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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 5, No 1, 2014

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on June 2014 published on August 2014 171

Assessment of land use and land cover changes in south Andaman Island

using remote sensing and GIS Yuvaraj E, Saravanan, Dharanirajan K

Department of Disaster Management, Pondicherry University, Port Blair.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Remote Sensing and GIS techniques were used to study the landuse and landcover change in

the South Andaman Island. The study assesses the spatial-temporal land use and land cover

changes between 1979 and 2013 for the southern part of the South Andaman Island. IRS

LISS IV satellite images were used to identify and map the various features of landscapes. In

South Andaman Island the development of landuse is increasing steadily in the last three

decades. The change in landuse prominently depends on the tourism, civil, defence and

fishing sectors which plays an important economic role of development of the union territory.

Settlement area developed from 1637 to 12083.55 ha from the last three decades varies from

urban settlement with houses and major infrastructures where as rural settlement with

adjacent vegetation. Port Blair is the capital city which connects through the mainland

transportation, so the density of population is high around this city. Agricultural activities

present in flat terrain and low lying areas which covers around 1345.31ha. Plantations

practices in flat terrain, coastal low-lying areas and hilly slopes of the island by clearing

dense forest 2266.08 ha. These landuse developments threat the island ecosystem and have

major impacts on the forest, almost 9689.28ha of forest were cleared for the landuse purposes

and nearly 492.94 ha of mangroves were cleared and degraded. The tourism and recreational

activities increase stress on coral reefs and sandy beaches. Sandy beaches are the most

threatened ecosystem in the study area exist only 38.52 ha. It is in need for the sustainable

development of landuse in this island to protect the island ecosystem.

1. Introduction

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes are local, place specific and occurring

incrementally, which finally leads to attention in global scale (De-Sherbinin, 2002; Lambin

and Geist, 2006). Humans have been altering land cover since pre-history through the

clearance of patches of land for agriculture and livestock (De-Sherbinin, 2002). During the

past two centuries the impact of human activities on the land has grown enormously, altering

entire landscapes, and ultimately impacting the earth's nature. The results of the pressure are

numerous and they include intensified agriculture, decreasing amount of forestland, loss of

biodiversity, enormous land degradation and soil erosion (Pellika et al, 2004). Particular

coastal areas are highly sensitive and have valuable ecological areas with extensive

biodiversity and high productivity. Because of this importance, the population in the coastal

zones is increasing rapidly, which leads to industrialization and urbanization (Clarke, 1996).

So it is necessary to study the changes in LULC features in coastal zones (Santhiya et al,

2010) to understanding and assessing the environmental consequences of

such changes (Giri et al, 2005). GIS and Remote Sensing is the indispensable tool that has

been widely used for assessing, analysing and monitoring of land use and land cover change

(Anderson et al., 2001). It is the cost and time benefit technique used (Star et al, 1997) and

also possible to update and retrieve the data which is used in this study for assessing the

LULC change of South Andaman Island.

Assessment of land use and land cover changes in south Andaman Island using remote sensing and GIS

Yuvaraj E et al.,

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 5 Issue 1, 2014 172

1.1 Land use scenario in Andaman Island

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the largest archipelago system in the Bay of Bengal,

consisting of 306 islands and 206 rocks and rocky outcrops (Jayaraj and Andrews, 2005).

During the British colonial period in 1883 a saw mill was established to reduce the timber

demand. Later in 1926 WIMCO matchstick factory (Khan, 1983), after independence the

rehabilitation operations for freedom fighters and industrial demands of the country forest

was cleared for settlement and development purposes (Sarkar, 1989). In the last three decades

there has been a spurt of immigration from mainland India because of subsidised ship fares,

subsidised food, and availability of jobs enhanced enormous people immigration (Jayaraj and

Andrews, 2005). This population flooding caused necessary land use developmental activities

in this island results to clearing of the forests and increased the pressure on natural resources.

Presently there are 555 inhabited villages in ANI with the population of 3,79,944 (Census of

India, 2011). South Andaman district has largest populated area in ANI separated by urban

and rural settlements. The Urban area of South Andaman contributes 97% of total urban

population of ANI consist of built up structures, settlements, infrastructures and other

recreation activities. The rural area of South Andaman contributes 42% of ANI population

consist of settlement with vegetation, agricultural lands and plantations.

2. Study area

Figure 1: Study area – Southern part of South Andaman

The study area southern part of South Andaman Island is very rich in floristic diversity and

enjoys ideal climatic conditions resulting in high diversity and endemism (Rodgers and

Panwar, 1988). The topography of the island is hilly terrain with small tracts of coastal fallow

lands. Geology of the island is considered to be flysch sediments of Paleogene age and

ophiolites and metamorphics of late Cretaceous-early paleogene occur in the main ridge

(Sharma and Srinivasan, 2007). The climate is tropical hot humid with average temperature

ranges from 18°C to 35° C. ANI gets the average rainfall of 3500mm contributing from

North East and South West Monsoons. The location of the study focuses on Southern part of

South Andaman stretching from 11°47’ N to 11°28’ N and 92°31’ E to 92°47’ E where the

human activities mainly exist from last three decades. The population of the study area is 2,

37,586 which divided into urban and rural settlements (census of India, 2011). Port Blair is

the capital city with harbour host of the island having 98% of urban population. The main


Yuvaraj E et al.,



income of the local community is tourism and fishing. The average tourist arrival is about 1,

20,000 per year (Tourism statistics, 2009) and is increasing in recent years.

2.1 Materials

Spatial data such as Survey of India (SOI) toposheet, Multi-temporal IRS satellite images

(table 1) and secondary/ancillary data such as census report, forest, agricultural, tourism

statistics etc were used for this study. Software packages such as ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1 and

ARCGIS 10 were used for image processing, geo-rectification, digitizing, mapping,

evaluating and analysing the landuse and land cover change. For the field verification and

accuracy assessment purpose, Garmin Ertex GPS were used.

Table 1: Spatial data utilized for the study purpose

Spatial Data Year Resolution/Scale Source

SOI Toposheet 1979 1:25000 Survey of India

IRS 1D LISS III 1998 23.5m NRSC

IRS R2 LISS IV 2013 5.0m NRSC

3. Methodology

Basemap was prepared from the SOI toposheet for co-registering the satellite images

(Saravanan et al, 2013). The raw satellite images were processed in ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1

software and it was geo-referenced by first order polynomial method and nearest neighbour

image re-sampling algorithm (Samereh et al, 2011) with the RMS error range from 0.25 to

0.65 pixel, (Coppin et al., 2004). The False Colour Composite (FCC) of satellite images were

generated by combining near infrared, red and green bands for the clear delineation of

vegetation, built-up and other land cover areas (Prabhbir and Kamlesh, 2011). Visual

interpretation techniques were used to map the toposheet and satellite images. Using the

image interpretation key by SAC (1991) the LULC features were identified by the various

elements like tone, texture, size, shape, pattern, association etc., in the satellite images.

Onscreen classification was carried out (Prabaharan et al, 2010) to determine the changes.

The final map was prepared after the ground truth (Kuldeep and Kamlesh, 2011) and changes

were estimated in ArcGIS software. The output was analysed for land cover degradation and

interpreted with ancillary data collected from various governmental departments. Finally the

stress of landuse on coastal ecosystem was discussed for the better natural resource

management.

4. Result and discussion

4.1 Settlement with vegetation

Satellite image interpretation shows that 10445.61 ha of settlement were increased from 1979

to 2013. Presently the settlement occupies about 12083.55 ha (table 2) which divided to urban

and rural area. Most of the settlements are present with adjacent vegetation cover in this

island (Dharanirajan et al, 2007) instead of this habitation recently the pattern is changing

towards built-up structures in and around the Port Blair urban city. In South Andaman for the

past two decades the landuse development attains maximum due to population growth,

tourism development and immigration of people from mainland. Nearly 70% of the

population of ANI comes under the urban and rural area of South Andaman (census of India,


Yuvaraj E et al.,



2011). This leads to increased land utilization periodically in the last two decades particularly

the significant increases in coastal areas (figure 2).

Figure 2: LULC change in Southern Andaman Island from 1979 to 2013.

4.2 Agriculture

Agricultural lands were identified by yellow to bright red tone, smooth texture, sharp

boundary and square or rectangular shape. When compare to other parts of ANI agriculture

practices are less in South Andaman which also gradually decreased due to urbanization and

presently occupies only 1345.31 ha (table 2). In agricultural land only 21 % is under intense

cultivation and another 11% is classified as fallow land and cultivable wasteland, plantation

crops cover 45% of the revenue land (Sirus, 1999). In recent year’s significant decreases in

the agricultural area observed due to increasing settlement and infrastructures. Cultivation

crops include paddy, pulses, oil seeds and vegetables are in agriculture practices. Most of

agriculture activities practised in flat terrains and low lying areas. Extensive damage was


Yuvaraj E et al.,



caused to agricultural land by December 2004 Tsunami around 1317 ha of the agricultural

land are fully submerged by the tsunami inundation impacts (Dharanirajan et al, 2007).

4.3 Plantations

Plantations were identified by its bright red to red tone, coarse to smooth texture, defined

boundary and located in foot hills and uplands. Plantations include coconut, areca nut and

cashew nut are the major plantation found around the study area (NHM, 2013). When

compared to 1979 presently the plantation is less than 29% which occupies around the area of

2266.08 ha. But some of the scattered plantations also practices by the horticultural missions

by the government such as mango, Banana and citrus fruits. Apart from this rubber, teak and

padauk are also planted for industrial purposes.

Table 2: Land use and Landover Changes in South Andaman Island from 1979 to 2013.

Class

Area in

ha

(1979)

Area in

ha (1998)

Area in

ha

(2013)

Change

in ha.

1979-

1998

Change in

ha. 1998 -

2013

Total

Change

(ha)

Mangrove 3163.70 2898.10 2670.75 -265.59 -227.35 -492.94

Forest 29647.03 23194.15 19957.75 -6452.88 -3236.40 -9689.28

Coral 3423.36 3479.19 3344.06 55.83 -135.12 -79.29

Sandy

Beach 1012.15 125.24 38.52 -886.91 -86.72 -973.63

Mudflats 125.63 151.93 179.49 26.30 27.56 53.86

Settlement 1637.94 8602.49 12083.55 6964.55 3481.06 10445.61

Plantation 3223.65 2879.05 2266.08 -344.60 -612.97 -957.57

Agriculture 2703.55 2246.53 1345.31 -457.02 -901.22 -1358.24

Water body 20.65 55.17 77.89 34.52 22.72 57.24

4.4 Forest

Forest was identified imagery by its red tone, irregular shape and coarse texture. The forest

type of ANI is classified into ten types by Champion and Seth (1968) varies from evergreen

to deciduous forest. It forms important ecosystem role in preserving the natural treasures of

the island. Forest area was gradually cleared for the landuse activities presently around

9689.28 ha of forest were cleared for settlement and agriculture purposes in the study area.

Most of the clearance of forest was observed in and around the Port Blair city for developing

settlements and built-up area, whereas in rural areas it is cleared for agriculture purposes

(Figure 2). In some areas plantation replaces the natural vegetation which decreases natural

forest cover. Cutting of trees for the timber purposes are in controlled condition due to forest

department management strategies.


Yuvaraj E et al.,



4.5 Mangroves

The bright red colour, smooth texture, irregular shape, located in the intertidal area and

associated with low energy coasts or quiet depositional areas were kept used to identify the

mangrove forest in FCC. There are about 22 true species of Mangroves exist in ANI islands

which acts as a barrier for coast which protects the coast from cyclone and tsunami and also

serves as a nursery ground for fishes, crabs and shells etc (Damroy and Krishnan, 2005). In

South Andaman Island mangroves occupy nearly 10% of the forest area. Approximately 1300

ha of the mangroves were affected and 169 ha are submerged and degraded during 26th

December 2004 tsunami (Dharanirajan et al, 2007). Presently there are around 2670.75 ha of

mangroves exist in the study area.

4.6 Coral reefs

Coral reefs were identified by the turquoise blue tone, irregular ovoid shape, smooth texture

and adjacent to coast in onshore. Luxuriant distributions of coral reef were present in the

western coast, whereas in the eastern coast narrow distribution of fringing reefs adjacent to

the shores was notified. Coral reefs act as a buffer zone and protect the land area. There are

about 3344 ha of coral reef exist in study area were identified in the satellite images (table 2),

among this reef flats were observed to be maximum in distribution. Nearly 135 ha of coral

reef were degraded, most of the reefs were damaged by the tsunami waves and significant

impacts were observed in the Wandoor (Maharaj et al, 2006). Extensive runoff is the major

threat for corals which deposits sediments and sands on coral reefs (Dharanirajan et al, 2010).

4.7 Sandy beaches

Sandy beaches were identified by its white, linear crescent shape and smooth texture which is

situated adjacent to the coast. According to toposheet information the sandy beach in 1979

was approximately 1012 ha but presently it occupies only 38 ha in the study area (Figure 3).

Natural hazards such as tsunami, cyclones and coastal erosion have adverse impacts on these

beaches. It is the most imperiled ecosystem in South Andaman Island, particularly after the

December 2004 tsunami this ecosystem is endangered in this island (Yuvaraj et al, 2012).

Anthropogenic impact like sand mining is a major threat that leads to loss of sandy beaches in

this island (Andrews and Vasumathi, 2002). Apart from these tourism activities, major

constructions and shore protection structures also have impacts on this beach ecosystem.

Figure 3: Chart shows LULC changes from 1979 to 2013 in the Southern Andaman

Island.


Yuvaraj E et al.,



4.8 Mudflats

Mudflats are the coastal wetlands in the intertidal zones which mostly found near the

mangroves back swamps of the study area. It was identified by the Persian green with

brownish tone and smooth texture in FCC. These mudflats were mostly submerge during the

high tide. Due to tsunami mangroves in Bamboo flat and Saithankhari were damaged and

degraded (Dharanirajan et al, 2007) and are converted into mudflats. Whereas the inundation

caused by tsunami in low lying lands of sippighat, Saithankhari and Tirur the pasture and

vegetation lands were converted into mudflats. Mudflats presently occupy area of about

179.49 ha.

4.9 Water body

The water bodies like dams and lakes are manmade in the South Andaman Island which

provides water for the domestic purposes. Presently the water bodies occupy about 77.89 ha

in this island. Dhanikhari dam is the major reservoir with capacity of 4.2 million m3 of water

mostly contributes the water supply for the urban and rural areas of South Andaman. For the

Port Blair area Jawahar Sarowar dam provides water but it has lower storage capacity of

0.285 million m3.

4.10 Land use development and its impacts on Island ecosystem

South Andaman Island is the most inhabited and disturbed in Andaman Island group (IIRS,

2003). From the last three decades gradual increase in utilization of land was observed in

South Andaman Island. Landuse development dominate in the coastal areas where the

resources available for the economic development. The extended coastal and inland wealth

distributed throughout the island subsequently the economic development leads to increase

the landuse each year; this situation increases the stress on the island ecosystems (SAC,

2003) such as forest, mangroves, coral reefs and sandy beaches.

4.10.1 Impacts on forest

Increasing settlements results encroachment, forest fragmentation, agricultural development,

plantation and conversion to monocultures leading to forest degradation and loss of

biodiversity (Jayaraj and Andrew, 2005). In 1901 agricultural activities was initiated by

clearing forest area, but till 1960, only 1.2 % of the land area was cultivated (Saldhana, 1989).

Presently due to human intervention, economic needs and demands, agriculture activities

were extended in the low lying and flat lands of South Andaman Island. Plantations are also

increased throughout the island particularly archnut, and coconut plantations occupies in hilly

slopes and coastal lands. This condition leads to loss of natural vegetation, biomass reduction,

soil erosion and other runoff impacts.

4.10.2 Impacts on coastal ecosystem

Coastal ecosystem provides many resources which plays major economic role of people’s

income in this island (Roy and George, 2010). In recent years over exploitation of these

resources and recreation activities were observed (Jayaraj and Andrews, 2005). Sandy

beaches are in threatened condition in this island only 38 ha of beach is remain in the study

area which is less than 5% on compare to 1979 toposheet. If this condition persists, beaches

loss its tourism attraction and also loss of turtle nesting and other habitat. Tourism activities


Yuvaraj E et al.,



increases the stress on this ecosystem, the beaches in North Bay, Wandoor, Chidyatapu and

Carbyn’s Cove are severely affected by the tourism recreational activities (Figure 4a).

Figure 4a: Restaurants and seawall construction in Carbyn’s cove beach. b) Conversion of

mangrove area into settlement at Wandur

Mangroves are under the risk of clearing for agriculture and fuel woods. Most of the

mangroves were cleared for the agricultural purposes this leads to loss of its productivity and

community structure (SAC, 2011). In some areas settlements were observed near the

mangrove forests it may leads to encroachment activities (Figure 4b). Landuse activities in

the watershed areas lead to extensive runoff which carries enormous sediment load (Clarke,

1996) which covers the coral reefs and affects its ecosystem. Tourism activities like coral

watch, snorkelling, scuba diving and sea walking are practices in this island which have

major impacts on this ecosystem. Fishing activities on the coastal areas also have impacts on

the coral reefs and mangroves.

5. Conclusion

Satellite remote sensing and GIS is an indispensible tool for mapping, evaluating and

monitoring the landuse changes. LULC changes in South Andaman Island mainly due to the

population growth, urbanization and tourism recreations. The LULC change indicates that

34% of forest was cleared from the past 30 years due to anthropogenic developmental

activities, further the urban area was extending steadily in the island especially in the coastal

zones. The trend in developing landuse was inevitable in Port Blair and gradual in other areas

of South Andaman which occupies 12083.55 ha. These developmental activities increase the

stress on natural ecosystems mainly on sandy beaches, forest, mangroves and coral reefs.

Sandy beaches of this island are the most threatened ecosystem which presently occupies

only 38.52 ha in the study area. The frequent landuse development activities from last three

decades increase stress on forest and coastal ecosystems. It is in need to monitor the LULC

change to prepare the appropriate landuse plan for the sustainable development of this island.

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