob co|yjoyl o {yda|clybb ybsc|yb`dy osbg|yoql=

* ylo`b~oylo |elb lfbcblel lcdedjbcd*sdcbo`l ybabcoql% [dqybvbq clybel`dy glsqb|ebb lcdedjbcd*fbeoecboyl, e adjleb|` osbg|yyb`dy, lsql elclsoy al o ylo`b~o b o{ylcbo lfbcbleo ocqbvbqbb alosbg|yoyl% Ocqbvbqoqlo al osbg|yyb qyli|bl osqfl` dygoeb~oq, cdea|s b ylo`b~oq ecq scdylsq|ea |edy clybel ylo`l o`l sdcblqbb, s cdeqybi|bl ò alsf|yoylo edyjo` o {ydcls|`|bal yl{yda|cbl sdcbo`, o vblbb s{bybq|o`l, ò cylqlylo {yda|s|`|b eobdeo` iy|q, o ov|blbeobdeo`l%

3% Cdeabbb`l glelyo`l b s{lcbo`l o`l osbg|yybb foc|`qoqbvl o i|e|yb`dy

Cdeabbb`l glelyo`l al osbg|yoyl foc|`qoqbv o i|e|yb`dy s|eq lòidyoql al fblcoyl cdj{oebo

al osbg|yoyl cl oyl `bcleo l`bilyoq al Cojlyo al @bcleblyl abe Yl{|i`bco Jdàdvo al o {ylsqooclsql qb{|yb al osbg|yoyl% Cdeabbb`l glelyo`l al osbg|yoyl alqlyjbe cdebe|q|` al io~, {ylc|j bjda|` al echlblyl b al lxlc|qoyl o cdeqyocql`dy al osbg|yoyl foc|`qoqbv o qb{|yb`dy b gy|{l`dy al

i|e|yb, lx{|sl ò ybsc|yb b {og|il%Osbg|yqdy|` goyoeqlo~, e io~o cdeabbb`dy glelyo`l, {lysdoel`dy adjbcb`boql {l qlybqdyb|`

Yl{|i`bcbb Jdàdvo b {lsql hdqoyl`l lb, {ydqlcbl al osbg|yoyl {leqy| co~|yb`l al alqlybdyoyl so|{blyalyl al{`be (absqy|glyl o i|e|yb`dy", s|yvlebql e {lybdoao al voòib`bqoql o cdeqyocq|`|b alosbg|yoyl e |yjo {yda|clybb dybcy|b abe ybsc|yb`l al osbg|yoyl le|jlyoql e cdeqyocq%

e cdeabbb`l glelyo`l al osbg|yoyl foc|`qoqbv o i|e|yb`dy clqleb`dy s|eq {yl~leqoql aldibclb>* diblcq|` osbg|yybb=

* co~|yb`l al osbg|yoyl b qb{|yb`l al ybsc|yb=* `dc|` al osbg|yoyl=* s|jo al osbg|yoyl=* jdao`bqoqlo al echlblyl o cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl=* qlyjlel`l osbg|yybb=* co`c|`|` b {òqo {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl=* di`bgobb`l {yb dy=* jdao`bqoqlo al eqdcjbyl o ocql`dy al cdesqoqoyl o {og|ilb% Sqoib`bylo jybjbb b {`bb

als{g|ibybb al osbg|yoyl%Diblcq|` osbg|yybb yl{yl~beq qdqo`bqoqlo i|e|yb`dy cl {dq fb c|{ybesl e osbg|yoyl al cqyl

osbg|yqdyb%E| {dq fb c|{ybesl e osbg|yoyl e io~o cdeabbb`dy glelyo`l i|e|yb`l>

?% Ofòql>o" e `dc|yb alcòyoql dfbcbo` ~del al coòjbqoql eoq|yo`=

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i" e sqoyl ovoyboq=c" e ec{lyb`l o|xb`boyl b oelxl al |~ cd`lcqbv (cdybadoyl cdj|el, d{ydoel, |scqdybb

lqc%"%I|e|yb`l, ofòql e ec{lyb`l s|s*jlebdeoql, {dq fb c|{ybesl e osbg|yoyl e|job e io~o

|e|b cdeqyocq sl{oyoq, {ybe ochbqoylo |elb {ybjl al osbg|yoyl s|{`bjleqoyl%9% Cl`l lx{|sl aljd`ybb so| yl{oyoblb co{bqo`l, {ylc|j b cl`l c| |~|yo al {lsql 6; fo

al vo`doylo lflcqbv oqlsqoq e sqoyl ed| ò aoqo echlblybb cdeqyocq|`|b% 3% [òeql alcdyoqbvl b al cojly% 1% Ioeb e vo`|q eobdeo` b sqybe, hyqbb al vo`doyl, adc|jleql, joe|scybsl, {òe|yb,

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@o sd`bcbqoylo osbg|yoq|`|b, cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl {doql fb echlboq oqq {l eqylg {ochlq|àl ybsc|yb, cq b {l d oe|jbq so| job j|`ql gy|{l al ybsc|yb o{oyql%@dc|` al osbg|yoyl>

Cdefdyj cdeabbb`dy glelyo`l al osbg|yoyl, `dc|` al osbg|yoyl yl{yl~beq qlybqdyb|` c|{ybese {ydqlcbo al osbg|yoyl, cdefdyj cdeabbb`dy cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl% I|e|yb`l sl cdesbalyosbg|yoql e|job {l oaylso beabcoq e {d`bo al osbg|yoyl (c| lxcl{bo cdeqyocql`dy al osbg|yoyl o

i|e|yb`dy {lysdeo`l"% e co~ al scdoqlyl o i|e|yb`dy osbg|yoql abe `dc|` al osbg|yoyl, {ydqlcbo alosbg|yoyl sl s|s{lea% e co~ c osbg|yoq|` b schbji `dc|` al qyob, cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl voyjel e vbgdoyl, c| cdeabbo c osbg|yqdy|` o fdsq befdyjoq als{yl oclosqo oeqbcb{oq, es e| jobqy~b| al ~b|o {lyj|qybb {yd{yb|*~bsl%

S|jo al osbg|yoyl>

S|jo al osbg|yoyl oflyleq cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl lsql sqoib`bq {ybe ocdya|` {yb`dy e`bjbql`l vo`dybb ylo`l o i|e|yb`dy% Vo`doylo ylo` o i|e|yb`dy sl sqoib`lql e io~o vo`dybb `dy e sqoyled| lsqbjoql ò aoqo echlblybb cdeqyocq|`|b, c| ylbelylo |~|ybb%

e co~|` e coyl {yb`l eqj{be abvlyglel e sqoib`bylo s|jlb al osbg|yoyl, {l jdqbv|`jondyybb lb, osbg|yqdy|` oyl ayl{q|` s ylf|~l echlblylo cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl, boy e co~|èchlblybb cdeqyocq|`|b {l d s|j lvbaleq jondyoq, als{g|ibylo al osbg|yoyl sl fbxlo~ e `bjbql`lvo`dybb ylo`l o i|e|yb`dy%

e {lybdoao al voòib`bqoql o cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl, osbg|yoq|` oyl ayl{q|` al o jondyos|jo al osbg|yoyl {leqy| {lybdoao yjos {e ò lx{byoylo cdeqyocq|`|b, es e `bjbql`l vo`dybbylo`l b c| cdeabbo c e ~b|o echlblybb cdeqyocq|`|b s|{`bjleqoy al osbg|yoyl e| s*o {yda|s ybsc|`beabcoq e cdeqyocq%

e io~o cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl, osbg|yqdy|` {doyq ys{|ealyl e {yd{dybo {og|ilb ylo`lb e `bjbql`l s|jlb al osbg|yoyl sqb{|òql, beqlgyo` so| {leqy| fblcoyl diblcq al osbg|yoyl e {oyql%

Jdao`bqoqlo echlblybb cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl% Qlyjlel`l osbg|yybb

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Cdeqyocq|` al osbg|yoyl sl echlbl e io~o clylybb osbg|yoq|`|b al{|sl e scybs, e coyl lsqldi`bgoq s cdj|ebcl qdoql cbyc|jsqoel`l c|edsc|ql cl oy bef`|leo {yda|clylo ybsc|`|b osbg|yoq,oclosqo ovea d esljeqoql lslebo` e sqoib`bylo gyoa|`|b al ybsc {leqy| i|e|yb`l `|oql eosbg|yoyl% Qbe|bylo so| cdj|ebcoylo al cqyl osbg|yoq o |edy aoql b cbyc|jsqoel fo`sl als{yl

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ochbqoylo {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl al cqyl osbg|yoq%Co`c|`|` b {òqo {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl

Cdefdyj cdeabbb`dy glelyo`l al osbg|yoyl, {ybjo al osbg|yoylqyli|bl {`qbq {e ò ecl{lylo osbg|yybb, aoc ocdya|` {yb`dy e|{ylvlal o`qclvo% Co`c|`|` {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl cdeqyocq|o`l sllflcq|lo~ e cdefdyjbqoql c| qoxl`l qoybfoyl sqoib`bql al cdeabbb`ls{lcbo`l, {ybe o{`bcoylo cdlfbcbleq|`|b al ybsc, e f|ecbl al qb{|` ali|e|yb b ybsc|yb al osbg|yoyl%

e co~ al echlblyl o cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl {l qlyjle al |eoe, co`c|`|` {ybjlb al osbg|yoyl sl lflcq|lo~ a|{ Fdyj|ò ?>[o : So x Qq$?;; (?"

e coyl> [o {ybjo cdeqyocq|o` al osbg|yoyl=So s|jo cdeqyocq|o` al osbg|yoyl=Qq qoxo qoybfoy e fo al s|jo osbg|yoq%

e co~ al echlblyl o cdeqyocq|`|b al osbg|yoyl {l qlyjle jobjbc al |e

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