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7/23/2019 Assessment of Production Regularity for Subsea Oil-Gas http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/assessment-of-production-regularity-for-subsea-oil-gas 1/20 Reliability Engineering and System Safety 20 (1988) 127-146 Assessment of Production Regularity for Subsea Oil/Gas Production Systems P. Hokstad Division of Safety and Reliability, SINTEF, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway (Received 11 July 1987) A BSTRA C T A model for subsea oil/gas production systems, being useful for carrying out production regularity studies, is presented. Formulas for calculating approximate asymptotic) mean values of interesting reliability parameters within this model are derived. The use of these formulas is exemplified and discussed for a rather simple example. It is argued that the approximate formulas should be used in an interaction with Monte Carlo simulation, giving a powerful approach to the problem of assessing the availability production regularity) of a subsea production system. 1 INTRODUCTION By planning of subsea production systems for oil/gas, there will be a main objective to predict the operational features of a given concept. In particular, it will be essential to evaluate/compare various --layouts --maintenance and intervention strategies in order to find .the economically optimal solution (among those satisfying the safety requirements). For a subsea oil/gas production system, it will be of major interest to A version of this paper was presented at Reliability 87, 14-16 April 1987, Birmingham, U K, and is reproduced by kind permission of the organisers. 127 Reliability Engineering and System Safety 0951-8320/88/$03 50 © Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1988. Printed in Great Britain
Transcript
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Reliability Engineering and System Safety 20 (1988) 127-146

Assessment of Production Regularity for Subsea Oil /Gas

Production Systems

P . H o k s t a d

Division of Safety and Reliability, SINTE F, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway

(Received 11 July 1987)

A B S T R A C T

A mo del f o r subsea o i l/ gas product ion sys t em s , be ing use fu l f o r carry ing ou t

product ion regu lar i ty s tud ies , i s p resen ted . Form ulas f o r ca l cu la t ing

app roxim ate as ym pto t ic) mea n values o f interest ing reliabil ity param eters

wi th in this mode l are derived. The use o f these form ula s i s exem pl i f ied an d

d i scussed fo r a ra ther s imp le exam ple . I t i s a rgued tha t t he approx imate

form ula s sho uld be used in an in teract ion wi th M on te Carlo s imulat ion, g iving

a pow erful approach to the prob lem o f assessing the availabil ity produ ct ion

regu lar i t y ) o f a subsea product ion sys t em.

1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

B y p l a n n i n g o f s u b s e a p r o d u c t i o n s y s t em s f o r o i l/ ga s , t h e re w ill b e a m a i n

o b j e c t i v e t o p r e d i c t t h e o p e r a t i o n a l f e a t u r e s o f a g i v e n c o n c e p t . I n p a r t i c u l a r ,

i t w i l l b e e s s e n t i a l t o e v a l u a t e / c o m p a r e v a r i o u s

- - l a y o u t s

- - m a i n t e n a n c e a n d i n t e r v e n t i o n s t r a t e g i e s

i n o r d e r t o f i n d .th e e c o n o m i c a l l y o p t i m a l s o l u t i o n ( a m o n g t h o s e s a t i s f y i n g

t h e s a f e t y r e q u i r e m e n t s ) .

F o r a s u b s e a o i l / g a s p r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m , i t w i ll b e o f m a j o r i n t e r e s t t o

A version of this paper was presented at Reliability 87, 14-16 A pril 1987, Birmingham , U K,

and is reproduced by k ind perm ission of the organisers.

127

Reliability Engineering and System Safety 0951-8320/88/$03 50 © Elsevier Ap plied Science

Publishers Ltd, England, 1988. Printed in G reat Britain

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128

P Hokstad

p r e d i c t th e p r o d u c t i o n r e g u la r it y . V a r i o u s a p p r o a c h e s m a y b e u s e d t o a ss e ss

t h i s p a r a m e t e r , a s

- - a s y m p t o t i c ( a p p r o x i m a t e ) a r g u m e n t s

- - M a r k o v t h e o r y

-- ~ M o n t e C a r l o ' s i m u l a t i o n

I n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r a r a t h e r s i m p l e f a il u r e m o d e l f o r o i l/ g a s p r o d u c t i o n

s y s t e m s is p r e s e n t e d . A s et o f a s y m p t o t i c f o r m u l a s f o r a p p r o x i m a t e

c a l c u l a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n r e g u l a r i t y is d e r i v e d . T h e s e p r o v i d e a n a l t e r n a t iv e

t o th e ra t h e r t i m e c o n s u m i n g M o n t e C a r l o s i m u l a t i o n a p p r o a c h , a n d a

c o m b i n e d u s e o f th e s e t e c h n i q u e s i s d i s c u ss e d . I t is a r g u e d t h a t a

c o m p u t e r i z e d t o o l , a l l o w i n g t h e u se o f v a r i o u s a p p r o a c h e s , ( b o t h a n a l y t ic a l

a n d s i m u l a t i o n t e c h n iq u e s ) , w ill r e p r e s e n t a v a l u a b l e t o o l i n th e p r o c e s s o f

f i n d i n g a n 'o p t im a l s u b s e a c o n c e p t .

A d i s c u s s io n o f t h e a s y m p t o t i c f o r m u l a s i s t h e m a j o r t o p i c o f t h is p a p e r .

T h e p r e c is e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e v a l id i ty o f t h e f o r m u l a s w i ll b e gi v en , a n d a n

e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y is i n c l u d e d . T h i s e v a l u a t i o n is c a r r i e d

o u t b y p e r f o r m i n g n u m e r i c a l c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h r e su l ts o f t he s i m u l a t i o n

p r o g r a m ' S U B S I M ' , d e v e lo p e d at S I N T E F (se e H o k s t a d l) .

E x p l i c i t f o r m u l a s , a s w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d h e r e , a r e o f c o u r s e h e l p f u l ( e ve n

w h e n t h e y a r e o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e l y v a l i d ) :

- - -T h e y g i v e a p p r o x i m a t e m e a n v a l u e s fo r i n t e r e s ti n g r e li a b il i t y

p a r a m e t e r s , a n d t h e se a r e u n d e r c e r t a in a s s u m p t i o n s a ls o e xa c t.

F u r t h e r , e v e n w h e n t h e g i v e n a s s u m p t i o n s a r e n o t s a t i s f i e d , t h e

f o r m u l a s w i l l u s u a l l y g i v e l o w e r ( o r u p p e r ) ounds f o r t h e a c t u a l

p a r a m e t e r s .

- - T h e orderh~g b y p r o d u c t i o n r e g u l ar i ty ) o f d if f e re n t a l te r n a t i v e s ( as t w o

l a y o u t s ) w i l l t y p i c a l l y b e t h e s a m e , w h e t h e r t h e a p p r o x i m a t e o r t h e

e x a c t v a l u e s a r e u s e d . T h i s m a k e s i t e a s y t o p i c k o u t t h o s e o p t i o n s t h a t

s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t t o f u r t h e r s t u d y ( f o r i n s t a n c e b y s i m u l a t i o n ) .

- - T h e f o r m u l a s m a k e it e a s y t o m a k e a

quick

e v a l ua t io n a n d c o m p a r i s o n

o f v a r i o u s a l t e rn a t iv e s . T h i s l ea v e s m o r e t i m e t o p e r f o r m a r e a ll y

d e t a i le d s t u d y o f th o s e c o n c e p t s t h a t a r e in t h is w a y s o r t e d o u t t o b e t h e

m o s t p r o m i s i n g .

- - T h e f o r m u l a s r e p r e s e n t a n i n v a l u a b l e t o o l i n t e s t i n g o u t ( v e r i f y i n g )

s i m u l a t io n p r o g r a m s . F o r n e w c o m p u t e r co d e s , t h e re s h o u l d b e a ' m u s t '

t o t e s t t he r e su l t s aga i ns t e xac t r e su l t s , a t l eas t fo r so m e l i m i t i ng cases .

T h o s e f a c t o r s ( p a r a m e t e r s ) w i t h in t h e m o d e l , h a v i n g t h e h i g h e s t i n fl u e n c e o n

t h e a v a i l a b i li t y ( p r o d u c t i o n r e g u l a r i ty ) o f th e s y s t e m w i ll b e i d e n t if i e d .

F u r t h e r , a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f th e d i s c u s s io n s , c o n s i d e r a b l e i n s ig h t is a c h i e v e d

a s to w h e n t h e q u i c k a n d a p p r o x i m a t e a p p r o a c h c o u l d b e u se d . S i m i l ar l y i t

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Subsea oi l gas product ion sys tem s 129

w i l l b e q u i t e e a s y t o d e c i d e a t w h i c h p o i n t i n a n a v a i l a b i l i t y s t u d y

s i m u l a t i o n s s h o u l d p r e f e r a b l y b e c a r r i e d o u t , i n o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t v a l i d

c o n c l u s io n s . O b s e r v e t h a t a c o m p a r i s o n o f a M o n t e C a r l o s i m u l a t i o n

m e t h o d a n d a n a n a l y t ic a l m e t h o d h a s r e ce n t ly b ee n p e r f o r m e d a l s o b y

W i n d e b a n k . 2

T h r o u g h o u t t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r , a r a t h e r s i m p l e v er s io n o f th e m o d e l is

c o n s i d e r e d . H o w e v e r , t h e a p p r o a c h a n d t h e a p p r o x i m a t e f o r m u l a s

p r e s e n t e d h e r e c o u l d e a s il y b e e x t e n d e d t o c o v e r f a r m o r e g e n e r a l m o d e l s , se e

S e c t i o n 7 . I n f a c t s u c h g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n c a r r i e d o u t , a n d w i l l

be r ep o r t ed l a t e r , s ee Hu lba~kda l . 3

2 T H E M O D E L F O R A S U B S E A P R O D U C T I O N S Y S T E M

T h e a p p r o x i m a t e a v a i la b i li ty f o r m u l a s w i l l b e o b t a i n e d f o r a q u i te s i m p l e

m o d e l f o r r e l i a b i l i t y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f a s u b s e a o i l / g a s p r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m .

T h r o u g h o u t i t w i ll b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e s y s te m i s b u i lt u p o f v a r io u s

' m o d u l e s ' . T h e s e w i l l b e g r o u p e d i n a h i e r a r c h i c a l w a y , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r

c o n s e q u e n c e o n t h e s y s t e m , w h e n t h e y f a il . T h e m o d e l is s i m i l a r to t h e o n e

u s e d i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n p r o g r a m , S U B S I M ( re f. 1), a n d is b a s e d o n t h e

fo l lowing as sumpt ions ( s ee F ig . 1 ) .

C e n t r a l s t a t i o n C S )

C S m o d u l e , c r i t i c a l t o a l l p r o d u c t i o n )

P r o d u c t i o n

s t a t i o n s P S )

P S m o d u l e

c r i t i c a l t o a l l

p r o d u c t i o n o n template

W e l l s

~ W e l l module,

c r i t ic a l f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n

of a well only)

Fig . 1 . M odel for t he phys i ca l l ayout .

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130

P ttokstad

M odeling the physical layout

- - O n e g r o u p o f c o m p o n e n t s ( m o d u l e s ) a r e cr it ic a l f o r t h e w h o l e o il /g a s

f ie ld (i f o n e o f th e s e f a il t h e r e c a n b e n o p r o d u c t i o n ) . T h e s e c o m p o n e n t s

m a k e u p t h e

Central Station CS).

- - T h e r e c a n b e a n a r b i t r a ry n u m b e r o f

Production Stations PS)

l i n k e d t o

t h e C S . T h u s a P S i s a ' c o l l e c t i o n o f w e l ls ', a n d w o u l d u s u a l l y b e a

t e m p l a t e .

- - F o r e a c h P S t h e re is o n e g r o u p o f c o m p o n e n t s t h a t a r e c ri ti c al f o r t h e

w h o l e P S ( i f o n e o f th e s e f ai l t h e r e c a n b e n o p r o d u c t i o n o n t h is P S ).

T h e s e c o m m o n m o d u l e s a r e i n t h e p r e s e n t m o d e l a s s u m e d t o b e

i d e n t i c a l f o r d i f f e r e n t P S .

- - T h e r e c a n b e a n a r b i t r a r y n u m b e r o f w e ll s t ie d u p t o e ac h P S ( a n d th is

n u m b e r c a n b e d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e v a r i o u s P S ) .

- - E a c h w e l l h a s s o m e m o d u l e s t h a t a r e c r i t i c a l f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r w e l l

o n l y . A l l w e l l s h a v e i d e n t i c a l m o d u l e s .

M odeling the m aintenance strategy

T w o t y p e s o f r e p a i r s a r e p o s s ib l e, h e r e r e f e r r e d t o a s r e p a i r b y r i g a n d

r e p a i r b y D P S ( d y n a m i c a l l y p o s i t i o n e d s h ip ) r es p e ct iv e ly . T h u s t w o

d i f fe r e n t m o b i l i z a t i o n t i m e s m a y b e a s s ig n e d t o t h e v a r i o u s m o d u l e s .

- - A r i g / D P S i s m o b i l i z e d o n t h e f ir s t o c c u r r e n c e o f a 'c r i t ic a l fa i lu r e (i.e. a

f a i lu r e th a t c a u s e s t h e s h u t d o w n o f p r o d u c t i o n i n a t l e as t o n e w ell .

- - D u r i n g t h e re p a i r o f a C S m o d u l e , n o p r o d u c t i o n is p o s si b le a t t h e f ie ld .

- - D u r i n g t h e r e p a i r o f a n y o t h e r t y p e o f m o d u l e , all p r o d u c t i o n is s h u t

d o w n o n t h e P S b e i n g a f f e c t e d .

3 T H E A S Y M P T O T I C F O R M U L A S

T h e p r o d u c t io n

availability

o f a w e ll is ty p i c a l l y d e f i n e d a s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f

t i m e t h a t t h e w e ll is p r o d u c i n g . I n t h i s p a p e r t h r e e m e a s u r e s o f a v a i la b i l it y

a r e i n t r o d u c e d , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e t h r e e l ev e ls i n t h e l a y o u t o f t h e f ie ld

( F ig . 1 ) . T he se a r e de f ine d a s f o l l ow s :

A w = W e l l a v ai l a b il i ty . ( A v e r a g e p r o p o r t i o n o f ti m e t h a t a n a r b i t r a r i l y

c h o s e n w e l l i s p r o d u c i n g . )

A ps = P r o d u c t i o n s t a ti o n a v a il a bi li ty . ( A v e r a g e p r o p o r t i o n o f ti m e w h e n

a t l e a s t s o m e p r o d u c t i o n i s g o i n g o n a t a n a r b i t r a r y P S . )

A c s = C e n t r a l s t a t i o n a v a i la b i l it y . ( P r o p o r t i o n o f t i m e w i t h a t le a s t s o m e

p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e f i e l d . )

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Subsea oil gas produ ction systems 131

T h e P S a n d w e l l a v a i la b i l it i es w i ll d e p e n d o n t h e n u m b e r o f w e l ls a t t h e

a c t u a l P S. T h u s t h e f o l lo w i n g p a r a m e t e r s a r e al s o in t r o d u c e d :

A w ( n ) = A v a i l a b i l i t y o f a w e l l t h a t i s l i n k e d t o a P S , h a v i n g n w e l l s in

to t a l .

A ps(n ) - - A va i l a b i l i t y o f a P S , i n t o t a l ha v in g n w e l ls .

T h u s A w a n d A ps w i ll b e o b t a i n e d b y a n a p p r o p r i a t e w e i g h t i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s

A w ( n ) va lu e s a n d A ps(n ) va lu e s r e spe c t ive ly .

Note

T h e

production regularity

w o u l d u s u a l l y b e d e f i n e d a s t h e a c t u a l

p r o d u c t i o n d i v i d e d b y t h e m a x i m u m p o s s i b l e p r o d u c t i o n ( i n t h e r e l e v a n t

p e r i o d o f ti m e ). In t h i s p a p e r it w il l f o r s i m p l i c i ty b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e a c t u a l

p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e fi el d is p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e n u m b e r o f w e ll s p r o d u c i n g . I n

t h a t c a s e t h e p r o d u c t i o n r e g u l a r i t y w i ll b e i d e n t ic a l t o t h e w e ll a v a i la b i l it y , a s

d e f i n e d a b o v e . I f t h is a s s u m p t i o n is n o t s a ti sf ie d , t h e p r o d u c t i o n r e g u l a r i t y

c a n n o t b e a s s e s s e d , u n l e s s t h e a c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n a t a n y t i m e i n s t a n t i s

s p ec if ie d as a f u n c t i o n o f th e n u m b e r o f p r o d u c i n g w e lls .

O b s e r v e t h a t a l l p a r a m e t e r s e n t e r i n g t h e f o r m u l a s s h o u l d b e p r e s e n t e d

h a v i n g t h e s a m e d i m e n s i o n , a n d t h r o u g h o u t t hi s p a p e r a ll t i m e u n it s a r e in

y e a r s. T h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a m e t e r s a r e n e e d e d in o r d e r t o a r ri v e a t t h e d e s i re d

f o r m u l a s :

W i = M e a n w a i t i n g t i m e ( i.e. t h e a v e r a g e r i g / D P S m o b i l i z a t i o n t im e ) f o r

a ' t yp i c a l ' r e p a i r a t t h e CS , a P S a n d a w e l l r e sp e c t iv e ly ( i = 1 , 2 , 3 ).

T h u s W i is t h e a v e r a g e f o r b o t h t y p e s o f m o b i l i z a t io n s , t a k i n g t h e i r

f r e q u e n c i e s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

R~ = M e a n r e p a i r t i m e ( th e t i m e f o r r e t r i e v a l o f a d e f e c t m o d u l e ) a t t h e

CS , a P S a n d a w e l l r e spe c t iv e ly ( i = 1, 2 , 3 ). T hu s R~ i s t he a ve r a g e

r e p a i r t i m e f o r t h e m o d u l e s o f t h e C S , P S o r w e ll .

2~ = T o t a l f a i l u r e r a t e o f t he C S , a P S a nd a w e l l r e sp e c t iv e ly ( i = 1, 2 , 3 ).

( M e a n n o . o f f a i lu r e s p e r y e a r .)

s = N u m b e r o f PS .

nk = N u m b e r o f w e l l s a t P S n o . k , k = 1, 2 . . . , s .

s

N = y , nk = T o t a l n u m b e r o f w e ll s.

k = l

N o w w e c a n p r o c e e d t o d e r i v e t h e a s y m p t o t i c f o r m u l a s . W i t h a n

' a s y m p t o t i c ' a r g u m e n t , w e h e r e m e a n t h a t a n ' in f in i te l y' l o n g t i m e p e r i o d w ill

b e c o n s i d e r e d . I n t h a t c a s e t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f ti m e t h a t t h e C S i s i n a f a il e d

s t a t e e q u a l s

1 - - A c s - - 21 . A c s . ( W 1 + R1)

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132

P ttokstad

T h e a r g u m e n t l e a d i n g t o t h i s r e s u l t i s b a s e d o n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t

1. F a i l u r e s o c c u r o n l y w h e n t h e C S is o p e r a t i n g , (p r o b a b i l i t y Acs ).

2. T h e n u m b e r o f f a il u r es p e r t i m e u n it t h e n e q u a l s 2 1 .A c s .

3. T h e a v e r a g e s h u t d o w n t i m e p e r f a i l u r e e q u a l s W t + R 1.

F r o m t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n i t d i r e c t l y f o l l o w s t h a t

A c s = [ 1 + ) . 1 (W 1 + R 1 ) ] -

w h i c h i s a w e l l - k n o w n r e su lt . S im i l a r a r g u m e n t s f o r t h e s h u t d o w n t i m e o f P S

a n d w e l l s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( r e s t r i c t i n g n o w t o a P S h a v i n g n w e l ls ), g i v e

A cs - Aps(n) = 2 2 . A p s n ) . W 2 + R2) + n . 2 3 . A w n ) . R 3

A p s ( n ) - A w ( n ) - )-3 . A w ( n) . W 3

N o t e t h a t i n t h e s i m p l e m o d e l a p p l i e d h e r e , a ll p r o d u c t i o n is s h u t d o w n o n

t h e w h o l e a f f e ct e d te m p l a t e , (P S ), d u r i n g t h e r e p a i r o f t h e P S o r a n y w e l l

u n d e r t h a t P S . T h i s e x p l a i n s w h y R 2 a n d R 3 a p p e a r i n t h e f ir st o f t h e s e t w o

e q u a t i o n s o n l y . N o w s o l v i n g t h e s e t w o l a s t e q u a t i o n s , i t f o l l o w s t h a t

Aw (n) = Ac s. {1 + 2 2 .( W 2 71- R2) + 23.( W3 + n. R3) } -1

Aps(n ) = (1 + 23. W 3 ) . A w n )

I n t h e s e t w o f o r m u l a s i t h a s b e e n c h o s e n t o o m i t t h e t e r m c o n t a i n i n g 2 2.2 3

( w h i c h i s u s u a l l y v e r y s m a l l ) .

N e x t , t o s i m p l i f y t h e f o r m u l a s , w e i n t r o d u c e

B~ = 21 . ( W 1 + R1) ( l a )

/32 = 22 ( W 2 ~-

R2)

( l b )

B3(n) = )~3.(W3 + n . R 3 ) ( l c )

( T h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s is r a t h e r s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d : t h e

a v e r a g e s h u t d o w n t i m e o f a w e ll c a u s e d b y C S , P S a n d w e ll fa i l u re s

r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . I t f o l l o w s t h a t

Aw (n) = [1

+ B1]

1.[1 + B e + B3 (n)} -~ ~ [1 + B~ + B 2 + B3(n)] -~ (2)

I n g e n e r a l A w ( n) is t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r a w e l l, l o c a t e d a t a P S h a v i n g n w e l ls in

t o t a l . F u r t h e r , t h e s P S i n t h e f ie l d h a v e n l , n 2 . . . . . n~ w e l l s r e s p e c ti v e l y , a n d

N = ~ nk is t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f w e l ls f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m . T h e a v e r a g e

a v a i l a b i l it y o f a n a r b i t r a r y w e l l t h e n e q u a l s

2

w = n k / N ) . A w n k ) (3)

k = l

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Subsea oi l gas product ion sys tem s 133

F u r t h e r , t h e a v a i l a b i li t y o f a ' t y p ic a l ' P S e q u a l s

2 2

ps = s - 1 A ps (n k ) [1 + B3(0)] s - 1 Aw(nk)

k = l k = l

F i n a l l y

4 )

Ac s = [-1 + B 1 ]- 1 (5)

T h e s e a v a i l a b i l it y m e a s u r e s , g i v e n b y ( 3) , (4 ) a n d ( 5 ), a r e r a t h e r f u n d a m e n t a l ,

a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r r e l i a b i l i t y p a r a m e t e r s e a s i l y f o l l o w f r o m t h e s e ( s e e

A p p e n d i x 2 ). A d i s c u s s i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e v a li d i ty o f t h e a b o v e f o r m u l a s w i ll

b e g iv e n in t h e n e x t S e c t io n . H o w e v e r , t h e f o r m u l a s d i r e c tl y i n f o r m t h a t t h e

r e a ll y f u n d a m e n t a l f a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e t h e a v a i l a b il i ty a r e t h e f o l lo w i n g :

- - T h e p r o d u c t o f t h e t o ta l f a i lu r e r a te a n d t h e m e a n m o b i l i z a ti o n t im e (i.e.

2 i . W i ) f o r t h e m o d u l e s o f

* well ,

* P S , a n d

* C S

respec t i ve l y .

- - T h e p r o d u c t o f th e t o t a l f a i lu r e r a te a n d t h e m e a n r e p a i r t i m e (2 i. R i) f o r

* well ,

* P S , a n d

*

C S

respec t i ve l y .

- - T h e t o ta l n u m b e r o f w e lls ( N ) a n d t h e w a y t h e se a r e a ll o c a t e d to v a r i o u s

P S . ( T h u s t h e n u m b e r o f P S ( t h a t is s) o f c o u r s e a l s o p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t

role.)

T h i s l is t s h o u l d b e n o s u r p ri s e. H o w e v e r , i t s h o u l d b e s t re s s e d t h a t t h e a b o v e

lis t s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d to b e t h e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l f a c t o r t o b e t a k e n i n t o

c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r a f ir st r o u g h r e li a b il it y e v a l u a t i o n o f th e c o n c e p t . ( O b s e r v e

t h a t t h e r e i s a t l e a s t o n e o t h e r c a n d i d a t e t o t h i s li st , t h a t is p = a v e r a g e

p r o p o r t i o n o f t i m e th a t t h e w h o l e P S is s h u t d u r i n g t h e r e p a i r o f a w e ll

m o d u l e . In t h e p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n i t is a s s u m e d t h a t p = 1 .0 . O t h e r w i s e t h e p

v a l u e w o u l d e n t e r t h e f o r m u l a s . )

4 D I S C U S S I O N O F T H E A S Y M P T O T I C F O R M U L A S

T h e a s s u m p t i o n s l e a d i n g t o t h e f o r m u l a s ( 3 )- (5 ) w ill n o w b e d i s c us s e d . T h i s

d i s c u s s i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e n u m e r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e n e x t S e c t i o n w il l

r a t h e r c l e a rl y e x p l a i n w h e n t h e s e f o r m u l a s s h o u l d ( o r s h o u l d n o t ) b e u se d .

T h e r e a r e t w o m a i n f a c t o r s r e s t ri c t in g t h e a p p l i c a b i li t y o f t h e s e f o r m u l a s .

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134

P Hokstad

Stationarity

For deriving (3)-(5) the system is assumed to be in a stationary (not time

dependent) state. This means that all variations during time should be

random, and thus that there is no systematic 'trend'. However, in an actual

situation, the system should probably start with no failures at time 0

(availability = I'0), and it will take some time before the availability

decreases to the asymptot ic value that is provided by the formulas. Thus the

validity will depend both on how fast the system reaches stationarity, and on

the length of the life cycle of the field.

- -T he 'speed' of convergence (towards the stationary state o f the process)

will mainly depend on the failure distributions (the statistical

distributions of the time until failure for the various modules). If the

exponential distribution is used, stationarity will be reached rather

quickly. (But for the asymptotic formulas to be correct, there should in

fact be a certain probability for having failed modules also at time 0.)

Using a Weibull distribution with increasing failure rate instead, there

will usually be a longer time until failures start to occur and stationar ity

is reached. The Weibull model being referred to here assumes that the

failure rate of the time until first failure is of the form

~ 1 ) = ~ / ~ . / ~ I ) ~ - 1

Here ~ is the sh pe parameter, and/~ is the sc le parameter. For ~ = 1

this reduces to the exponential model.

- -The life time, T o of the field will be another important factor. For the

formulas to be accurate, the time period until the field reaches the

asympto tic state should be short compared with the life time of the field.

Thus for a field with a very short life time the asymptotic formulas

could actually give a rather inaccurate (too low) asympto tic availability

value.

'Multiple failures'

Occasionally two (or more) failures will occur close in time, and the repair

can be carried out during the same intervention. The effect of such events are

not accounted for in the formulas (3)-(5). Quite similarly the total repair time

for a 'multiple repair' on a template (PS) should typically be less than the sum

of the two repair times.

Thus, since actually some of the mobilization times and repair times will

be common for two or more failures, the availability obtained by the

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Subsea oi l gas product ion sys tem s

35

a p p r o x i m a t e f o r m u l a w ill b e t o o lo w . T h r e e f a c to r s a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r t hi s

p h e n o m e n o n :

F a i l u r e r a t e s . I f t h e f a i lu r e r a t e s a r e h i g h , t h e r e w i ll b e m a n y m u l t i p l e

e r ro r s , a n d t h e f o r m u l a s b e c o m e i n a c c u ra t e .

M o b i l i z a t i o n a n d r e p a i r t i m e s . L o n g m o b i l i z a t i o n / r e p a i r t i m e s w i ll a l s o

t e n d t o i n c r e a s e th e n u m b e r o f m u l t i p l e fa i lu r es .

N u m b e r o f we lls. A l s o i f t h e r e is a v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r o f u n i t s (w e lls),

t h e r e w i ll b e a t e n d e n c y t o e x p e r i e n c e m u l t i p l e e r ro r s.

O b s e r v e t h a t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e f a c t o r s l i st e d a b o v e a ll im p l y t h a t t h e

a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r m u l a s r e p r e s e n t l o wer l im i t s o f th e a c t u a l v a l ue s . H o w e v e r ,

t h e r e i s o n e e x c e p t i o n : if t h e f a i lu r e t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n h a s a d e c r e a s i n g f a i lu r e

r a t e , t h i s m i g h t in t h e i n i t i a l p h a s e o f t h e l if e c y c l e g i v e a n u m b e r o f f a i lu r e s

t h a t is h i g h e r t h a n t h e a s y m p t o t i c v a l u e ( a n d t h u s g i v e a n a v a i la b i li ty t h a t i s

a c t u a l l y l o w e r t h a n t h e a s y m p t o t i c v a l u e ) .

5 N U M E R I C A L E X A M P L E ' B A SE C A S E '

T h e u s e o f t h e f o r m u l a s d e r i v e d i n S e c t i o n 3 w i ll n o w b e i l lu s t r a t e d b y s o m e

n u m e r i c a l e x a m p l e s . A n e x p o n e n t i a l m o d e l w i l l f i r s t b e a s s u m e d f o r t h e

f a il u r e t im e s . F u r t h e r t h e f o l l o w i n g n u m e r i c v a l u e s a r e s p e ci fi e d a s t h e ' B a s e

C a s e ' o f t h e n u m e r i c a l i n v e s t i g a ti o n s :

- - T o = t o t a l l if e t i m e o f t h e f ie l d = 1 0 y e a r s .

- - T h e r e a r e t w o p r o d u c t i o n s t a t io n s w i t h t w o a n d f o u r w e ll s r e sp e c ti v el y

( th us s = 2 , n l = 2 , / /2 = 4).

- - T h e m e a n m o b i l i z a t i o n t i m e e q u a l s 9 0 d a y s f o r r i g , a n d 2 4 d a y s f o r

D P S .

- - T h e t o t a l f a i lu r e r a te s ( s u m m e d o v e r all m o d u l e s ) o f C S , P S a n d w e ll s

r e s p e c t i v e l y a re g i v e n i n T a b l e 1. I t w i ll b e s e e n t h a t a ll r e p a i r o f C S is

c a r r i e d o u t b y a r ig , g i v in g a m e a n w a i t i n g t im e o f 9 0 da y s . F o r P S

m o d u l e s a ll r e p a ir s a r e b y D P S , g i v i n g a w a i t in g t i m e o f 2 4 d a y s . F o r t h e

w e l l s t h e r e i s a s s u m e d t o b e o n e f a i l u r e r a te o f 0 .1 ( y r - 1 ) , r e q u i r i n g

r e p a i r b y r ig , a n d o n e f a i l u r e r a t e o f 0 .2 f o r f a il u r e s t h a t c a n b e h a n d l e d

b y D P S ( g i v in g a n a v e r a g e m e a n w a i t i n g t i m e o f ( 90 × 0-1 + 2 4 × 0 .2 ) /

(0 .1 + 0 . 2) = 4 6 d a y s ). S o t h i s v a l u e i s o b t a i n e d b y t a k i n g a n a v e r a g e o v e r

t h e v a r i o u s w e ll m o d u l e s . T a b l e A 1 i n A p p e n d i x 1 p r e s e n t s th e i n p u t

v a l u e s t o t h e a s y m p t o t i c f o r m u l a s , b a s e d o n t h e d a t a i n T a b l e 1 .

S o m e (2 00 ) s i m u l a t i o n s f o r t h e B a s e C a s e w e r e c a r r i e d o u t . I t is s e e n in T a b l e

2 t h a t t h e r e i s i n f a c t a v e r y g o o d a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d

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136 P. Hokstad

T A B L E I

Input Parameters to the Ba se C ase . Failure Rate

(yr 1). M obilization and Repair Tim es (days)

) 365. PP 365. R 365( W +

R)

c s 0.06 90 10 1oo

PS 0-20 24 6 30

Well 0.30 46 14 60

f r o m t h e s i m u l a t i o n s a n d t h e a p p r o x i m a t e f o r m u l a s . T h e s i m u l a t e d ( i . e .

' a c tu a l ' ) v a l u e s o f A w a n d A ps a r e a s e x p e c t e d s l i g h t ly h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e

o b t a i n e d f r o m (3 ) a n d (4 ). B u t i t is re a l iz e d t h a t s t a t i o n a r i t y m u s t b e r e a c h e d

v e r y f as t ( c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e l if e t i m e o f 1 0 y e a rs ) , a n d a l s o t h e t o t a l

f r e q u e n c y o f f a il u re s m u s t b e r a t h e r s m a ll , to g i v e a s m a ll n u m b e r o f m u l t i p le

r e pa i r s .

I t s h o u l d b e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e s i m u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n c a r r i ed o u t u n d e r t h e

f o l l o w i n g t w o s i m p l i f y i n g a s s u m p t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e m a i n t e n a n c e

s t r a t e g y .

- - I n t h e ca s e o f a 'm u l t i p l e r e p ai r ' at a P S ( th a t is m o r e t h a n o n e m o d u l e

r e p a i r e d i n t h e s a m e i n t e r v e n t i o n ) , t h e t o t a l r e p a i r t i m e i s r e d u c e d t o

e q u a l t h e r e p a i r t i m e o f t h a t c o m p o n e n t r e q u i r in g t h e l o n g es t re p a ir .

- - T h e D P S is d e m o b i l i z e d w h e n e v e r a f a il u re o c c u r s t h a t r e q u i r e s th e u s e

o f a ri g. ( T h u s t h e r e a r e n e v e r t w o v e ss e ls m o b i l i z e d a t t h e s a m e t i m e .)

T h e f i rs t a s s u m p t i o n i m p l i e s t h a t t h e d i f f e re n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e s u l t o f t h e

f o r m u l a a n d o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n is ' m a x i m i z e d ' (a m o r e r e al i st ic r u le

c o n c e r n i n g m u l t i p l e r ep a i rs w o u l d g i v e t h a t t h e re s u lt s f o r t h e f o r m u l a a n d

t h e s i m u l a t i o n b e c o m e e v e n c l o s e r ) .

I t s h o u l d , h o w e v e r , b e s tr e s s e d t h a t f o r t h i s e x a m p l e t h e r e i s a r a t h e r l o w

n u m b e r o f m u l t ip l e r e pa ir s , a n d t h e a b o v e t w o a s s u m p t i o n s d o i n fa c t h a v e a

v e r y l i m i t e d i n f l u e n c e o n t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e su l ts .

T A B L E 2

Availability Results for the Base Case

Aw Avs

Form ula 0'900 0 938

Sim ulation 0.904 0.940

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Subsea o i l gas produc t ion sys tems 137

6 N U M E R I C A L I N V E S T IG A T I O N S . V A R I A T I O N S O F T H E

'B A S E C A S E '

The stationarity condition

T h e f a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e t h e s t a t i o n a r i t y c o n d i t i o n a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d f i r s t .

Ta b le 3 g ives s im u la t ion r e su l t s fo r l if e t imes , T o , o f 2 , 10 an d 50 yea r s , and

f a il u re t im e s h a v i n g a W e i b u l l d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h t h e s h a p e p a r a m e t e r e q u a l

to 0 .75 , 1-0 , 1 25 , 1 .50 an d 1-75 respec t ive ly . (Al l o th er a ssu m pt ion s are as in

t h e B a s e C a s e , a n d t h e s c a l e p a r a m e t e r o f t h e W e i b u l l d i s t r i b u t i o n i s

a d j u s t e d t o g i v e t h e s a m e m e a n t i m e t o f a i l u re i n a ll ca se s .) T h e s e r e s u l ts a r e

g i v e n a g r a p h i c a l p r e s e n t a t i o n i n F i g . 2 . ( R e m e m b e r t h a t a l l r e s u lt s s h o u l d b e

c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s a m e a p p r o x i m a t e v a l u e , 0 . 9 0 0 . ) T h e r e s u l t s a r e v e r y

m u c h a s s h o u l d b e e x p e c t e d . T h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e f o r m u l a i n c r e a s e s w i t h

i n c r e a s i n g l i f e t i m e . A l s o t h e w e l l a v a i l a b i l i t y i n c r e a s e s a s t h e s h a p e

p a r a m e t e r i n c re a s es , t h e f o r m u l a g i v i n g a m o s t a c c u r a t e r e su l t f o r th e s h a p e

p a r a m e t e r c l o s e t o 1 .0 . I n p a r t i c u l a r :

- - F o r f ie ld s w i t h q u i te lon l if e t i m e s ( a n d n o t t o o m a n y m u l t i p l e r e p ai rs ),

t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r m u l a g i v es a v e r y a c c u r a t e r e s u l t ir r e s p e c t iv e o f o t h e r

p a r a m e t e r s n o t e n t e r i n g t h e f o r m u l a ( s u c h a s t h e s h a p e p a r a m e t e r ) .

- - T h e s h a p e p a r a m e t e r o f t h e fa i lu r e t i m e d is t r i b u t io n i s a p a r a m e t e r o f

c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e f o r f i e l d s w i t h a

short

l i fe t ime. ( In fac t th is

i n fl u e nc e is s u rp r i si n g l y h ig h , a p h e n o m e n o n t h a t h a s p e r h a p s n o t b e e n

fu l ly rea l ized . )

S i n c e a l if e t i m e o f a t l e a s t 1 0 y e a r s is m o s t c o m m o n , a n d t h e s h a p e

p a r a m e t e r o f f a i lu r e t im e s ( f o r s u b s e a i n s t a l la t i o n s ) is u s u a l l y a s s u m e d t o l ie

i n t h e i n t e r v a l 1 . 0 - 1 . 2 ( t a k i n g m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e s t r i c t e d l i f e t i m e i n t o

c o n s i d e r a ti o n ) , i t c a n b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e ' s ta t i o n a r i t y ' a s s u m p t i o n s f o r

t h e f o r m u l a s a r e m o s t o f t e n s a t i s f i e d .

TABLE 3

Simulated Values for the Well Availability for

Varying Life Time of the Field and Shape

Parameter of the Failure Rates

0 75

1

00

1 25

1 5 0

1 75

2 10 50

0 848 0'882 0 897

0 906 0'904 0 904

0 940 0'920 0 906

0-960 0-927 0'907

0'975 0-932 0 908

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2 Y E A R S

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5 Y E A R S

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S H R P E P A R A M E T E R

Production regularity as a function of shape parameter of failure time.

' M u l t i p l e r e p a i r s '

Secondl y the effect of multiple repairs is investigated. First the failure rates

are varied. Since the accuracy is quite good for the Base Case, there is no

reaso n to co nsider cases with lower failure rates. Thus in total the following

four cases are investigated:

Case 1: Base Case.

Case 2: All failure rates are twice the values of the Base Case.

Case 3: All failure rates are three times the values of the Base Case.

Case 4: All failure rates are four times the values of the Base Case.

Table 4 and Fig. 3 give the well availabilities obta ined both from the f ormu la

and the simulations for these four cases. It is observed that the accuracy is

surprisingly 'resistant' to increase in the failure rates. Even for Case 4 (having

unrealistically high failure rates), the value ob tain ed from the fo rmul a is very

T A B L E 4

Well Availability as a Function of the Failure Rates

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Formula 0.900 0 817 0-746 0 685

Simulation 0 904 0 828 0'761 0702

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P r o d u c t i o n r e g u l a r it y a s a f u n c t i o n o f t o t a l f a il u r e r a te .

a ccu ra te i n th i s exa m p l e . ( In crea s i n g W i a n d Ri w i l l h a ve a s im i l a r e ff ec t a s

i n crea s i n g 2 i a n d i s n o t i n ves t i g a ted h ere . )

T a b l e 5 a n d F i g . 4 i l lu s t ra t e t h e b e h a v i o u r f o r a n in c r e a s in g n u m b e r o f

w e l l s . F o u r c a s e s a r e s t u d i e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e B a s e C a s e , i n t o t a l h a v i n g

3 , 6 , 1 2 , 18 a n d 2 4 w e l l s r e sp ec t i ve l y. In a l l ca s e s th e w e l l s a re s p l it b e tw een

t w P S . T h e n u m b e r o f w e l l s at s ta t i o n 2 i s a l w a y s t w o t i m e s th e n u m b e r a t

s ta t i o n 1 . A l l o th er p a ra m eters a re a s s p ec i f i ed i n th e B a s e Ca s e .

A s s h o u l d b e e x p e c t e d , t h e a p p r o x i m a t e f o r m u l a g iv e s d i st i n c tl y to o l o w a

r e su l t as t h e n u m b e r o f w e l ls b e c o m e s l ar g er ( d u e to t h e i n c r e a se d n u m b e r o f

m u l t i p l e r ep a ir s) . B y e s t i m a t i n g t h e n u m b e r o f m u l t i p l e r e p ai rs i t s h o u l d b e

p o s s i b le b y m o r e r e f in e d a r g u m e n t s t o t a k e t h is f a c t o r a l s o i n t o a c c o u n t , a n d

th u s i n crea s e th e a ccu ra cy . T h i s w i l l , h o wever , n o t b e i n co rp o ra ted i n th e

p res en t d i s cu s s i o n , a n d i t i s co n c l u d ed th a t th e fo rm u l a i s ra th er i n a ccu ra te

h a v i n g a t o o l a r g e n u m b e r o f w e l l s .

T A B L E 5

W e l l A v a i la b i l it y a s a F u n c t i o n o f th e N u m b e r o f W e l l s

N o . w e l ls 1 2 2 4 4 8 6 1 2 8 1 6

F o r m u l a

0.916 0-900 0.870 0'842 0.816

S i m u l a t i o n

0-919 0.904 0.880 0.865 0.853

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Fig. 4.

P r o d u c t i o n r e g u la r it y a s a fu n c t i o n o f n u m b e r o f w e l ls .

T h e a l l o c a t i o n o f t h e w e l l s t o d i f f e r e n t P S

T h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f w e l ls a n d t h e w a y t h e s e a r e s p li t b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s P S

is o n e o f th e f u n d a m e n t a l f a c t o rs f o r th e p r o d u c t i o n r e gu l ar it y ( se e e n d o f

S e c t i o n 3 ) . T h e e ff ec t o f t h i s f a c t o r w i ll n o w b e i n v e s ti g a t ed s o m e w h a t

f u r th e r . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h is f a c t o r o n t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e f o r m u l a w i ll a l s o

b e c o m m e n t e d o n .

T h e s i x w e l ls o f t h e B a s e C a s e c a n b e sp l it b e t w e e n t h e t w o P S i n t h re e

w a y s : 1 - 5 , 2 - 4 a n d 3 - 3 ( th e a l l o c a t io n 2 - 4 i s t h e B a s e C a s e) . T h e r es u lt s f o r

a l l t h r e e c a s e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 6 , a n d i n d i c a t e a h i g h e r a v a i l a b i l i t y

w h e n t h e w e l ls a r e e q u a l l y d i v i d e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o P S . ( T h e r e w i l l be a l o w e r

a v a i l a b i li t y a t a P S w i t h a h i g h e r n u m b e r o f w e l l s , d u e t o f u l l s h u t in d u r i n g

w e l l r ep a i rs . T h u s f o r t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 - 5 t h e r e a r e f iv e w e l l s w i t h a ' lo w '

a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d o n l y 1 w i t h a h i g h e r a v a i l a b i li t y . )

T A B L E 6

A v a i l a b i l i t y f o r D i f f e r e n t A l l o c a t i o n s o f t h e S i x

W e l l s ( c o n n e c t e d t o t w o P S )

No. wells 1 5 2 4 3 3

F o r m u l a

0.891 0.900 0.904

S i m u l a t i o n

0.902 0.904 0.910

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S u b s e a o i l / g a s p r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m s

T A B L E 7

A v a i l a b i l i t y f o r D i f fe r e n t A l l o c a t i o n s o f t h e W e l ls . ( In t o t a l 2 0 W e l l s

d i v i d e d b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s P S )

141

N o . P S 2 2 2 3 4 5

N o . w e l l s 1 1 9 5 1 5 1 0 1 0 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 4 . . . . 4

F o rm u la 0.780 0.823 0-841 0.870 0.885 0.894

Si m ula t io n 0.842 0-855 0.863 0.878 0.889 0 '895

T o g i ve a m o r e t h o r o u g h d i s c u s s i o n o f t h is a s p e c t, t h e a v a i l a b il it y is a ls o

c a l c u l a t e d f o r s e v e r a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , a l l h a v i n g 2 0 w e l l s i n t o t a l . A l l o t h e r

d a t a a r e s t il l a s in t h e B a s e C a s e . T h e r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 7 . F o r t h e

f ir st th r e e c a s e s th e r e a r e o n l y t w o P S , a n d a g a i n t h e r e i s a c l e a r t e n d e n c y

t o w a r d s i n c r e a s e d a v a i l a b i li ty w h e n t h e w e l ls a r e s p l it m o r e e q u a l l y b e t w e e n

t h e t w o P S . T h e a v e r a g e a v a i l a b i l it y o f t h e 2 0 w e l ls w i l l i n c r e a s e f r o m 0 . 84 2

( in t h e e x t r e m e c a s e w h e n o n e o f t h e P S h a s o n l y o n e w e ll) to 0 . 8 63 ( w h e n 1 0

w e l ls a r e a l l o c a t e d t o e a c h o f t h e t w o P S ).

T h r e e o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e a l s o s t u d i e d , h a v i n g t h r e e , f o u r a n d f i v e P S

r e s p e c t i v e l y . S i n c e t h e w e l l a v a i l a b i l i t y i n t h e m o d e l d e c r e a s e s w i t h t h e

n u m b e r o f w e lls i n t h e P S , t h e a l te r n a t iv e 4 - 4 - 4 ~ ( h a v in g f iv e P S) o f

c o u r s e g i v es t h e ' b e s t ' r e s u lt . I n f a c t 2 0 P S w i t h 1 w e l l e a c h g i v e a v a i l a b i l i ty

0 9 2 3 ( f r o m t h e f o r m u l a , w h i c h i s p r o b a b l y v e r y c l o s e t o w h a t w o u l d b e

o b t a i n e d f r o m a s i m u l a t i o n ) .

O f c o u r s e n o d e c i s iv e c o n c l u s i o n s s h o u l d b e d r a w n f r o m t h e s e f ig u re s .

F i r s t o f a ll t h e r e a r e s e v e r al c o n s i d e r a t i o n s l e a d i n g t o t h e d e c i s i o n o n h o w

t h e w e l l s s h a l l b e s p li t b e t w e e n v a r i o u s P S , a v a i l a b i l it y b e i n g o n e f a c t o r . I t

s h o u l d a l s o be r e m e m b e r e d t h a t t h e a b o v e r e s ul ts a re b a s e d o n s o m e

a s s u m p t i o n s ( fo r in s t a n c e t h a t p r o d u c t i o n is s h u t d o w n a t l l wel l s on a P S

d u r i n g a n y r e p a i r o n t h a t t e m p l a t e ). N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e s e f i gu r e s i n d i c a t e t h a t

t h i s ' w e ll a l l o c a t i o n ' i s a f a c t o r o f h i g h i m p o r t a n c e , a n d s h o u l d s e r v e a s a

r a t h e r g o o d i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e w e ll k n o w n f a c t t h a t a v a i l a b i l i ty ( re l ia b i li ty )

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n th e d e v e l o p i n g p l a n s o f a c o n c e p t f r o m

t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g .

F i n al ly , a c o m m e n t o n h o w t h e a c c u r a c y o f th e f o r m u l a i s a ff ec te d by t h e

n u m b e r o f w e l ls is i n o rd e r . I t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e a c c u r a c y d e c r e a s e d

w i t h a n i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r o f w e l ls ( T a b l e 5 a n d F i g . 4 ). H o w e v e r , T a b l e 7 is

a r a t h e r c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t i t is n o t t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f w e l ls t h a t is a

c r it ic a l f a c t o r h e r e , b u t r a t h e r t h e n u m b e r o f w e ll s a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l P S . T h e

c o n f i g u r a t i o n 1 - 1 9 g iv e s a r a t h e r b a d r e s u l t f o r t h e c o m p a r i s o n , w h i l st t h e

c o n c e p t s w i t h 4 a n d 5 w e l ls a t e a c h t e m p l a t e g iv e v e ry c l os e r e s u lt s f o r t h e

f o r m u l a a n d t h e s im u l a t i o n . F u r t h e r i t sh o u l d b e n o t e d h e r e th a t t h e r a t h e r

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142

P Hokstad

h i g h a v a i l a b i l it y f i g u re s o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n s w h e n a P S w i t h m a n y w e ll s is

i n v o l v e d t o s o m e e x t e n t i s e x p l a i n e d b y t h e a s s u m p t i o n ( se e e n d o f S e c t i o n 5 ),

t h a t t h e r e p a i r t im e f o r a ' m u l t i p l e ' r e p a i r o n a t e m p l a t e e q u a l s t h e lo n g e s t

r e p a i r ti m e a m o n g t h e f ai le d m o d u l e s ( th u s n o t im e is a d d e d f o r t he m o d u l e s

h a v i n g s h o r t e r r e p a i r t im e ) . I n f a c t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a r e d u c t i o n i n r e p a i r t i m e

f o r m u l t i p l e r e p a i r s , b u t t h e a b o v e a s s u m p t i o n i s e x t r e m e a n d w i t h a m o r e

r e a l is t ic m o d e l f o r t h i s e v e n t , t h e r e w o u l d n o t b e s u c h a b i g d i f fe r e n c e i n t h e

f o r m u l a a n d t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s .

7 C O N C L U S I O N S A N D T O P IC S F O R F U R T H E R W O R K

Co n c l u s i o n s o f n u m er i ca l i n ves t i g a t i o n s

A s a m a i n c o n c l u s i o n o f th e l a st S e c t io n , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e f o r m u l a o f t h e

w e l l a v a i l a b i l i ty i n p r a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n s s u r p r i s i n g l y o f t e n w i l l p r o v i d e r e s u l ts

v e r y c l o s e t o e x a c t . A g a i n i t s h o u l d a l s o b e s t r e s s e d t h a t e v e n i n c a s e s w h e r e

t h e f o r m u l a s a r e s o m e w h a t i n a c c u ra t e , t h e y m a y b e v e ry h e l p f u l f o r

c o m p a r i s o n p u r p o s e s . I f t w o l a y o u t s a r e to b e c o m p a r e d , t h e e x ac t a n d t h e

a p p r o x i m a t e a v a i l a b i l i t y v a l u e s w i l l t y p i c a l l y h a v e t h e s a m e o r d e r i n g . S o

e v e n i f t h e f o r m u l a d o e s n o t p r o v i d e t h e e x a c t r e s u lt f o r t h e w e l l a v a i la b i li ty ,

i t w i ll te ll w h i c h o f t h e t w o l a y o u t s t h a t h a v e t h e h i g h e s t ( lo w e s t ) a v a i l a b il i ty .

T h i s s t a t e m e n t w i ll o f c o u r s e n o t n e c e s s a ri ly b e v a l i d if t h e t w o m o d e l s

( l a y o u t s ) a ls o d i f f er i n a f a c t o r t h a t a f fe c ts t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e f o r m u l a ( i f s a y

t h e n u m b e r o f w e l l s i s d i f f e r e n t ) .

I n a n a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n i t s e e m s t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y o n e f a c t o r t h a t c o u l d

r e a ll y ' d e s t r o y ' t h e v a l i d i ty o f t h e f o r m u l a s : i f t h e n u m b e r o f w e ll s a t o n e o r

m o r e P S b e c o m e s q u i t e h i g h , t h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t h e ' e x a c t ' a n d t h e

a p p r o x i m a t e v a l u e s c o u l d b e s u b s t a n t i a l (s ee T a b l e s 5 a n d 7). T h u s i f t w o

c o n c e p t s a r e t o b e c o m p a r e d , h a v i n g a d i ff e r en t a l l o c a t i o n o f w e lls , i t s h o u l d

b e s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e a p p r o x i m a t e f o r m u l a m i g h t g i v e a m a r k e d l y d i f f e r e n t

d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y f o r t h e t w o c a s es , p o s s i b ly d e s t r o y i n g t h e c o m p a r i s o n .

F o r o t h e r f a c t o r s i t s e e m s t h a t r e a ll y 'u n t y p i c a l ' p a r a m e t e r v a l u e s m u s t b e

u s e d f o r t h e a p p r o x i m a t e a v a i l a b i l i t y v a l u e n o t t o a p p l y ( t o a r e a s o n a b l e

degree) .

A s a c o n c l u s i o n o f th i s d i s c u s s io n i t s e e m s t h a t a n a v a i la b i li ty s t u d y

s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t a t d i f f e r e n t l e v el s o f d e t a il , u t il i z in g b o t h a n a l y t i c

r e s u l t s ( a s a p p r o x i m a t i o n s ) , a n d s i m u l a t i o n s .

1. A t t h e lo w e s t l ev e l o f d e t a il t h e a p p r o x i m a t e f o r m u l a s a r e a p p l i e d , t o

e v a l u a t e t h e r e l e v a n t c o n c e p t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a b s o l u t e l y

f u n d a m e n t a l f a c t o r s , ( f a i l u r e r a t e s , m e a n w a i t a n d r e p a i r t i m e a n d

w e ll a ll o c a t i o n ; s e e t h e c o m m e n t a t t h e e n d o f S e c t i o n 3 ).

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Subsea oil gas production systems

143

2. B y s y s te m a t i c a ll y g o i n g t h r o u g h t h e a s s u m p t i o n s le a d i n g t o t h e

f o r m u l a s , w e i d e n t i f i e d s o m e r a t h e r f u n d a m e n t a l f a c t o r s ( s u c h a s

s h o r t l if e t i m e o f th e f ie ld , n o n c o n s t a n t f a i lu r e r a te , a l a r g e n u m b e r o f

w e l ls a t e a c h P S ), t h a t m a y t o s o m e e x t e n t d e s t r o y t h e v a l id i t y o f th e

a p p r o x i m a t i o n . I t h a s b e e n s e e n t h a t t h e i m p a c t o f t h e s e f a c t o r s (i.e.

t h e i r e f f e c t o n t h e a p p r o x i m a t e r e s u l t s ) , c a n t o s o m e e x t e n t b e

a s s e ss e d b y s o u n d j u d g e m e n t . A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n th a t r e al ly t a k e s t h e s e

f a c t o r s i n t o a c c o u n t s h o u l d , h o w e v e r , o n l y b e c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g

s i m u l a t i o n .

3. F i n a l l y t h e r e a r e f a c t o r s t h a t h a v e n o t b e e n t h o r o u g h l y d i s c u s s e d s o

f ar , a n d w h i c h d o n o t c o m p l y w i t h t h e a s y m p t o t i c r e a s o n i n g l e a d in g

t o t h e f o r m u l a s . I n a ' l e v e l 3 ' s t u d y ,

time dependent

i n p u t m i g h t b e

u s e d , a n d v a r i o u s

m n gem ent str tegies

e v a l u a t e d . S o m e f a c t o r s o f

t h i s t y p e a r e a s f o l l o w s :

• T h e p r o d u c t i o n p r o f il e v a r ie s w i t h t h e s e a s o n .

• T h e p r o d u c t i o n is s h u t d o w n i f i t is n o t a b o v e a c e r t a i n le ve l.

• E n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s v a r y w i t h s e a s o n , l e a d i n g f o r i n s t a n c e t o

d i f f e r e n t r e p a i r t i m e s i n w i n t e r a n d s u m m e r .

• P a r t i c u la r m a i n t e n a n c e p h i l o s o p h i e s a p p l y , a s p r e v e n t iv e m a i n -

t e n a n c e o r m o r e r e f i n e d c r i t e r i a f o r r i g / D P S m o b i l i z a t i o n .

• S p e ci fi c a s s u m p t i o n s f o r t h e l e n g t h o f ' m u l t i p l e re p a i r s ' a r e

i n c l u d e d .

• D i f f e r e n t f a i l u r e m o d e s , a l s o n o n c r i t i c a l , a r e p r e s e n t .

T h e i n f l u e n c e o f s u c h m o r e r e f i n e d f a c t o r s / a s s u m p t i o n s s h o u l d

e s s e n ti a ll y b e i n v e s t i g a t e d u s i n g s i m u l a t i o n .

T h e r e i s n o c l e a r d i s t in c t i o n b e t w e e n l e ve ls 2 a n d 3 i n t h e a b o v e p r e s e n t a t i o n .

I t s h o u l d a l s o b e st re s s e d th a t a s i m u l a t i o n w o u l d g i ve c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e

o u t p u t i n f o r m a t i o n ( as t i m e d e p e n d e n t r es ults ).

F u r t h e r w o r k

T h e r e a r e s e v er a l w a y s o f e x t e n d i n g t h e a p p r o a c h o u t l in e d i n th i s p a p e r t o

c o v e r m u c h m o r e g e n e r a l m o d e l s .

- - T h e m o d e l o f th e p h y s ic a l la y o u t s h o u l d a l l ow f o r:

* D i f f e r e n t l a y o u t s o f t h e P S . ( T h e t o t a l n u m b e r a n d t y p e o f P S

m o d u l e s d o n o t h a v e t o b e i d e n t i c a l f o r a l l P S . )

* S a t e l l i t e we l l s ( t i ed t o a P S o r d i r ec t l y t o t he C S ) .

* W e l ls b e i n g d i f f e r e n t ( t e m p l a t e a n d s a t e ll it e w e l ls m a y h a v e

s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t m o d u l e s , f a i l u r e r a t e s o r r e p a i r t i m e s ) .

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144 P Hokstad

C e n t r a l s t a t i o n C S)

P S

W e l l s

Fig. 5.

P r o d u c t i o n

s t a t i o n s P S )

W e l l s

S a t e l l i t e w e l l s

G ene ra l i z ed m ode l ~ r phys i ca l l ayou t .

T h u s a l a y o u t a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 5 s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e w i t h i n t h e

e x t e n d e d m o d e l .

- - F o r ( s o m e ) P S m o d u l e s i t s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e t o l e t t h e f a i l u r e r a t e

d e p e n d o n t h e n u m b e r o f w ells ti ed t o t h a t p a r t i c u l a r P S. S o m e

c o m p o n e n t s a r e t y p i c a ll y m o r e p r o n e t o f a il u re i f m o r e w e l ls a r e

p r e s e n t , a n d t h e r e s h o u l d b e a p o s s i b i l it y to s p e c i f y f o r i n s t a n c e a f a i lu r e

r a t e o f t h e f o r m 2 = 2 o + n 21 ( w h e r e n = n u m b e r o f w e ll s, a n d 2 o a n d 21

a r e g i v e n c o n s t a n t s ) .

- - F o r e a c h w e ll m o d u l e i t s h o u l d b e p o s s ib l e t o s p e c if y th e r e l at iv e t i m e , p ,

t h a t t h e w h o l e P S is s h u t d o w n w h e n t h a t m o d u l e is re p a i r e d . ( In t h e

p r e s e n t f o r m u l a a n d s i m u l a t i o n p is a l w a y s e q u a l t o 1 .0 .)

T h e a b o v e p o i n t s a r e e x a m p l e s o f f e a tu r e s t h a t a r e e a s il y i n c l u d e d i n t h e

a r g u m e n t s o f S e c t io n s 2 - 3 , g i v in g a s y m p t o t i c f o r m u l a s t h a t a r e r e a ll y u se f u l,

s ee re f. 3. H o w e v e r , t h e s e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s c o u l d a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d p a r t o f

t h e m o r e a m b i t i o u s g o a l o f d e v e l o p i n g a g e n e r a l c o m p u t e r i z e d a n a l y si s t o o l

f o r e v a l u a t io n a n d c o m p a r i s o n o f v a r i o u s c o n c e p t s ( to a r r iv e a t a n ' o p t i m a l '

s o l u ti o n ) . T h i s t o o l c o u l d b e c o m p o s e d o f a s er ie s o f i n d e p e n d e n t 'm o d u l e s ' :

- - O n e m o d u l e f o r in t e r ac t iv e , g r a p h i c a l s p e c i f i c a ti o n o f th e s u b s e a l a y o u t .

- - A n o t h e r m o d u l e s h o u l d a l lo w f o r s p ec i fi c at io n o f v a r io u s r e li ab il it y

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Subsea oi l gas product ion sys tems

145

a n d f ie ld d a t a . T h i s s h o u l d b e c o n n e c t e d t o a d a t a b a s e (w h i c h s h o u l d b e

a n o t h e r m o d u l e ).

- - V a r i o u s m o d u l e s f o r c a rr y i n g o u t s e v er a l a n a ly s e s s h o u l d b e a v a il ab l e.

R e l e v a n t t e c h n i q u e s a r e :

• A s y m p t o t i c , q u i c k f o r m u l a s ( as d i s c u s s e d i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r ) .

• M A R K O V m e t h o d s (s ee re f. 3).

• S i m u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s .

T h u s t h e c o m p u t e r i z e d t o o l s h o u l d b e f le xib le b o t h w i t h re s p e c t t o m o d e l

s p e c i f ic a t i o n a n d c h o i c e o f a n a ly s is . I n t h i s w a y h a v i n g s e v e ra l a n a l y si s

t e c h n i q u e s a v a i la b l e , u s in g t h e s a m e u s e r i n t e rf a c e , w o u l d g i v e a p o w e r f u l

t o o l i n t h e p r o c e ss o f f o r i n s t a n c e f in d i n g c o n c e p t s t h a t m a x i m i z e p r o d u c t i o n

r e g u l a r i t y .

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T

T h i s w o r k is c a r r ie d o u t w i th t h e f in a n c ia l s u p p o r t o f t h e N o r w e g i a n C o u n c i l

f o r S c ie n ti fi c a n d I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h ( N T N F , p r o j e c t S E R A , 9 20 4 .1 6 88 8 ).

R E F E R E N C E S

1. Hoks tad , P . SUBSIM: A Computer P rogram for Rel iab i l i ty and Avai lab i l i ty

Asses sm en t o f S ubsea Oi l / Gas P roduc t i on S ys t em s , S INTEF R epor t S TF 75

A86002, 1986.

2 . Windebank, E . Reliabi li ty E ngineering 5 (1983), pp. 73-81.

3. Hulb~ekdal, J . M.Sc. thesis , D ep ar tm en t of M athe m atical Statist ics , The

Techn i ca l Un i ve rs i ty o f Norw ay , T rondhe i m , 1987.

A P P E N D I X

1 .

I N P U T D A T A T O T H E N U M E R I C A L

C A L C U L A T I O N S

F r o m T a b l e 1 i t f o l l o w s (s e e e q n ( 1)), t h a t f o r t h e B a s e C a s e

B 1 = B a = 6 /365 ,

B3(n ) = 0.3(46 + 14n)/365

T h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s f o r B3(n ) an d Aw(n) fo r n = 1 , . . . , 20 , a re a s g i ven i n

T a b l e A 1 .

F o r t h e B a s e C a s e o n l y n = 2 a n d n = 4 a re n e e d e d , b u t t o i n v e s t i g a te th e

i n f l u e n c e o f s p l i t t in g 2 0 ( o r 6) w e l l s b e t w e e n s e v e r a l P S , t h e o t h e r e n t r i e s o f

t h e t a b l e w i l l b e a l s o n e e d e d .

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146 P. Hoks tad

T A B L E A I

Input to the N um erical Calculations

n B3 n )365 Aw n ) n B3 n )365 Aw(n)

1 18-0 0'923 11 60.0 0'833

2 22-2 0.913 12 64.2 0.825

3 26.4 0 904 13 68.4 0-817

4 30.6 0.894 14 72.6 0.809

5 34.8 0 885 15 76 8 0.802

6 39.0 0'876 16 81.0 0.794

7 43-2 0-867 17 85.2 0.787

8 47-4 0.858 18 89.4 0.780

9 51.6 0.850 19 93.6 0.773

10 55-8 0.841 20 97.8 0.766

A P P E N D I X 2 . O T H E R R E L I A B I L I T Y P A R A M E T E R S

H a v i n g a s s e s se d t h e a v e r a g e a v a i l a b i l i t y / p r o d u c t i o n r e g u la r it y o f a c o n c e p t ,

a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s p a p e r , it i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t o e s t i m a t e s e v e r al o t h e r

p a r a m e t e r s . J u s t a c o u p l e o f e x a m p l e s a r e g i v e n h e r e .

l N um b er o f w el l a i l u r es

( t h a t is t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f f a i lu r e s t h a t

r e s u lt s in t h e s h u t d o w n o f o n e w e l l o n l y ) . T h i s p a r a m e t e r w i ll h e r e b e

e s t i m a t e d b y

F3 = N)~3

T o A w

F o r t h e B a s e C a s e t h i s g i v e s 6 x 0 - 3 x 1 0 × 0 9 = 1 6 .2 . T h i s is a l m o s t

i d e n t i c a l t o t h e v a l u e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s i m u l a t i o n ( 1 6 - 4 + 0 .5 ) .

2 T o t a l r e p a i r t ime

F i r s t th e n u m b e r o f P S f a il u r es , F 2 , a n d t h e n u m b e r

o f C S f a il u r es , F t , a r e e s t i m a t e d i n t h e s a m e w a y a s F 3 . T h e n t h e t o t a l

r e p a i r t i m e i s e s t i m a t e d b y

R-t o T = F ~ R x + F 2 R z + F 3 R 3

F o r t h e B a s e C a s e i t i s f o u n d t h a t

F2 = 3.75 and F~ = 0-61, gi vi ng Rv o v = 8.4

m o n t h s . T h i s is r e a s o n a b l y c l o s e t o th e s i m u l a t e d v a l u e , 7.5 + 0 5. T h e

d i f f er e n c e is e s s e n t i a ll y e x p l a i n e d b y t h e s p e c ia l a s s u m p t i o n s u s e d i n t h e

s p e c i f ic a t i o n o f th e s i m u l a t i o n m o d e l , s e e t h e e n d o f S e c t io n 5.


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