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Aspects of connectedspeech
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Rhythm
Syllable-timed rhythm Stressed-timed rhythm
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Rhythm Definition: Stress-timed rhythm is speech
rhythm in which the stressed syllable are
said to recur at equal intervals of time.
Eg.
One day last week I went for a walk in the
country.
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Rhythm Rhythm unit / foot:
from a stressed syllable up tothe following stressed
syllable
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Rhythm Eg.
||Yes/ter/day I |saw/ him /in /the|ci/ne/ma||.
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Assimilation
Definition. Types of assimilation
Rules of assimilation
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Assimilation
Definition: (1) When a speech
sound changes and become morelike another sound which follows it
or precedes it, this is called
assimilation.
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Assimilation
Definition: (2) In connected
speech, adjacent sounds frequentlyinfluence each other so that they
become more alike, or assimilate.
This is called assimilation.
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Types of assimilation
Regressive / anticipatory:
Eg. White coat : /t/
/k/ Progressive:
Eg. Books : / s /
dogs : /z/
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Rules of assimilation
Assimilation of place Assimilation of manner
Assimilation of voice
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Assimilation of place
Final alveolar/t/
+ becomes bilabial /p/ before bilabials:
eg. That man : /t/ /p/
Light blue : /t/ /p/
+ becomes dental before dentals
eg. Get there: /t/ dentalised
+ becomes velar /k/ before velars
eg. That car : /t/ /k/
that girl : /t/ /k/
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Assimilation of place
Final alveolar/d/
+ becomes bilabial /b/ before bilabials
eg. Good morning : /d/ /b/+ becomes dental before dentals
eg. Dead thief : /d/ dentalised
+ becomes velar /g/ before velarseg. Bad cold : /d/ in bad /g/
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Assimilation of place
Final alveolar /n/:
+ becomes bilabial /m/ before bilabials
eg. Ten bags : /n/ /m/+ becomes dental before dentals
eg. Main thing : /n/ /m/
+ becomes velar // before dentalseg. Ten cars : /n// /
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Assimilation of place
Final alveolar /s/ becomes // and /z/
becomes // before // or /j/
eg. This shop : /s/
these years : /z/
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Assimilation of manner
Final plosive becomes a fricative or a nasal
eg. That song : /t/ /s/
bad news : /d/ /n/
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Assimilation of voice
Final voiced consonants have no voicing
when followed by initial voiceless
consonants.
Eg. /v/ in have/f/ in have to
/z/ in has/s/ in has to
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Elision
Definition
Types of elision
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Elision
Definition: elision is the leaving
out / disappearance of sounds or
sounds in rapid speech.
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Types of elision
Disappearance of consonant Disappearance of vowel
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Disappearance of consonant
Disappearance of final /t/ in the cluster/st/
before an initial stop, nasal or fricative
eg. best dish : /t/ disappearsbest friend : /t/ disappears
first night : /t/ in first disappears
west side : /t/ disappears
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Disappearance of consonant
Disappearance of final /d/ in cluster /md/ or
/nd/ before an initial weak stop or nasaleg. Blind man : /d/ disappears
It seemed good : /d/ in seemed disappears
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Disappearance of consonant
Avoidance of complex consonant clusters:
+ In clusters with 3 plosives or 2 plosive + 1
fricative, the middle plosives disappears
Eg. Acts : /t/ disappearslooked back : /t/ disappears
+ final consonant cluster of a word
disappears if it is identical to initial clusterof the following.
Eg. Next street : /st/ in /nekst/ disappears
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Disappearance of consonant
Disappearance of /v/ in of before
consonants:Eg. Full of children : /v/ in of disappears
waste of money : /v/ in of disappears
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Disappearance of vowel
Disappearance of weak vowel after /p,t,k/:Eg. Potato : // disappears
today : // disappears
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Linking
Linking identical consonants
Eg. This side : identical /s/
bad day : identical /d/
Linking /r/ before initial vowels
Eg. Here are four eggs
/r/ in here and four pronounced
Intrusive /r/
eg. Law and order: /r/ pronounced after
law