Date post: | 14-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | meghan-soutter |
View: | 214 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Aspects of redox in trace metal systems, and implications for Hybrid Type metals
Outline:
Redox active metals
Abiotic Reactions
Biotic Reactions
Examples
Examples:
1. Fe(II) Southern Ocean
2. Mn photoreduction
3. Fe, Co, Mn in OMZ systems
4. Redox reactions in OMZ sediments: major fluxes
5. Effects of ligands on redox reactions
12.755 L06
1
Some redox active metals
• Fe (II/III)• Cu (I/II)• Co (II/III)• Mn (II/III/IV)• I (-I/V) (iodide, iodate)• Cr (III/VI) • Se (-II, 0, IV/VI) (selenite, selenate, Se –II is associated with
peptides, Cutter and Cutter 1995)
• Mo, oxyanion MoO42-, in sulfidic waters: MoS4
2-
2
pe’s of Dominant Redox Couples
From Morel and Hering:
If one redox couple is present in much larger concentrations than the other, the corresponding free concentrations of oxidant and reductant are unaffected by the advancement of the complete redox reaction toward equilibrium. The equilibrium electron activity is then effectively that of the corresponding dominant redox couple.
pe =peo – log [Red] / [Ox]
The Sulfate-Sulfide couple S(VI)/S(-II)1/8 SO4
2- + 9/8 H+ + e- = 1/8 HS- +1/2 H2O peo=4.25
pe =peo – log [HS-]1/8 / [SO42-][H+]9/8 = - 4.5
* pH =8, [HS-] =1e-5, SO42-] = 1e-3
The Oxygen-water couple O(0)/O(-II)¼ O2 + H+ + e- = ½ H2O peo=20.75
pe =peo – log 1 / PO21/4[H+] = + 13.58
pH = 7 PO2=10-0.7atm3
Redox of an environment typically governed by the dominant redox couple
4
Abiotic redox reactions • Fe has many reactions
• Temperature is important
• Numerous potential oxidants (reactive oxygen species: ROS)
• From Voelker and Sedlak, 1995
• O2 oxidation of Fe(II) and Fe(II)L is most important
• Underestimated due to superoxide Fe(III) reduction back
reaction not being taken into account
• From Rose and Waite, 2002
5
Abiotic Rxns – Examples
Temperature allowsFe(II) to accumulate in
cold waters
6
Yet redox equilibrium is often not achieved due to slow kinetics
• Obvious example: organic matter and oxygen (the disequilibria allows life to exist) (Organic matter/carbon dioxide couple has a peo = -6.25)
• Exceptions have been reported (drummers, in particular):
Dozens of people spontaneously combust each year; it's just not very widely reported”
~ David St. Hubbins on The unfortunate death of one of the former Spinal Tap drummers
7
Biotic Redox Reactions“Froelich series” – sequential redox cycles in vertical sedimentary (or
water column) profiles corresponding to thermodynamic benefit
8
9
Stumm and Morgan 199610
Biotic RedoxProcesses
“ Edibles” “Breathables”
From Nealson, 1997; 2003
11
• Many ways to conceptualize microbially mediated redox reactions
• From Stumm and Morgan, 1996
12
Photosynthesis obviously has a major role in setting up Earth’s redox environment
From Stumm and Morgan, 199613
14
The redox interface is a profitable place to live
15
Abiotic (and biotic) reactions, example #2:
Mn photoreduction (and microbial oxidation) in surface waters result in diel cycle(Sunda and Huntsman, 1990)
16
Example: oxygen minimum zones
17
Rue and Bruland, DSR, 199718
Rue and Bruland, DSR, 199719
Rue and Bruland, DSR, 199720
Rue and Bruland, DSR, 199721
Manganese – well studied, many hypotheses
Tebo and Nealson, 1984
22
Emerson, Tebo, Nealson, 1982
Mn oxidation by bacteria
23
Martin: Lateral advection explains Mn maxima in North Pacific
24
But Johnson et al.,1992 and 1996 revisits and has a different story:The smallest flux of Mn occurs in the oxygen minima, therefore lateral
advection cannot be the source
25
Mn flux out is correlated with O2 sink(Johnson et al., 1992)
26
Martin flux equation with oxygen dependent scavenging
“The Mn maxima can form because of a reduction in the pseudo-first order rate scavenging rate constant within the oxygen minimum.”
27
Cobalt oxidized by same Mn oxidation pathway
28
29
Also redox water column dynamics for cobaltData by Noble, 2005
Station 5 - Costa Rica Upwelling Dome
Nitrite (M)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Dep
th (
m)
0
200
400
600
800Nitrite
Oxygen (mM)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Dep
th (
m)
0
200
400
600
800
Oxygen
30
Co Concentration (pM)
0 50 100 150 200
Dep
th (
m)
0
200
400
600
800 Total Cobalt
Station 5 - Costa Rica Upwelling Dome
Nitrite (M)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Dep
th (
m)
0
200
400
600
800Nitrite
Oxygen (mM)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Dep
th (
m)
0
200
400
600
800
Oxygen
31
Extends across low oxygen tongue of the North Pacific (data by Saito, South of Hawaii, 8N)
N2O and Total Dissolved Cobalt
0 20 40 60 80 100
Dep
th (
m)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
N2ODiss. Cobalt
32
33
These redox processes in sediments as major sources of Fe, Mn, and Co?
Or is it water column based redox recycling?
34
Speciation and coordination
environment matters for redox
properties
35
Photoreactivity of Marine Siderophore Complexes - Barbeau et al., 2003
36
Photoreactivity of Marine Siderophore Complexes - Barbeau et al., 2003
37
38
Photoreduction of iron chelates: Fe(II)
39
Brief overview of redox in trace metal systems
Many of the processes are only somewhat elucidated. The microbes and the functional genes are also only beginning to be understood
Outline:
Redox active metals
Abiotic Reactions
Biotic Reactions
Examples
1. Fe(II) Southern Ocean
2. Mn photoreduction
3. Fe, Co, Mn in OMZ systems
4. Redox reactions in OMZ sediments: major fluxes
5. Effects of ligands on redox reactions
40