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5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 1
Assessing rural resources and livelihood development strategies
combining socioeconomic and spatial methodologies
Krishna Bahadur KC
Center for Southeast Asia Studies
Kyoto University
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 2
Structure of the presentation
A view of the rural regional system in mountains of South and Southeast Asia
The need for integration of socioeconomic and spatial concepts and methodologies
The methodological discussion: concepts of integration
Potentials and limitations in applying the integrated concept with empirical examples
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 3
Spatial gradients of the rural region
Decreasing:income
food security
health care
education
Ownership right
environment problems
resource conservation
Change of structures in production and marketing
tradition and culturefamily ties
Increasing:
city villages bush forest
migration
increasing market distancedecreasing population density
-Natural resource distribution and changing land use in the area- spatial distribution of ethnic groups or farming families
-Associated man-made problems alongside the spatial gradients-Changing infrastructure with increasing distance from urban centers to remote areas
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 4
The need for integration of socioeconomic and spatial concepts and methodologies
The need for integration is manifold, but the following can be considered as the main reasons:
1. Remote sensing and GIS provide tools and are applied in the frame of concepts which improve data bases in natural sciences for rural development (traditionally not covered by socioeconomic concepts)
2. Socioeconomic (economics/agricultural economics) provide concepts strongly based on people’s views and cover a large area of behavioral and decision-making processes at family and regional levels (traditionally not covered by GIS concepts)
3. Combining both concepts would allow to improve not only the knowledge systems but also the analyses of past development and provide ample scope for improving future strategy testing with family and regional simulation models
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 5
The methodological discussionConcepts of integration
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 6
Methodological approachSpatial level Family level
Satellite Analogue physical Soil Farming system surveyimages maps data data Socioeconomic data
GPS position
Land use/change Soil loss Spatial Cost distance farm/family income Land quality indexes water availability food production
Linking, integrating and analysis
Image
analysis Interpolation
Modeling the current situation and measuring the impact of future strategies
Digitization, surfacing, lab test
(Spatial analysis & modeling)
Thematic layers
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 7
Some reflection from biophysical/spatial analysis
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 8
Examples of land and water resources developmentChange of land and water
resources Ing Watershed Thailand
Land use change in Galaudu Watershed Nepal
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 9Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 10
Mountain landscape and land degradation
Wire Mesh RepresentationUpper Nam Wa Watershed
ThailandData Source : Digital Elevation Model
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 11
Assessing the impact of land use changes on land degradation, Galaudu Nepal
(2000)
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 12Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 13
Assessing the strategic spatial water availabilities and their
impact to local economy
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 14
Simulated flow in the Upper Ing Watershed, Thailand at the watershed outlet, with actual precipitation and land
use data
20/09/11
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Sep98
Mar99
Base Flow
River Flow
Sep99
Mar00
Sep00
Mar01
Sep01
Mar02
Sep02
Mar03
Sep03
Mar04
Sep06
Sep04
Mar05
Sep05
Mar06
Sep07
Mar07
Flo
w r
ate
(L/S
ec)
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 15
1. Optimising the location of new reservoir and cropping system
2. Measuring the impact of “land use change on spatial water availability and water system“
3. Measuring the impact of ‚climate change such as “more rain fall scenario“ on spatial water availabilities and water system
Application of spatial simulation models
Spatial water budget model developed for Upper Ing Watershed was used to simulate future development and measure the impact of future strategies such as:
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 16
Location of proposed dams at the simulated river network with land use
2005
Irrigated area
Zone 7
Zone 6
Zone 5
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 2
Zone1
Zone 8
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 17Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 18
Some reflection from socioeconomic analysis
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 19
Distribution and variation of family income in the Upper Ing Watershed Thailand
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 20
Farm income and irrigated land relations in the Upper Ing Watershed, Thailand
Farm income (Baht/household)
Irrigated area (Rai)
Household classification based on socioeconomic and spatial characteristics
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 21
Potentials and limitations in applying the integrated concept under practical
conditions
Cases from mountains of South and Southeast Asia
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 22
The relation between land use change and factors of regional development
Results of GIS analysis: land use change from 1990 to 2000
Integration of results of micro level family income analysis
altitudinal gradients
road distance
Distance to markets
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 23
Assessment of land management on farm income, Galaudu Watershed, Nepal
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 24
Assessment of road improvement on farm income, Galaudu watershed, Nepal
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 25
Impact of irrigation improvement on incomes, Ing watershed Thailand
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 26Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 27
ConclusionsIt has been proven that the integration of family survey
information and data from remote sensing & GIS can be used in a combined analysis and future impact assessment, to find out appropriate development strategies.
Empirical results demonstrate:Future problem solving strategies such as: development and improvement of road network, development and improvements of irrigation water and land and soil conservation strategies such as building terraces demonstrated the possibility of improving living standard and sustainable management of natural resources in the mounts of south and south east Asia.
Further research is needed to explore the full potentially of integrated spatial approach not only land and water resources but also on other resources of farming and rural regional setups.
Monday, April 10, 2023
5th WCCA & 3rd FSD 28
Thank you very much for your attention
Monday, April 10, 2023