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ADEYEMI AZEEM

PRESENTED BY:

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Environment is defined as the totality ofcircumstances surrounding an organism or

group of organisms especially the

combination of external physical conditionthat affect and influence the growth,

development and survival of organisms. It

consists of the flora, fauna and a bioticcomponent which include the aquatics,

terrestrial and atmospheric habitats.

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The environment is considered in terms of the most

tangible aspects like air, water and food and the less

tangible though no less important to the communities we

live in[duruibe et al. 2007] Any substances in theenvironment, which causes objectionable effects,

impairing the welfare of the environment , reducing the

quality of life and may eventually cause death is known

as pollutant such a substance has to be present in theenvironment beyond a set of tolerance limit which could

be either a desirable or acceptable limit before it is

considered a pollutant. Environmental pollutant from

many different sources contaminate water, air and land

putting human and ecosystems at risk [kirmani2010].

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Environmental pollution is the presence of pollutant in the environmentair, water and soil which may be poisonous or toxic and will cause

harm to living thing in the polluted environment [duruibe et al] Overthe last three decades, there has been increasing global concern over thepublic health impacts attributed to environment pollution, in particularthe global burden of disease.

The world health organization[WHO] estimates that about a quarter ofthe diseases facing mankind today occurs due to prolong exposure toenvironmental pollution[kirmani 2010]. The industrial andtechnological growth however has been accompanied by a growingnegative impacts on the environment In term of its pollution anddegradation. Industrialization carries with it the seed of environment

damage assisted and abetted, by both needs and greed of man activitiessuch as manufacturing, processing, transportation and consumptionnot only deplete the stock of natural resources but also add stress to theenvironmental system by accumulating the stock of wastes.

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There are 35 metals that concern us because of occupational or

residential exposure; 23 of these are the heavy elements or heavymetals: antimony, arsenic,

bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold,

iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, tellurium,

thallium, tin, uranium,

vanadium and zinc (Glanze, 1996). Indeed, the body actually has need

for approximately 70 friendly trace element heavy metals.

Interestingly, small amounts of these elements are common in our

environment and diet and are actually necessary for good health but

large amounts of any of them may cause acute or chronic toxicity

(poisoning).

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Some of these are trace elements (micronutrients) and

perform essential functions for both plants and animals in

which they constitute essential part of the metabolizing

and/or detoxifying proteins or enzymes.

Selenium, copper, zinc and iron are examples of this

class of metals. Iron for example, prevents anaemia, and

zinc is a cofactor in over 100 enzyme reactions.Magnesium and copper are other familiar metals that

in minute amounts, are necessary for proper metabolism

to occur. They normally occur at low concentrations and

are known as trace metals. At high concentrationshowever, they can be toxic and therefore pose a risk to the

health of animals and man.

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There are 12 others that are very toxic even at levels that are only

moderately above background levels (that is, very low

concentrations). These are the toxic heavy metals and include arsenic

cadmium, lead, mercury, Nickel, etc. (WHO, 1996a; Carpenter,

2001). They act as poisonous interference to the enzyme systems andmetabolism of the body. No matter how many good health

supplements or procedures one takes, heavy metal overload will be a

detriment to the natural healing functions of the body. The most

common problem-causing cationic metals (metallic elements whoseforms in soil are positively charged cations for example, Pb2+) are

mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, copper, zinc, chromium and

manganese, while the most common anionic compounds (elements

whose forms in soil are combined with oxygen and are negatively

charged for example, MoO4 2-) are arsenic, molybdenum, selenium,

and boron (USDA, 2000).

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Toxic heavy metals have no function in the body and can be highly

toxic. The metals are taken into the body through inhalation,

ingestion and skin absorption. If heavy metals enter and

accumulate in body tissue faster than the bodys detoxificationpathways can dispose of them, a gradual build-up of these toxins

will occur. High concentration exposure is not necessary to

produce a state of toxicity in the body tissues and over time, toxic

concentration levels may be reached. Heavy metals are dangerous

not only because of their inherent nature but also because of their

bio accumulative tendency and problem of biomagnifications with

increasing trophic levels, and therefore can cause permanent

damage to health. While the inorganic form of the metal may not

be easily taken up, the organic (alkylated) forms are readily takenup by body tissues and can be retained for a considerable length of

time (Berlin and Ulberg, 1963; Garrett et al., 1992).

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Physio-Chemical Parameters In WaterParameter Industry A Industry B Industry C Industry D pH (In-situ) 6-9 6-9 6-9 6.92 Temp. 20-33 30 29 28 TDS(mg/l) 449 4175 12 252 TS(mg/l) 540 4282 18 254 TSS(mg/l) 91 107 6 2 DO(mg/l) 2.11 2.01 3.12 2.1 COD(mg/l) 1430 180 64 46 TotalHardness(mg/l) 217.8 18.7 - 112.2 Alkalinity(mg/l) 08 178 31 100.8

Oil&Grease 13 12 10 -

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Heavy Metal Concentration (mg/l) in water

Metals Industry A Industry B Industry C Industry DFe 0.05 1.3 20 0.07

Zn 0.23 0.24 0.92 0.25

Pb 0.05 0.01

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