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Assessing the Impact
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Page 1: Assessing the Impact - UWI St. Augustine · PDF filecritical, forming an integral part of the process. In ... Impact on communities (including impacts ... (e.g. LPG, Avgas, Gasoline

Assessing the Impact

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Exploring Impact Assessment 

Extractive Industries‐Oil and Gas .

The Case Study and Analysis

Final Comments 

This product is available in the category Text Slides/ Tables

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Exploring Impact Assessment Introducing The CaseThe Petroleum IndustryThe Incidents ▪ Impact from Operations▪ Incident Impact 

PetrotrinAnalysis and Evaluation Final Comments  

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The Parameters Environmental ImpactAreas of Impact Relevant Questions 

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Extractive Industries  StakeholdersImpact  Assessment 

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Industries involved in :(1) prospecting and exploring for wasting (non‐regenerative) natural resources, (2) acquiring them, (3) further exploring them, (4) developing them, and (5) producing (extracting) them from the earth.

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Stakeholders are defined broadly as those groups or individuals:

(a) that can reasonably be expected to be significantly affected by the organization’s activities, products, and/or services; or (b) whose actions can reasonably be expected to affect the ability of the organization to successfully implement its strategies and achieve its objectives. Ref: Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, Global Reporting Initiative (2000)

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Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is aprocess of identifying, predicting, evaluating,and mitigating the biophysical, social, andother relevant effects of proposed projectsand physical activities prior to majordecisions and commitments being made.Sadler (1996)

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Human Activities

Environmental  Impact  (‐)

Nature Protection and Conservation (+)

Natural Hazards and Extreme Geophysical Events (‐)

Assessment, Environment and Development 

Resource and Ecosystem Services  (+)

Sadler( 1996)

Natural Processes

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Environmental Impact ‐The Physical Environment Health Impact ‐Social Impact  ‐Integrated assessment ‐

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Often required by legislation.Impact on the environment (soil, air, water, wastes, fauna, flora and human activities).Consultation phase often legislated

Source : A Guide to Social Impact Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry, IPIECA

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Recommended by the Word Health Organization, the EU, the World Bank, UNEP, the ILO and the FAO.Impact on health status, ‐ definition of health encompasses the state of complete physical, mental and social well‐being. Health is determined by a multiplicity of factors including socio‐economic and environmental factors.Community participation and consultation critical, forming an integral part of the process.In some instances HIA is carried out as part of SIA. 

Source : A Guide to Social Impact Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry, IPIECA

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Green Field ProjectsImpact of operations on Community HealthNew diseases in Indigenous communities 

• Brown Field Projects ▪ Impact of operations on community health

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Usually carried out voluntarily by a company, but can be required by legislation or by funding institutions.Impact on communities (including impacts on socio-economics, governance and institutions, culture, religion, human rights, community, beliefs, housing, values and organization).Consultation required all through the process, and as a tool to collect baseline information

Source : A Guide to Social Impact Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry, IPIECA

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Social Impact 

Assessment 

Demographics 1. Socio‐economic

2. Health

3. Social Infrastructure4. Resources

5. Psychological & Community

6. Social Equity 

Source : Adapted from : A Guide to Social Impact Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry, IPIECA

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Socio –Economic 

Government Revenue 

Supply chain 

Impacts 

Employment Practices

Project Time profile 

Source : Adapted from : A Guide to Social Impact Assessment in the Oil and Gas Industry, IPIECA

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Government Revenue‐Taxes, royalties etc.Supply Chain Impacts Opportunities for local content and participationInflationary impact on local goods and  services markets Impact on other (non‐extractive) sectors (Dutch Disease)

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Employment & Labour practices –Structural changes in existing industries as workers shift from traditional industries to extractive activities; Movement of other necessary workers (e.g. teachers and police) into the extractive industry as translators, analysts or security personnel;Return of construction workers to lower end jobs

Project Time Profile –Impact of project phases ‐ construction boom; operation phase; decommissioning; potential extractive industry dependency. 

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Often required by  legislation.Impact on both, the environment and communities (but often restricted to socioeconomic impacts).Presently, health impacts are rarely detailed and often restricted to negative impacts.Consultation phase often legislated

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Meaningful Impact Analysis requires public involvement

Public participation may be defined as the involvement of individuals and groups that are positively or negatively affected by a proposed intervention (e.g., a project, a program, a plan, a policy) subject to a decision‐making process or are interested in it.Ref:André, P., B. Enserink, D. Connor and P. Croal (2006) Public Participation International Best Practice Principles .Special Publication Series No. 4. Fargo, USA: International Association for Impact Assessment

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Passive Participation or information reception (a unidirectional form of participation), Participation through consultation (such as public hearings and open‐houses), Interactive Participation (such as workshops, negotiation, mediation and even co‐management).

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Inform and educate the stakeholders, (which includes the proponent, public, decision-maker(s) and the regulator) on the planned intervention and its consequences.

Gather data and information from the public about their human (including cultural, social, economic and political dimensions) and biophysical environment, as well as about the relations (including those related to traditional and local knowledge) they have with their environment.

Seek input from the public on the planned intervention, including its scale, timing and ways to reduce its negative impacts, to increase its positive outcomes or to compensate impacts which may not be mitigated.Ref:André, P., B. Enserink, D. Connor and P. Croal (2006) Public Participation International Best Practice Principles .Special Publication Series No. 4. Fargo, USA: International Association for Impact Assessment

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Contribute to better analysis of proposals leading to more creative development, more sustainable interventions and consequently greater public acceptance and support than would otherwise be the case.

Contribute to the mutual learning of stakeholders and to improvement of the PP and IA practice for a proposal.Ref:André, P., B. Enserink, D. Connor and P. Croal (2006) Public Participation International Best Practice Principles .Special Publication Series No. 4. Fargo, USA: International Association for Impact Assessment

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PP Must be :Adapted to the contextInformative and proactiveAdaptive and communicative Inclusive and Equitable EducativeCooperative Improve the proposal

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Initiated early and sustained Well planned and focused on negotiable issuesSupportive to participantsTiered and optimizedOpen and transparentContext‐orientedCredible and rigorous

The effort to achieve these defines a role for civil society

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Environmental Impact is broader than what happens to the physical environmentSocial Impact Assessment is more challenging and requires stakeholder participation

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More than 100 years of commercial operationsEmploys 3‐5 % of the labour forceMany years of environmental pollutionMajor source of Government revenueMajor contributor to GDP

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

34.6  42.7  46.8  43.7  42.9 

65.7  57.2  53.8  56.0  57.7 

% Contribution 

Petroleum Non‐Petroleum

Source: Review of the Economy 2013

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Oil Revenue consists of Taxes from Oil Companies, 15 percent Withholding Tax, Royalties on Oil and Gas, Shares of Profits from Oil Companies under Production Sharing Contracts, Oil Imposts, Signature Bonuses‐Competitive Bidding and Unemployment Levy (Oil)

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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

29,910.00 15,772.70  17,844.90  20,146.70  19,811.80  20,106.00 

26,937.80 

23,272.10 26,018.00  27,353.90  29,466.10  32,878.80 

Revenue and Grants TT$ Mn. 

Oil Revenue  Other Revenue

Source: Review of the Economy 2013

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Impact of Operations on the environment

VS.

Impact of Industry Incidents on the  environment 

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The incident –Oil slickLocation –Approx. 10 miles off TobagoSource/Cause of pollution : Collision of two oil tankers Sea state –Tropical rainstorm poor visibility Surveillance – Five Ships and four aircraft Assistance – Mobil , Amoco   

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July 19, 1979 during a rainstorm the Atlantic Empress en route to Texas collided with the Aegean Captain en route from Aruba to Singapore approx. 10 miles off Tobago Both vessels were Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) carrying over 500,000 tonnes of oil combinedBoth vessels caught fire and 26 crewmen lost their lives

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The fire on the Aegean Captain was put out and the ship towed to Curacao where the remaining oil was dischargedThe Atlantic Empress burned for approx. 2weeks  but was towed 300 nautical miles away from Tobago but sank after an explosion An estimated 285,000 tonnes of oil was spilled , the largest ever ship spill

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The Trinidad and Tobago Coast guard led the effort aided by a disaster team from Mobil, the owner of the Atlantic Empress cargo and Amoco Trinidad Oil Company Five ships and 4 aircraft were used to combat the fire and spill using dispersants and fire fighting equipment 

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Objective conditionsTropical rainstorm Poor Visibility ( 600 yards) Atlantic Empress apparently driven off course No Impact Analysis done Long term Impact unknown  

Spill Management There was an National Oil Spill  Contingency Plan The T & T Coast Guard led the effort Mobil sent 5 man disaster team Amoco provided assistance 

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There was less awareness of the impact of marine pollutionThe attention of the world was on the Ixtoc I blow out situation in the Gulf of Mexico ( This well spilled for about 1 year)No impact assessment was done for the Trinidad situation but NOAA studied the impact of Ixtoc 1 on the Gulf of Mexico 

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We may have escaped this time," said the Trinidad/Tobago Express, "but as an oil‐producing and refining country, we are directly in the path of tanker movements and thus (very) vulnerable. The point is not whether it took place within our maritime boundaries, but to determine if our precautions to minimize the possibility of such accidents (in the future) are adequate."

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The incident –Oil slick coming to shorelineLocation –Gulf of Paria South western coastSource/Cause of pollution : inter alia over 7000 bbls. of Fuel Oil Surveillance –Ships, helicopters Assistance – International 

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Tier 1 ‐Site specific  for which in‐house response capability is adequate. Includes shore side facilities, transfer sites, offshore installations, pipelines and vessels.Operators expected to have adequate response capability 

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Tier 2 Oil Spill –Small or medium spills with significant impact possible that require area or national support for adequate response

Operators must in addition  to Tier 1 response capacity maintain a Tier 2 response capacity by subscription to dedicated , resident Tier 2 Oil Spill Response Organization (OSRO)

This Tier 2 OSRO must be able to provide 24 hour, 7 days a week response. 

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Tier 3 Spills – Large spills requiring substantial resources – regional or international cooperationOperators expected to obtain membership in a Tier 3 oil spill equipment cooperative that can mobilize within 24‐48 hours Plans for handling this type od spill based on Worst Case Discharge. 

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Produces  50% of the country’s oil output , Natural gas, Petroleum Products (e.g. LPG, Avgas, Gasoline, Kerosene, Jet A‐1, Sulphur, Bitumen,  Fuel Oil )

Employs  over 5,000 persons Contributes between TT$2.0 and TT5.0 billion annually  to the Treasury

Provides medical services to approx. 20,000 employees, pensioners and their dependentsContributes over TT$200 million annually to subsidize petroleum products  

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TRINMAR LTD. 1993-2000

SHELL(1956 - 1974)

UBOT(1912 - 1956)

(1974 - 1985)

TLL(1911 - 1956)

(1956 - 1985)

Petrotrin Established 1993 October 01

TPD (1918- 1961 )APEX (1919 - 1960)KTO (1920 - 1961)

BRITISHPETROLEUM(1956 - 1969)

TESORO(1969 - 1985)

TRINTOPEC(1985 - 1993)

2000

(1985 - 1993)

1993

MERGER (Expanded Trintoc) (1985)

Trinidad Northern Areas (TNA) 1962

1969-1974 1974-1985

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La BreaPointe a PierreMayaroMoruga‐TablelandTabaquitePoint FortinSiparia

FyzabadOropuche East Oropuche West NaparimaPrinces Town San Fernando East San Fernando West 

Fourteen constituencies in the Southern Half ofTrinidad

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14 ConstituenciesMayaro

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PAP 1%

LA Brea /Otaheite

50%

Cedros/Fullerton 4%

EMA Fine  45%

Expenditure on Oil Spill

Payments to Fisher folk  TT$ 2.7 million 

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Policies National Environmental Policy National Tourism Policy 

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2001 National Policy and Programme on Wetlands Conservation for Trinidad and Tobago (2002)

Applicable Sections Sec 4.8 (d) and Sec. 4.10

Permits required for particular sitesProvides guidance on priorities for protection

To manage threats to wetlands and requires protection, management and restoration of wetlands in order to sustain and enhance their ecological and socio economic values and function  

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LAWS  Applicable SectionsOil Pollution of Territorial Waters Act 37:03 1951

3,4

Territorial Sea Act 1969 6 A

Continental Shelf Act 1969 7

Petroleum Act 1969 Part III, 29 (l),(h),(j)  

Petroleum Regulations 42 (2), (c) (d), (i), (j), (k), (l) ; 43 ( r), (s).

Disaster Measures Act 16:50 1978 2,3,4

Archipelago Waters and Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1986

28, 30, 32.

Environmental management Act 35:05 2000 and Applicable rules –CEC Rules 

24,25, 53,55, 61, and 70 (l) 

OSH Act as amended 2004  As it relates to Industrial Establishments 

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Government MinistriesEmployees Board of Directors Worker Representative organizationsFenceline communities T& T Citizens Regulatory Agencies  Media –Television, Radio, Newspapers, Freelance journalists ,Other

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Fisher folk Associations including:Fullerton Fisher folk AssociationCedros fisher Folk United La Brea Fisher folk AssociationOtaheite FishermenOysters and Crab catchers Association   

Fishermen and Friends of the Sea Environmental NGOs

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Civil society has played a significant role in public discussion on extractive industry issues. A greater involvement of civil society can :

Facilitate  a greater understanding of public issues, concerns, priorities and solutionsBuild broader support for programmes and initiativesIncrease mutual learning through the sharing of information, data and experiencesEnsure that decisions and policies incorporate knowledge and expertise that otherwise might be overlookedReflect a wider range of public concerns and values in decision‐makingRapidly identify possible controversial aspects of an issue and help bring together different points of view toAchieve consensus in a collaborative mannerSlocum N.(2003) Participatory Methods Toolkit: A practitioner’s manual.www.unu.cris.edu

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