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Ko Ne
oninkrijk deetherlanden
er WWF ongoli
2009
ia
UND
DP WCS
,
S
: : ,
,
- 2010 1- 25-
:
:
(PhD) . (PhD) . (PhD) Samantha Strindberg (PhD). . . . . . . . .
2009
, 2009
~1~
, . , . . . . . . . . 5-10
1.1. , . . . . . 5-6 1.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10
. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14
2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12 2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13 2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
: , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-21
3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-16 3.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-19 3.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-21
. , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-28 4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22-24 4.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .24-26 4.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26-28 . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29-33 5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-30 5.2. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-32 5.3. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-33 . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-36
6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-35 6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35-36
. , , . . . . . . . . . .37-42
7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37-38 7.2. , . . . . . . .. . 39-41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-49 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57-62
, 2009
~2~
,
, , NEMO-II ,
,GEF/UNDP-
-
, -
. ,
, ,
- , ,
.
-, , , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, - ,
,
.
, 2009
~3~
,
.
, , , , , ,
.
, (1997),
(1995),
(CMS)- II (2002),
(CITES)- II .
. 8 ,
, 15
( , 2005).
,
, .
,
, , .
,
, , .
, , ,
,
,
.
, ,
..., ..., ,
, , , ,
,
,
( , 1999).
, 2009
~4~
, ,
, NEMO-II ,
, GEF/UNDP- -
-
,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
: 1. ,
, ;
2. ,
;
3. , ,
;
4. , ,
;
, 2009
~5~
. ,
1.1. ,
-
1, 2, 3,
4, 5,
- 6- ,
2009 XI/16-XII/02 .
1- .
, 1. - .1, . , -,
2. .1, ., . . 3. .1, ., . 4. .1 , . , 5.
.2, .6, 4 6. 7. .1, .1,
4, .5, .4 ., .
8. 9. .1, .4 . ,
. 10. .1, 1, 3,
.6, .3 .3 .
()-
( - Procapra gutturosa,
-Gazella subgutturosa, Equus hemionus)
(, , , ),
( -, -)
.
30.2
20,000 93 .
,
, , , ,
.
, 2009
~6~
, , ,
( ) 1- .
1- .
1.2. ,
, , ,
Distance sampling
.
Distance sampling
(Burkham K. P, 1980, , 2009). :
1. ,
, ,
.
2. ,
.
, 2009
~7~
3. ,
.
4. ,
,
.
5. (
) .
. :
- 2 w ( w
)
- ( x )
.
- 2
( ) , ( r ) )sin(rx = .
, ,
.
,
Distance 6 (Thomas et al., 2009) .
2009 11- 2
,
.
,
. ,
, 2009
~8~
.
.
,
Explorator .
5 1000 (PG), 3000 (GS) and
4000 m (EH) . Akaike (AIC)-
0
.
,
,
.
a.
b.
c.
2-
: (GS), (c) 5
,
(a) Equus hemion , 1000 , 3
~9~
Procapra guttnus (EH) 3000, 4000
turosa (PG), (b) .
) G .
Gazella subgut
2009
tturosa
, 2009
~10~
1
.
.
0
)0(f , ( Ln / ), ).(sE
1- ( D ) .
D - ( N )- .
, ,
.
.
LsEfnD
2)()0( = (1),
L - , n , )0(f
, )( sE
(Buckland et al., 2001).
, 2009
~11~
. ,
2.1.
.. (1954)
1950 (3-
). 2/3
,
. 1970- ,
, ,
(, 2000).
., . (1964) 1960-
1/3- . . (1981)
1960- -
300-400 .
1970- ,
, ,
,
. (1970), . (1977), . (1980) .
1970- ,
.
,
(.., 1977; ,1990) .
1972 ,
( , 1977) -
1974 -2 . , - -
1975-1985
. 1970- 1980-
, ,
,
, 2009
~12~
(, 2000)
, , , , ,
. (1950), . , . , .
(1961), ., . (1964, 1966, 1969), . (1964),
. (1964,1979), ., . (1970), . (1970),
., ., ., . (1970), . (1973), .
(1975), . (1977), ., . (1978), ., . (1978),
. (1980, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1989), . , . . (1981),
., ., . (1982), . , . , . (1983), .
(1985), . (1986, 1990), . , . , .
(1988), . (1985, 1990), . (1985), . , .
,
(, 2000).
, - , , ,
, ,
, (Lhagvasuren et al. 1997; Milner-Gulland
et al. 1998; Schaller & Lhagvasuren, 1999; Lhagvasuren et al, 1999, ..) .
- 2004
, , 3 -
.
2.2.
,
.
, ,
", "
.
,
.
, 2009
~13~
1960-1974 . (1974), . (1967), .
(1968) . (1978), . (1971,1979), . (1982),
., . (1985), ., . (1986), ., .
(1987), . (1988), ., . (1989), . (1990)
.
, , 1970-
.
. . (1978), .
(1979), (1990), ., . (1983) ,
1980-1982 ., . , .
(1967), .. (1982), (1977),
(1997), "" R.P.Reading (1999)
, (, 2000).
2.3.
1770
, . ,
, ,
,
..
, ,
.
, .
(80.000 2) 8.000 , (150.000
2) 15.000 10-
40- -, - 12-15,
300, 1.000 1974
(, 1975, , 1967) .
, 2009
~14~
. (1975-1976), . (1985), (1988), X.Wang, J.Shaller
(1994), . (1997), . (1999) R.Reading (2001)
,
, ( , 2003).
1980- ,
. 1970, 1980- 15.000-
,
( 2003).
, ,
, , -
, , , ,
.
- , 2003
177563.4 2 1000 - 1.04
19652600 . 67% , 20%
, 12% (/-), 1% -
/ ( , 2003) .
, 2009
~15~
: , , ,
3.1.
,
2000 .
2000 14 113
500.000 ( 2000) .
516982 2 .
3- .
63
1970-1980- 40 (1-
) .
, 2009
~16~
1- . (2-)
, , ,
, .
, ,
(, 1966,
2005 , Ito et al 2005).
.
,
, ,
, -
.
,
,
.
820462
361460 365976
500000 516982
1954 1964 1970 2000 2009
,
54-4500
3.2.
560
, 19.6%
(30
00,
.
46
%
088
2-
1-870
26-109,
1000
5-
,
66352
,
)
.
3088 267 21 51 634 67
00, ,
01-
.
~17~
,
6352 893 56 61
1060 58
2-
2-167,
1.6%-
39.9%-
101-10
~
15.6
605 5446 11 15
159 241 2
-5500
,
9
000
.
%
,
4-45000 1-8700 1-271 2-167
2-5500 26-109
1-2
.
.
.
110 363 22 16 44 2
.
271
1864
(32.6%
2009
64.8%
33975297227
479 831
27909135
474
%)
,
(
,
, 200
, ,
- ,
,
41.9%
,
00).
6-
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
%- 1-50
.
,
-
~18~
(
.
,
11-
.
~
)
,
,
,
,
(
-
12-
,
,
2009
,
,
, 2000).
,
, -
.
2004
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
572488
-
5 (95%
2
1
,
3.3.
-
1
3-
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
,
2- (20
10-13
,
1 2
338746
.
D44.
5.20.2
~19~
. 004
,
8.7
66-9836377)
D ( sD )
12 (0.014) 2 (0.060)
21 (0.0039)
~
)
:
.
28000
)
N
4994300 427600 15523
.
(
2
5 ,
0
.
,
(%CV)
25.78 23.63 70.91
1:12
(.
)
95% C
(3016100-82(265660-68
(3993-603
2009
2000)
(
430
.
CI
269800) 88280) 352)
)
.
0
, 2009
~20~
: 12 (D), ( sD ), N -. .N - (%CV), 95% - (95% CI).
(76.8%
) ,
.
, 2003, 2004
.
33,4%- , 41,1%-
.
3- . , .
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1
2
2004
2009
-- 2.75 (0.0075) 281030 55.16 (99978-789940)
, - 0.04 (0.0012) 5308 88.21 (1081-26074)
- 0.24 1124 25.24 (654-1931)
8.7 5724885 48.15 (3387466-9836377)
, 2009
-21-
4- . ,
1932 1941-1988
80-50
. , ,
,
,
.
5- . 1 2-
2000 60
.
1000000
190000 250000 180000
350000
2670000
2000000
5724885
1940 1975 1979 1980 1983 1994 1997 2009
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
, 1954 , 1970 , 1980 , 2000 , 2009
, 2009
-22-
. , , ,
4.1.
1950- 31.4%- (, 1954)
13.6% (, 1974) .
1930-
.
, .
60
,
1940-1960- , 1960-
, 1980
, 90-
2000 30 (7- ).
7- .
, 2009
-23-
6- .
343982 2
45.73510/113.50343
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, , ,
.
.
493155
213520
342810
471600 480000
542700
343982
. (1954) . (1966)
. (1980)
. (1986) . (1990) . (2000) (2009)
, 2009
-24-
4.2. ,
255 2610 65.8%
, 16.8% .
21.6% .
(34 ) , - (6) .
4- . ,
8 7.1 1.5 1-26 23 187 34 63 15 1-240 17 583 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 3.6 0.6 1-18 43 223 9 12 0.9 1-109 168 1541 - 6 4 1 1-109 11 75
.
1-240 , 1-109-
, 1-26 .
,
, 10-20
60 . ,
30-100 (, 2000)
, 51- 5 627
1.9%-
24.0 %- .
, 2009
-25-
8- .
76 1-10
.
9- .
0,03
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
,
,
,
,
4.3.
.
,
,
,
7-
-26-
,
(
.
,
,
, 20
,
11978 (95
000).
.
.
,
.
5% CI 6458
,
-
8-26748)
2009
,
1
1
:
.N -
: 12-
-
(
,
5-
(%CV)
40-60-
50%
8)
8-
88000
1986
,
,
.
(D), (
), 95% -
,
,
.
.
.
50000
1990
000
- 0
-
-27-
100000
1992
D ( sD )
- 0.0161 (0.00240.0002 (0.00020.0544 (0.0003
0.039 (0.0028
0.01
0.05640
0.01356 0.0702 0.0324
sD ), N - (95% CI
,
,
90000
1994
N
- 4) 13242) 15 3) 1300
8) 5103
2778
144
419895
11978
,
CI).
.
140000
2000
(%CV)
- 66.56
- -
47.97
10.67
26.38
12.9930.21
8 49.93
,
2
11978
2009
95%
(377(2
(934
(2027
(2250
(83
(322(463
(6458
2009
,
% CI
- 7-4652) 2-97) 4-1511)
7-12849)
0-3430)
-251)
2-545) -1730)
8-25035)
, 2009
-28-
9- . 2-
1 2 2000 6.6
.
0.19
0.10
0.26
0.03
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
1986 1990 2000 2009
, 2009
-29-
. , , ,
5.1.
,
, ,
2-3 , , ,
-,
167598 2 .
10- .
10- .
40000
10000
60000
110000
160000
210000
260000
1954 1970 2003
2009
, 2009
-30-
2003 9991 2 , 1950-
33 (10- )
5.2. ,
56 3404 75%
, 3.6% -, 10.7% , 10.7%
.
(81 ) , - (2 ) .
6- . ,
68 100 15 1-385 42 2875 6.5 2.9 1.2 2-10 6 39 81 180 73 3-450 6 486 - 2 0 0 2 2 4 . ,
450
2-10- .
, 101- 9 2487
16.1%-
73.1 %- .
45%,
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
11
2003
8,5%,
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
,
1- .
,
11-
-31-
,
. (2003
8,5%
)
40,8%,
%,
, -
.
2
22,9%
, -
2009
.
,
5.3.
: 1 .N -
-
2003
2009
7-
2-
12-
15000
1954
,
,
,
,
,
3
167598
1405
.
(%CV), 95%
.
.
4000
1976
-
-32-
2
1
(D), N% -
, -
6500
1985
D 0.085
0.03620.0587
1.7 0.469
8
,
N -
,
48137
1997
N 111
2 397 37
209 140
,
(
1
,
(95% CI
,
19652
2003
N (%CV87 53.4
3 34.16 16.8
95 20.051 31.1
.
177563.4
1
.
I).
,
14051
2009
V) 947 (401
17 (188 (204 (1614 (779
2009
, 2003).
0.4
95% CI 12-31196)
67-925) 68-528) 75-2515) 99-38163)
4
,
, 2009
-33-
2003 1997
59%-, 2009 2003 28.6%- .
. 2003 1 2 1.04
2009 0.46 2 .
,
, , , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, 2009
-34-
. , ,
6.1.
. , ,
, , , ,
.
40
(Necrovaterum), (
Septicaemia haemorrhagica, Pasteurella), , (,
Grippus Influenza), ( Foot and Mouth
Disease), - (-, Rickettsia burnetti, Rickettsia),
, 310.000
(, 2000).
.
.
(Castrophyllus pectorum) ( , 1996) .
.
.
.
.
.
(Canis lupus), (C. familaris), (Aquila sp) .
(Aquila rapax), (Bubo bubo)
.
, 2009
-35-
.
, . (Lasiopodomys brandti)
(, 1961,
, 1969; Lhagvasuren et al., 1997).
10
( , 1961) .
,
(Lhagvasuren, 1999) .
.
. ,
(, 2000).
,
,
,
.
6.2.
. , ,
, , ,
.
,
, ,
, , ,
. 1990
, .
,
.
, 2009
-36-
.
, .
. -- 1950-
.
(, 1966; , 1978; Schaller,
1998, 2000) ,
.
- ,
(, 2005).
, .
. ,
, .
60 ,
. 1990-
,
.
. (1994, 1996-2000 ) ,
,
.
,
(Schaller & Lhagvasuren, 1999).
,
.
, 2009
-37-
. , ,
7.1.
, 30-
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
70
, , ,
, , , ,
.
, , ,
,
,
.
8- . ,
, 19
95
CIT
ES*
I, II
IUCN
Red
List
(2
006)
G
loba
l cat
egor
y
, 19
97
(200
6)
CMS*
* I,
II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -ARTIODACTILA
Procapra gutturosa + - - - II Gazella subgutturosa + - -
-PERISSODACTYLA Equus hemionus + I II
: - , - - , -, - CITES*- , CMS**-
1. 2000- .
, 3
. , (Gazella subgutturosa),
(Equus hemionus) 2
, 2009
-38-
(1995)- . ,
.
2.
(CITES)- .
I (Equus hemionus) .
3. , .
(IUCN)-
(Gazella subgutturosa),
(Equus hemionus) .
4. . (Gazella
subgutturosa), (Equus hemionus) 2
.
5. .
(IUCN)- 128
2006 , .
(Equus hemionus), (Procarpa
gutturosa), 2 . (Gazella subgutturosa)
1 . ,
.
6.
. ,
, .
, , .
1998
II- (Equus hemionus), (Procapra gutturosa)
2 .
, 2009
-39-
7.2. ,
.
,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
-
(1992),
(1995), (1995)
.
, (Gazella subgutturosa),
(Equus hemionus) 2
(1995)- . ,
. , ,
,
.
. :
1992 .
, ,
2 , 6 , 2 , 1
(
) 8%
.
1972 , 1953
, 2009
-40-
15 , 29%
( , 2004).
,
, 2003, 2009
.
, , ,
, . ,
,
,
. ,
, , , ,
, .
,
,
.
, 2009
1997 65%-
.
, ,
. :
1978 ,
1988-1990
600
. 1995 3500
(, 1995) . ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
, 2009
-41-
, ,
,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, 2009
-42-
, ,
(, 2000).
2000 14 113 500.0
2 1000 - 44 2.2
(, 2000). 2009
516982 2 1 2- 8.7 5.7
. ,
2000 16982 2-,
2- 1.9 .
.
60-85%, 82% , 2-
8%, 5% (, 2000) 2-3 2
(, 1997)
5.7 .
,
5-6
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
(Andrew Sih 2002).
2
3.2%-
,
.
, 2009
-43-
7.3 ,
4.3 .
,
(1998)
(, 2000 ).
2009
94.7% , .
-
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
- 1950-
, ,
(, 1966) .
5
-
. ,
.
, ,
-
, 2009
-44-
,
(, 2006) .
, ,
.
,
. 30-
()
, (, 2000). 1990
,
. ,
, , .
, 2000
10 52 542700 2 1 2- 0.26
140 (, 2000).
2009 343982 2 1000 - 0,03
. 37%-,
6.6 . 11978 (95%-
6458-25,035) 2000
8.5 .
,
( , , 2004).
"" 1997 III
1 2 0.150.03 60461398 (R.P.Reading et al,
1999) . 2009 1 2 0.01-0.07
131465 1999
2.1-15 , 4.6
.
, 2009
-45-
1994
, ,
275400 . 1 2- 0.76 90000
64.2%
(, 2000) . 1
2- 0.02 9181459
. 76.6%- 1994
38 , 10
.
, , -
2 ,
, ,
.
, ,
, (, 2000)
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
2003
177563.4 2 ( , 2003)
, ,
2-3 167598 2 .
9965 2 .
,
, 2009
-46-
. : 2003 1 2- 0.104
19652600 ( , 2003).
1 2 0.46 14051
(95%- 7799-38163) .
,
28.6%- 4.4
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1. ., (Gazella subgutturosa Pallas, 1777) , , . , 2000. /
/
2. , 1999.
3. . . , 2007.
4. .. 1954. . -
, .
5. .. 1975. . . 4, 6:93-
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6. ., .., .. 1977. .
. 12. 43-46.
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. , 2006. /
/
8. . 2000. (Procapra gutturosa Pall., 1777)
.
. . 1-26.
9. ., . . 1981. ?
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15. . (. . . ). , 1997. 388 .
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19. . ,
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21. . 1966. ,
. . 2.
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2
,
MONGOLIAN UNGULATE SURVEY 2009: EFFORT-WEATHER FORM
Vehicle DATE Form Effort-Weather Data Recorder
# Forms
Day Month Year Number in Day
0 9 ________________________
TIME HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC HR MIN SEC
DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DEC DEG MIN DECLATITUDE
LONGITUDE
EFFORT CODE
VEHICLE COURSE
VEHICLE SPEED
LEFT OBSERVER
RIGHT OBSERVER
CLOUD COVER %
SIGHTABILITY (1-5)
C O M M E N T
EFFORT CODES: WP=Waypoint, CC=Course Change, SC=Speed Change, CS=Course & Speed Change, OC=Observer Change, WC=Weather Change, WH=Weather on the hour, BS=Begin Searching Mode, ES=End Searching Mode, PS = Primary Sighting, RT=Return to Transect Line, ED=End Day
SIGHTABILITY CODES: 1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=moderate, 4=good, 5=excellent
, 2009
-62-
MONGOLIAN UNGULATE SURVEY 2009: SIGHTINGS FORM
Vehicle DATE Form Sightings Data Recorder # Forms
Day Month Year Number ________________________ in Day
0 9 LEFT/RIGHT SIDE
SIGHTING TYPE TIME RADIAL DISTANCE
(M)
ANGLE SPECIES SPECIES
GROUP NO. OF BEH COMMENT
NUMBER HOUR MINS SECS CODE NO. SIZE CALVES
SPECIES CODES: PG = Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa, GS = Goitered gazelle Gazella subgutturosa, EH = Khulan Equus hemionus, UU = Unidentified ungulate BEHAVIOUR CODES: NM= Normal movement, MI= Non-directional movement (milling), AV= Avoiding vehicle, AT= Attracted to vehicle, FE= Feeding, RE= Sleeping/Resting, OT=Other
Steppe ungulates tailangiin nuur.pdfAssessment of the steppe ungulates.pdf