'A' [ t . I . I Ias well as manufacturer and, in fact, some A ssembled Switchgear Designed by professional standards, dictate limits to dra ing arrangement. Abilities essential to this work imply Computer an understanding of power switching and equipment protection. The engineer I-Design to Application Specification must be able to determine short-circuit currenit to select the proper breaker inter- rupting capacity. He must understand H. B. WORTMAN M. H. WALLER transients as found in motor inrush cur- MEMBER AIEE MEMBER AIEE rents or voltage surges. And, he must understand the equipment incidental to Summary: Assembled switchgear cus- finger stroke seem relatively advanced, these electrical phenomena. tomer-order development begins when the but we find information was typed before The draftsman interprets the engineer's application is expressed in fundamental 1915 almost the same as it is today. analysis in available breakers, units, and electrical units and the arrangement is de- fined. The basic description is then inter- Electronic data-processing equipment components. Each order is likely to be preted in manufacturing part numbers, may change this situation. Can this a unique arrangement of previously de- and displayed on traditional requisition and equipment which is taking much of the signed parts. The draftsman must know drawing format. A computer program has clerical work out of accounting, banking, the physical significance of these parts been applied to this conversion for metal- clad switchgear. In effect, designers are inventory control, and scheduling con- and distribute them in a practical provided with a mechanized catalog-search- tribute to the more efficient use of fashion-for example, meters at eye level ing facility, and are relieved of some of the engineering talent? Certainly the value and relays accessible for maintenance. drafting, a handicraft wasteful in its of human creativeness demands serious In addition to such fundamental de- consumption of creative hours. study of this possibility. cisions, engineers and draftsmen are presently required to convert their ideas A N EFFORT TO ASSIGN the logical Metal-Clad Customer-Order into completely artificial part numbers and part of metal-clad customer-order Development Defined record them on traditionally established development to a stored program com- formats. These last duties of catalog puter will be described in a contemplated Customer-order development engineer- searching, form filling, and interminable series of papers, of which this is the first. ing interprets the purchaser's require- redrawing of unchanging outlines on This paper will discuss the input require- ments in manufacturing terms and ex- established panel faces appear to be the ments for programmed design and the plains what the user must know about the kind of logic that computers are capable effect of computer output on manufactur- equipment he will receive. Thus, a of processing. ing operations and customer data. The motor-control circuit becomes part num- second of the series appears as a com- bers and quantities, assembly instructions, Metal-Clad Switchgear Is panion paper subtitled, "A General Com- and material requisitions on one hand Characterized by Standard Parts puter Method for Translating Functional while, on the other, the purchaser is and Procedures and Descriptive Input into Parts Lists." provided specific descriptive information Metal-clad switchgear was introduced on control devices with outline drawings Metal-clad equipment is essentially an in 1927. The high activity and require- to aid in instaUation and maintenance. assembly of predesigned components. ment that like parts be readily inter- Information is arranged in conven- Two typical units are shown in Fig. 1. changeable led to standardization of com- tional format. For example, meter requi- Each started with the same steel housing, ponents. Design and manufacture were sitions must always have the same appear- and was equipped with bus, current trans- characterized by selection and association ance and provide the same number of formers, switches, and breakers, all of of previously designed and often stocked copies. If engineering drawings require which were already designed. In fact, subassemblies of parts. new interpreting procedures, the shop many of these parts were in our stock be- Progressive tooling and materials have cost rates are subject to change. User fore the designer's order was received. made possible the perfected equipment of today. Automated machine tools, tape- controlled punches, and programmed test- ing have advanced manufacture far from its beginnings, but design methods have not kept pace. To watch a draftsman lettering a drawing is to realize how com- parable are our engineering efforts to the old-fashioned handicrafting that pre- _CONTROL ceded the industrial revolution. Type- SWITCH _ WN 1 SWITCH writers that produce a letter with a single Fig. 1. Typical T - Paper 62-240, recommended by the AIEE Switch- metal-clad units are gear Committee and approved by the AIEE Tech- assemblies of previ- _ nical Operations Department for presentation at the ously designed, RELAYS UrTER AIEE Winter General Meeting, Nlew York. N. Y., January 28-February 2, 1962. Manuscript sub- oFten stocked com- IN mitted October 31, 1961; made available for print- ponents. Relatively IN ES ing December 14, 1961. little original design PCION H. B. WOraTMAN and M. H. WALLER are with the of t occurs on an Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pitts- pa burgh, Pa. order FEBRUARY 1963 Wortman, Waller-Assembled Sw-itchgear Designed by Computer 789
Transcript
'A' [ t .I . IIas well as manufacturer and, in fact, someA ssembled Switchgear Designed by professional standards, dictate limits todra ing arrangement.
Abilities essential to this work implyComputer an understanding of power switching and
equipment protection. The engineerI-Design to Application Specification must be able to determine short-circuit
currenit to select the proper breaker inter-rupting capacity. He must understand
H. B. WORTMAN M. H. WALLER transients as found in motor inrush cur-MEMBER AIEE MEMBER AIEE rents or voltage surges. And, he must
understand the equipment incidental toSummary: Assembled switchgear cus- finger stroke seem relatively advanced, these electrical phenomena.tomer-order development begins when the but we find information was typed before The draftsman interprets the engineer'sapplication is expressed in fundamental 1915 almost the same as it is today. analysis in available breakers, units, andelectrical units and the arrangement is de-fined. The basic description is then inter- Electronic data-processing equipment components. Each order is likely to bepreted in manufacturing part numbers, may change this situation. Can this a unique arrangement of previously de-and displayed on traditional requisition and equipment which is taking much of the signed parts. The draftsman must knowdrawing format. A computer program has clerical work out of accounting, banking, the physical significance of these partsbeen applied to this conversion for metal-clad switchgear. In effect, designers are inventory control, and scheduling con- and distribute them in a practicalprovided with a mechanized catalog-search- tribute to the more efficient use of fashion-for example, meters at eye leveling facility, and are relieved of some of the engineering talent? Certainly the value and relays accessible for maintenance.drafting, a handicraft wasteful in its of human creativeness demands serious In addition to such fundamental de-consumption of creative hours. study of this possibility. cisions, engineers and draftsmen are
presently required to convert their ideasA N EFFORT TO ASSIGN the logical Metal-Clad Customer-Order into completely artificial part numbers and
part of metal-clad customer-order Development Defined record them on traditionally establisheddevelopment to a stored program com- formats. These last duties of catalogputer will be described in a contemplated Customer-order development engineer- searching, form filling, and interminableseries of papers, of which this is the first. ing interprets the purchaser's require- redrawing of unchanging outlines onThis paper will discuss the input require- ments in manufacturing terms and ex- established panel faces appear to be thements for programmed design and the plains what the user must know about the kind of logic that computers are capableeffect of computer output on manufactur- equipment he will receive. Thus, a of processing.ing operations and customer data. The motor-control circuit becomes part num-second of the series appears as a com- bers and quantities, assembly instructions, Metal-Clad Switchgear Ispanion paper subtitled, "A General Com- and material requisitions on one hand Characterized by Standard Partsputer Method for Translating Functional while, on the other, the purchaser is and Proceduresand Descriptive Input into Parts Lists." provided specific descriptive information
Metal-clad switchgear was introduced on control devices with outline drawings Metal-clad equipment is essentially anin 1927. The high activity and require- to aid in instaUation and maintenance. assembly of predesigned components.ment that like parts be readily inter- Information is arranged in conven- Two typical units are shown in Fig. 1.changeable led to standardization of com- tional format. For example, meter requi- Each started with the same steel housing,ponents. Design and manufacture were sitions must always have the same appear- and was equipped with bus, current trans-characterized by selection and association ance and provide the same number of formers, switches, and breakers, all ofof previously designed and often stocked copies. If engineering drawings require which were already designed. In fact,subassemblies of parts. new interpreting procedures, the shop many of these parts were in our stock be-
Progressive tooling and materials have cost rates are subject to change. User fore the designer's order was received.made possible the perfected equipment oftoday. Automated machine tools, tape-controlled punches, and programmed test-ing have advanced manufacture far fromits beginnings, but design methods havenot kept pace. To watch a draftsmanlettering a drawing is to realize how com-parable are our engineering efforts to theold-fashioned handicrafting that pre- _CONTROLceded the industrial revolution. Type- SWITCH _ WN 1 SWITCHwriters that produce a letter with a single Fig. 1. Typical T -
Paper 62-240, recommended by the AIEE Switch- metal-clad units aregear Committee and approved by the AIEE Tech- assemblies of previ-_nical Operations Department for presentation at the ously designed, RELAYS UrTERAIEE Winter General Meeting, Nlew York. N. Y.,January 28-February 2, 1962. Manuscript sub- oFten stocked com- INmitted October 31, 1961; made available for print- ponents. Relatively INESing December 14, 1961. little original design PCIONH. B. WOraTMAN and M. H. WALLER are with the of t occurs on anWestinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pitts- paburgh, Pa. order
FEBRUARY 1963 Wortman, Waller-Assembled Sw-itchgear Designed by Computer 789
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Fig. 3. Front panel drawings are prepared by Airst printing variabole typed Information, then drawing the outlines with a co-ordinate plotter
FEBRUARY 1963 Wortman, WalZer-AAssemble4 Switchgear Designed by Computer 791
INPUT OUTPUT Fig. 4. Time re- PURCHASINGINPUT OUTPUT~~~~~~~~~quired to prepare PROGRAMSFUNCTION TIME MATERIAL and proces selec- COMPUTER COGRAOS
CUSTOMER ORDER SECTION 4 HRS. CELL PARTS DESCRIPTION tion of standard part ORDER ENGINEERINGPUNCH AND VERIFY HR. METER AND TRANSFORMER SHEETS for typical metal-7090 COMPUTER 15 MIN STOCK ASSIGNMENT CARDS clad switchgear order x-Y1401 COMPUTER 10 MIN. FRONT PANEL DRAWINGS PLOTERDATA PLOTTER 30 MIN. BILLS OF MATERIALS J
Fig. 5. Orders are interpreted and routed todetinations as shown In chart
Two major factors contributed to the Cards punched from these sheets are also from the "lead time" reqturements.feasibility of a computer program: (1) verified and routed to the computer A typical metal-clad switchgear orderMuch of the ordering information was so facility. There a peripheral computer will provide an assembly of five breakerorganized that reference data sheets provides the input tape for the main units and one auxiliary compartment.could serve as order initiating forms, and computer run. The program is designed The time required to prepare and process(2) the detail ordering forms, time cards, to process multiorder rnms, and overnight such an order is detailed in Fig. 4.and routing information were already service may be scheduled. Much of the output material is printedunder control of an inventory program. on drafting quality vellum. This per-
Metal-clad parts were ordered in two Program Output mits the designers to supplement programlots, one from outside companies, the selected parts with pieces or arrangementsother from Westinghouse-manufactured The output information is converted to too unusual to justify storage.or locally stocked supplies. The latter printed and punched card data. Theitems were described on preprinted re- printed output is in the form of requisi- Effect of Machine Output onproducible sheets so that a draftsman tions, manufacturing information, and Established Operationscould fill in a multiplier and provide both the base for manufacturing and customera parts list for assembly and ordering drawings. Two sets of punched cards are The use of the computer program isinformation for the order clerk. This produced. One set directs the X-Y oriented in the order-processing systemclerk was responsible for preparing requi- plotter; the other is a deck of stock assign- as shown in Fig. 5. The order is inter-sitions, part of the pay card, and input to ment cards which are processed by the preted in the engineering department.the inventory-control system. inventory-control program. Communication with the computer is in
Selection of parts is largely a matter of The front panel drawings are prepared punched cards. The output is in the forminevitable choice, depending on condi- on a card-controlled plotter. Fig. 3 of requisitions, material lists, inventory-tions of rating, unit application, and unit shows a set of panels so drawn. Titles control cards, and panel-data cards for theposition. Thus, it appears practical to and item numbers, where possible, are plotter.assign the logical part of this ordering to first printed on the paper as part of the A significant opportunity arises froma stored program computer. computer output. The panel and device the ability to select the pertinent part
outlines are then added by the plotter. number and print it with a preassignedExplanation of Program Input A paper planned for later release will ex- drawing item number. In this way, the
plain the panel program and a method for same item number always applies to aThe ultimate objective of this project producing output in drawing form. standard part in a standard location.
is to permit the designer to describe his Other program output includes panel This is a convenience to assembly groupspurchaser's functional needs and to have punch sheets for use with a turret and permits using the same section draw-the computer select the parts. Reference punch and machine-control tape where ing formany orders.to Fig. 2 shows how the input is organized required. The punch sheet program Presently, wiring for metal-clad panelsto accomplish this. includes calculation of values incidental is preformed. The program provides a
First, the unique order information to preparing pay cards. guide to wiring fixture locations. Thisneeds to be established; this is accom- Inventory-control program cards ap- supersedes a method that combined theplished by filling in a sheet, part of which proximately equal in number the order use of reference lines with scalar locations.is shown in Fig. 2(A). input cards. Thus, the cards provided Before program runs were available,
Next, the general functional informa- automatically compensate for the work of long-delivery items were ordered severaltion is prepared; see Fig. 2(B). This preparig the order input cards. weeks before locally produced parts.permits one statement of each significant Cell and circuit nameplate charts are Now, with some additional work on thefact to suffice for the order. Thus, a also developed. Cell nameplates de- input, it is possible to identify and ordersingle record of the control voltage will pend on a routine that determines a most of the components for metal-cladinfluence the selection of control panels, breaker interchangeability pattern from assembly much earlier.fuses, circuit breakers, and other parts such pertinent facts as the breaker rating So far as the purchaser is concerned,to which this information is significant. and current transformer ratio. drawig appearance is not significantly
Finally, unit descriptions are required Requisitions are prepared if the stored changed. All program output is printed,to select parts dictated by application information indicates their need. De- as contrasted with hand-lettering on otherand relation to other units. Fig. 2(C) is a livrery dates for these items are developed drawings. Legibility and uniformity arepart of this data. from the contract shipping date and atamaximum.
792 WortmGn, Wailer- Assembled Switchgear Designed by Ccmputer FEBRUARY 1963
Conclusions parts. That is to say, it is particularly coding and the effect of search time throughconcerned with the selection of configura- files of little-used pieces can make operative
To write a customer-order develop- tions of previously designed and stocked costs unjustifiably high.parts. If the relationship between the It is possible to describe completely a part
ment program for previously designed flunctional specifications (the job the unit is on input so the data-processing equipmentparts is practical. The method is de- to perform) and the descriptive specifica- prints out the description suitably arranged,scribed in the companion paper; see pages tions (the characteristics of the unit) is well with the parts selected by the program. It793-801. To make such a program known, it is possible that parts could have would also be possible to supplement the
f e t e mbeen involved that had not been pre- search program with routines to developfeasible,there must be sufficientactivity viously designed. I was wondering if any variable pieces.
to warrant the effort, as well as a stand- work on minor-parts design was being con- However, metal-clad parts are usually soardized product assembled from many sidered, such as determining dimensions of unchanging they are completely describedpossible parts. In addition, it is essential a critical part not stocked as a standard. as generally useful in day-to-day produc-that the output be presentable in a con- Another question was: Why are the en- tion. Parts not so common are so unique
gineers required to do so much of the initial that routines to develop them on runs wouldventional format. design layout and concept job? The be impractical.Such a program will take a generalized authors directed attention toward the en- A by-product effect of programming is
description expressed in engineering terms gineering tasks of "catalog searching, form tllat the fundamental analysis usuallyand convert it into manufacturers' part filling, and interminable redrawing of un- develops inefficient areas in the original
changing outlines. . . " However, if one is system. Some of these may be eliminatednumbers. Both catalog searchinzg and capable of describing the logic of going by the program; others extend into practiceshand-crafting of drawings are operations from these specifications in the customer not within its province. Usually theseassignable to computers and their periph- order to the descriptive characteristics of faults are so obviously unwise, we askeral equipment. the units, why were the engineers involved questions such as, "If one is capable of
This is an especially significant step at all? It should have been possible to go describing the logic.. why were the en-man's in- directly from a customer order to defining gineers involved at all?"
when considered in the light of man s m- descriptive characteristics of the units. The design personnel make two vital con-dustrial progress. Manufacturing meth- I wonder if there have been any com- tributions to any order. They are responsi-ods were more than 100 years in develop- parative evaluations of doing these tasks ble for the suitability of the equipmenting from manual to tooled, to automated, manually as compared with the automatic provided, and they must design parts thatto the present programmed control. The techniques have been instituted. I am have not been developed before.
particularly concerned with the time, A third contribution, that of interpretingeffect of this effort is to move from manual accuracy, and cost savings, if any, of doing the requirements into part numbers, is thedrafting to programmed automation in the job automatically. logical operation now assigned to the pro-one stride. In general, I think this paper indicates gram. Although there may have been
exciting and creative work in efficiently methods other than data processing to ac-________________ using advanced electronic data-processing complish this conversion, they would not be
techniques to solve significant problems in as accurate, as quick, or as economical.the engineering field. Performance data indicate a cost improve-
Discussion ment has been accomplished. Fewer man-hours are required, and information is proc-
David Holstein (International Business H. B. Wortman and M. H. Waller: The essed more accurately and quickly thanMachines Corporation, White Plains, N. Y.): unique contribution of this program is its before. However, since economic evalua-The recent technological development of ability to develop application descriptions tions are completely dependent on localelectronic data-processing equipment and into parts lists. This implies stored parts, conditions, we believe it would be unwiseadvances in its use have put us at the thresh- logical coding, and manufacturing identifica- on our part and not meaningful to othersold of significant assistance to the engineer- tion. If the parts vary, the catalogs must be if actual cost figures were published.ing field. Thus, I was extremely pleased up-dated before production output is avail- The data in Fig. 4 are typical for a 6-to see the report on using a computer to able. This may be done at the beginning unit metal-clad order. Larger orders re-design assembled switchgear. of production runs. quire more preparation time, but do not
Several questions arose when reading this The question of suitability to variable materially increase machine costs. Com-paper. There was an implication that the designs is resolved economically by their puter time per order will be reduced by acustomer-order development program must effect on catalog maintenance and machine third if three orders are combined on oneconcern itself only with previously designed time. If the parts are inactive, the cost of production run.
A I I I P P I Pv . I I coded and their patterns, developed accord-Assemo ec witcngear Designe Y ing to the same definitions, are matched.
This method has been used to translatemetal-clad switchgear application descrip-
Computer tions into parts lists.
STANDARDIZATION of metal-dad11- A General Computer Method for Translating components and a highly organizedFunctional and Descriptive Input Into Parts LiStS drngsyse made psb te ro-
L] D VY/nTiA AKILs w n A | | rsr ~~~Paper 62-24i, recommended by the AIBDE Switch-Hw. B. WORTMAN H. K. GALLIMORE gear and Computing Devices Committees and
MEMBER AIEE approved by the ATEE Technica Operations De-
i j ts zvB A s|rn ~~~~~~~~partment for presentation at the AIEE WinterM. H. WrALLER R. H. DAVIS General Meeting, New Yorkc, N. Y., Janbuary 28-
MEMBER AlIEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER AlES Pebruay 2, 1962. Manuscript submitted October31, 196d1; made avrailable for printing January 23,
Summary: The problem of converting de- applicationx demands with the required parts. HB.WTM,H.KGLIoSM..WAL,scriptive input into parts lists implies a com- A general method has been devised whereby a Bd WR. MNH.-AIr 'wGith the Westinghouse Elec-mon coding that will permit association of partsand descriptive conditions are suitably tric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, Pa.
FEBRUARY 1963 Wortman, Gallimorc, Wailer, Davis-Assembled Switclzgcar 793
