Flag of BotswanaFlag of Botswana

Arms of BotswanaArms of Botswana

NaroNaro

±10.000±10.000

MbukushuMbukushu±20.000±20.000

TswanaTswana±1.000.000±1.000.000

YeyiYeyi±20.000±20.000

EnglishEnglishOfficialOfficial

LanguageLanguage

Kalanga

Kalanga±150.000

±150.000

BirwaBirwa±15.000±15.000

HereroHerero±30.000±30.000

AfrikaansAfrikaans±20.000±20.000

LoziLozi±14.000±14.000

Kgalagad

Kgalagad

ii

± ± 40.00040.000

Influence on EnglishSentence Article(s)

omitted

1 (*) Name can be used as a referring expression

a

(*) Hurricane destroyed all the buildings in (*) Philipines

the

Macbeth instead of waiting to attain his destinyin (*) normal way

a

4 According to (*) bible, it says thou shall not killthe

2

3

Missing articles

Influence on English Sentence Article(s)

substituted

1 This method is good because it gives the students freedom to work and feel really involved. Students get motivated when they feel involved in (a) learning process

‘a’ substituted for ‘the’

2 In English, (a) word ‘dog’ would mean a dog as an animal but contradictory to the French meaning of a dog.

‘a’ substituted for ‘the’

3 (A) word insult as a verb can not be divided into syllables unless stress marks are used

‘a’ substituted for ‘the’

4 Also when we look at Okonkwo, he ruled his family with (a) hand of a lion

‘a’ substituted for ‘the’

Substitution of articles

Influence on EnglishSentence Article

inserted

1 Free variations are sounds that contrast with one another without changing (a) meaning

a

2 John drank (a) very hot tea a

3 A society with women will have (a) good morality because women have qualities that provide a comfortable environment to live in

a

4 The tongue is made is made up of muscles found in the oral tract . . . it moves in different positions . . . this makes it possible for (the) speech sounds to be produced

the

Redundant use of articles

BibliographyBibliography•When Rain Clouds Gather (1968)•Maru (1971)•A Question of Power (1974)•Looking for a Rain God (1977)•The Collector of Treasures and Other Botswana Village Tales (1977)•Serowe: Village of the Rain Wind (1981)•A Bewitched Crossroad (1984)•A Woman Alone:Autobiographical Writings (1990)•A Gesture of Belonging: Letters from Bessie Head, 1965-1979 (1991)•The Cardinals (1993)

A few words in TswanaA few words in Tswana

AnswersAnswers

1.1. How are you? I’m fine.How are you? I’m fine.2.2. I love you.I love you.3.3. HelloHello4.4. What is this?What is this?5.5. How old are you?How old are you?6.6. Where is?Where is?7.7. Help meHelp me8.8. Are you okay?Are you okay?9.9. What time is it? What time is it? 10.10. GoodnightGoodnight

Sources

Modupe M. Alimi, Department of English, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana

Language and Literacy Issues in Botswana by Annah Molosiwa, Michigan State University

Wikipedia Ethnologue.com Youtube.com Google Slagerij van Kampen http://med.hro.nl/denjl/