Assessment by: Rumiz, D.I. & Barrio, J....The species is known from southern Peru (Junin, Cuzco, and...

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2008: T12913A22165860

Mazama chunyi, Peruvian Dwarf Brocket

Assessment by: Rumiz, D.I. & Barrio, J.

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: Rumiz, D.I. & Barrio, J. 2016. Mazama chunyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2016: e.T12913A22165860. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12913A22165860.en

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Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Cervidae

Taxon Name: Mazama chunyi Hershkovitz, 1959

Common Name(s):

• English: Peruvian Dwarf Brocket, Chunyi, Dwarf Brocket• Spanish: Cabrito, Chuñi, Chuñitaruka, Cuñi, Venadillo

Taxonomic Notes:

Identifying dwarf Andean deer has always been challenging. First dwarf brockets were confused with

Pudu mephistophiles until studied by Hershkovitz (1959, 1982), and the relationship among the northern

Andean forms (Mazama bricennii and M. rufina), the Peruvian form (M. chunyi) and other lowland

dwarf brockets still needs clarification. To date, new specimens and camera trapping photographs from

Bolivia (Yensen et al. 1994, Rumiz et al. 2007) and new specimens and photographs from Peru, provide

evidence that the southern Andean form is the same as the M. chunyi originally described by

Hershkovitz (1959). No subspecies are recognized.

Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A4c; B2ab(iii) ver 3.1

Year Published: 2016

Date Assessed: June 15, 2016

Justification:

This species is considered to be Vulnerable due to an ongoing population decline, suspected to be

greater than 30%, over a period of three generations (14 years) considering both the past (10 years) and

future (4 years) suspected from loss of primary habitat. Habitat destruction has occurred for decades in

the range of the Peruvian Dwarf Deer. Its distribution range has declined in Bolivia and Peru (at least

40% of the expected range in Bolivia somehow degraded due to colonization, deforestation, and

burning for agriculture and cattle grazing (see the Threats section)). Threats to this species have not

ceased and are not reversible. In addition small geographic range (area of occupancy <2,000 km²),

severely fragmented populations and continuing decline in area, extent and quality of habitat are

severely reducing populations.

Previously Published Red List Assessments

2008 – Vulnerable (VU) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12913A3397323.en

2007 – Vulnerable (VU)

1996 – Data Deficient (DD)

1994 – Indeterminate (I)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mazama chunyi – published in 2016.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12913A22165860.en

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Geographic Range

Range Description:

The species is known from southern Peru (Junin, Cuzco, and Puno) and northern Bolivia (La Paz and

Cochabamba). Recent published accounts from Peru only reported its presence in the Cordillera of

Vilcabamba (Emmons et al. 2001), in the south of Manu (Pacheco et al. 1993), and in Machu Picchu

(ParksWatch 2004). An ongoing survey in Peru has found the species in eleven new localities, within and

outside protected areas of the southeastern Andes. Recent surveys in Bolivia found the species in a

number of locations within protected areas along the Andes from La Paz to Cochabamba. Ongoing

geographic surveys in Peru (Barrio in prep.) will define more precisely the actual range, but most

probably it will not increase significantly its extent of occurrence. Area of occupancy (AOO) is based on

60+ record points in Bolivia (with 2x2 km quadrats = 224 km², and with 4x4 km quadrats = 656 km² )

and 49 points in Peru (104 km² or 368 km²).

Country Occurrence:

Native: Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Peru


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Distribution MapMazama chunyi


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PopulationThere are no estimates of abundance, population size or subpopulation ranges. Points from Bolivia may

be grouped into 5 to 7 localities distributed in Madidi, Apolobamba, Cotapata and Carrasco, and

marginally (needing confirmation) in Pilón Lajas, Isiboro Secure and Amboró. Points from Peru can be

grouped in 7 to 9 localities distributed in Sandia, Carabaya, Quispicanchi, Paucartambo, Calca,

Urubamba, La Convención, and Satipo, but include old collecting / report sites that are currently densely

settled and degraded. Several sites of potentially good habitats recently surveyed in Peru showed its

presence in most available habitat studied. Current distribution and abundance need to be further

assessed. Decreasing population trend is suspected from habitat destruction.

Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

Records from Bolivia include ‘ceja de selva’ elfin forest and grasslands (3,600 m), cloud montane forest

‘Yungas’ forests, and sub Andean forests (1,400 m), although local reports may extend that from 4,000

to 1,000 m (Rumiz et al. 2007). Records from Peru include the same vegetation types as in Bolivia, but

without records in grasslands or over 3,500 m (Barrio in prep). Details on its ecology are unknown,

although it seems to be solitary, active at day as well at night, and expected to be a browser frugivore in

the forest understorey. Oxalis sp. has been identified among plant species eaten by Mazama chunyi.

Nothing is known of reproduction or life in captivity

Systems: Terrestrial

Use and TradeHunting occurs as a source of meat and medicinal products at local level.

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Habitat destruction occurs due to small scale cattle ranching and agriculture practised by local

communities through forest cutting and burning of montane grasslands and shrublands. Coca

plantations may be the main cause of habitat destruction in some areas of La Paz and Cochabamba in

Bolivia, and in Puno and Cuzco in Peru. Mining, road construction and colonization expand habitat loss.

Hunting occurs as a source of meat and medicinal products at local level but needs assessment. A grid

analysis of the conservation status of habitats within the extent of occurrence estimated in Bolivia

suggest that 58,6% of the distribution range is in good and very good status; and 41.4 % suffers

degradation (25.5% regular, 15.9 % critical and very critical). Ongoing assessments in Peru (Barrio in

prep.) suggest a similar situation.

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

This taxon needs to be locally and regionally recognized as a potentially threatened species; for this,

more field surveys, ecological studies and educational and management work with communities

focusing on habitat destruction and hunting are needed. Monitoring of use by local communities may

yield more specimens and show its contribution to subsistence. Since its distribution range coincides

with the Vilcabamba-Amboró Conservation Corridor, the species may become a symbol or conservation

object for this initiative. In Peru, the species can be found in the appropriate habitat in Otishi and Manu


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National Parks, as well as in Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary. In Bolivia it has been found in six

protected areas: Madidi, Apolobamba, Pilón Lajas, Cotapata, Isiboro Secure and Carrasco, but probably

also occurs in Amboro.

Credits

Assessor(s): Rumiz, D.I. & Barrio, J.

Reviewer(s): Zanetti, E.S.Z. & González, S.


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BibliographyBaillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (comps and eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN,Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

Barrio, J. In prep.. Biogeography of deer in Peru. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida.

Deer Specialist Group. 2004. Specialist Group website.

Emmons, L.H., Luna, L.W. and Romo, L.W. 2001. Mammals of the Northern Vilcabamba Mountain Range,Peru. In: L. E. Alonso, A. Alonso, T. S. Shulenberg and F. Dallmeier (eds), RAP Working Paper # 12,Biological and Social Assessments of the Cordillera de Vilcabamba, Peru. Conservation International,Washington, DC, USA.

Grimwood, I. R. 1969. Notes on the distribution and status of some Peruvian mammals. SpecialPublication Number 21. American Committee for International Wild Life Protection and New YorkSociety, Bronx, New York, USA.

Groombridge, B. (ed.). 1994. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland andCambridge, UK.

Hershkovitz, P. 1959. A new species of South American brocket, genus Mazama (Cervidae). Proceedingsof the Biological Society of Washington 72: 45-54.

Hershkovitz, P. 1982. Neotropical deer (Cervidae) part I, Pudus, Genus Pudu Gray. Fieldiana: Zoology 11:1-86.

IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.(Accessed: 04 September 2016).

Mace, G. M. and Balmford, A. 2000. Patterns and processes in contemporary mammalian extinction. In:A. Entwhistle and N. Dunstone (eds), Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Biodiversity, pp. 27-52. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Pacheco, V., Patterson, B. D., Patton, J. L., Emmons, L. H., Solari, S. and Ascorra, C. F. 1993. List ofmammal species known to occur in Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru. Publicaciones del Museo de HistoriaNatural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos 44: 1-12.

ParksWatch. 2004. Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary. Available at:http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofiles/pdf/mphs_eng.pdf.

Rumiz, D. I., Pardo, E., Eulert, C., Arispe, R., Wallace, R. B., Gomez, H. and Rios Uzeda, B. 2007. Newrecords an a status assessment of a rare dwarf brocket deer from the montane forests of Bolivia. Journalof Zoology (London) 271: 428-436.

Wemmer, C. 1998. Deer Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland andCambridge, UK.

Yensen, E., Tarifa, T. and Anderson, S. 1994. New distributional records of some Bolivian mammals.Mammalia 58: 405-413.

CitationRumiz, D.I. & Barrio, J. 2016. Mazama chunyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T12913A22165860. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12913A22165860.en


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www.iucnredlist.org

http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofiles/pdf/mphs_eng.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12913A22165860.en

DisclaimerTo make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.

External ResourcesFor Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.


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Appendix

Habitats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Habitat Season SuitabilityMajorImportance?

1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane - Suitable Yes

3. Shrubland -> 3.7. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude - Marginal -

4. Grassland -> 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude - Marginal -

Threats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.Housing & urban areas

Ongoing - - -

Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shiftingagriculture

Ongoing - - -



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holderfarming

Ongoing - - -



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulpplantations -> 2.2.1. Small-holder plantations

Ongoing - - -



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming& ranching -> 2.3.1. Nomadic grazing

Ongoing - - -



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching orfarming

Ongoing - - -



3. Energy production & mining -> 3.2. Mining &quarrying

Ongoing - - -




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http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes


4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads &railroads

Ongoing - - -



2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species isthe target)

Ongoing - - -

Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control

Ongoing - - -

Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.2. Gathering terrestrialplants -> 5.2.4. Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing - - -

Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & woodharvesting -> 5.3.5. MotivationUnknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing - - -


7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & firesuppression -> 7.1.3. Trend Unknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing - - -


Conservation Actions in Place(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Conservation Actions Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed

1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection

1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection

2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management

2. Land/water management -> 2.3. Habitat & natural process restoration

3. Species management -> 3.1. Species management -> 3.1.1. Harvest management

4. Education & awareness -> 4.1. Formal education

4. Education & awareness -> 4.2. Training


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Conservation Actions Needed

4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications

5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.1. International level

5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.2. National level

5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.3. Sub-national level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.1. International level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level

6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.1. Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives

Research Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed

1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy

1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

1. Research -> 1.6. Actions

2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan

3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Distribution

Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 500-2000

Lower elevation limit (m): 1000

Upper elevation limit (m): 4000

Population

Population severely fragmented: Yes

Habitats and Ecology

Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

Generation Length (years): 4.6


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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2008: T12913A22165860

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species

Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

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Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;

Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

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