Assignment of UMT Student

8/13/2019 Assignment of UMT Student

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LANGUAGE

AS A SEMIOTIC SYSTEM

Jahanzeb Jahan

I.D: 100784-006

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LANGUAGE AS A SEMIOTIC SYSTEM

Cn!en!":

#1$: %ha! &" 'an()a(e*

#+$: E'e,en!" 'an()a(e#$: %ha! &" "e,&!&/"*

#4$: Te,&n'(

#2$: 3&"! "e,&!&/".

#6$: I,!an! "e,&!&/&an".

#7$: Cha'e" San5e" e&/e" !he #189114$.

#8$: e5&nan5 5 "a)")e" !he.

#$ S&(n&&e an5 "&(n&&e5 &n "a)")e" !he.

#10$: Cn/')"&n.

#11$: ;&b'&(ah.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peircehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce


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LAGUAGE AS A SEMIOTIC SYSTEM

#1$: %ha! &" 'an()a(e*

A//5&n( ! "a& #1+1$

Language is purely human and non-instinctive method ofcommunicating ideas, emotion, and desires by means of voluntarily

produced symbols.

A//5&n( ! Te(e,

Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means

which a social group co-operates.

A//5&n( ! Ca,b&5(e D&/!&na12

Language is system of communication consisting of set of rules

(synta!, morphology,(phonology, which decides the way to which

these parts can be combined to produce massage (function! that have

meanings ("emantics!.

A//5&n( ! (enea' 5e&n&!&n '&!ea/ #14$

#


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Language is a symbolic system lin$ing what goes on inside our heads

with what goes on outside. %t mediates between self and society. %t is a

form of representation, a way of representing the world to ourselves and

to others.

A//5&n( ! N.E %5> &n 5e'ae5 "ee/h an5 'an()a(e

5e?e',en!:

Language is an organi&ed system of linguistics symbols (words! used by

human beings to communication through words.

(1!' Language is basic to all communication

(2!' ncompass all forms of epression

#+$: ELEMENTS O LANGUAGE

3ONETICS:

)he study of speech sounds.

3ONOLOGY:

)he study of the sound patterns of language.

SYNTACTICS:

)he study of structure of sentence or rules that govern how words are

combined to form phrases and sentences

3ONEMES:

"maller unit of speech sound.

MO=3EMES:

*ombination of phonemes ma$es morphemes.

SEMANTICS:

)he "tudy of meanings.

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#$: %3AT IS SEMIOTICS?

DEINITION:

, %&@&e5&a> !he ee en//'e5&a:

"emiotics, also called semiotic studies or semiology, is the study of sign

processes (semiosis!, or signification and communication, signs and

symbols.

Se,&!&/" ha" been ?a&)"' 5e"/&be5 b J3ON LYONS

a":

"cience of signs, of symbolic behavior or of communication system.

E'ana!&n "e,&!&/" ;Y DANIEL C3ANDLE=:

)here has been much discussion, within semiotics, of the difference between

signs and signals and symbols, and of the scope of the term is

BCOMMUNICATION. "emiotics could be anywhere. )he shortest

definition is that it is the study of signs. ut that doesnt leave en/uirers

much wiser. 0hat do you mean by a sign people usually as$ net. )he

$inds of signs that are li$ely to spring immediately to mind are those which

we routinely refer to as signs in everyday life, such as road signs, pub signs

and star signs. %f you were to agree with them that semiotics can include thestudy of all these and more, people will probably assume that semiotics is

about visual signs. ou would confirm their hunch if you said that signs

can also be drawings, paintings and photographs, and by now theyd be $een

to direct you to the art and photography sections. ut if you are thic$-

s$inned and tell them that it also includes words, sounds and body language

they may reasonably wonder what all these things have in common and how

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anyone could possibly study such disparate phenomena. %f you get this far

theyve probably already read the signs which suggest that you are either

eccentric or insane and communication may have ceased. ut if you study

semiotics in linguistics than you can easily identify what type of eplanationlinguistics gives us in this respect.

SIGNS AND SYM;OLS IN COMMUNICATION A=E )")a''

5&?&5e5 &n! !hee ban/he":

Se,an!&/"' 4elation between signs and the things to which they refer5 their

denotata

Sn!a/!&/' 4elations among signs in formal structures

a(,a!&/"' 4elation between signs and their effects on those (people! who

use them

"emiotics is fre/uently seen as having important anthropological dimensions5

for eample, 6mberto co proposes that every cultural phenomenon can be

studied as communication. 7owever, some semioticians focus on the logicaldimensions of the science. )hey eamine areas belonging also to the natural

sciences 8 such as how organisms ma$e predictions about, and adapt to, their

semiotic niche in the world!. %n general, semiotic theories ta$e signs or sign

systems as their ob9ect of study' the communication of information in living

organisms is covered in biosemiotics or &oosemiosis.

Syntactics is the branch of semiotics that deals with the formal properties of

signs and symbols. :ore precisely, syntactics deals with the ;rules that govern

how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.; *harles :orris adds

that semantics deals with the relation of signs to their designata and the ob9ects

which they may or do denote5 and, pragmatics deals with the biotic aspects of

semiosis, that is, with all the psychological, biological, and sociological

phenomena which occur in the functioning of signs.


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D


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#4$: TE=MINOLOGY

)he term, which was spelled semiotics (Eree$' FGHIJKJMNO, semeiotikos, an

interpreter of signs!, was first used in nglish by 7enry "tubbes(13CP, p. C! in

a very precise sense to denote the branch of medical science relating to the

interpretation of signs. Qohn Loc$eused the terms semeioti$e and semeiotics in

oo$ +, *hapter 21 ofAn Essay Concerning Human Understanding(13RP!.

%n the nineteenth century, *harles "anders >eirce defined what he termed

;semiotic; (which he sometimes spelt as ;semeiotic;! as the ;/uasi-necessary, or

formal doctrine of signs;, which abstracts ;what must be the characters of allsigns used by...an intelligence capable of learning by eperience;, and which is

philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes. *harles :orris

followed >eirce in using the term ;semiotic; and in etending the discipline

beyond human communication to animal learning and use of signals.

e5&nan5 5e Sa)"")e, however, viewed the most important area within

semiotics as belonging to the social sciences'

%t is... possible to conceive of a science which studies the role of signs as part of

social life. %t would form part of social psychology, and hence of general

psychology. 0e shall call it semiology (from the Eree$ semeSon, sign!. %t

would investigate the nature of signs and the laws governing them. "ince it does

not yet eist, one cannot say for certain that it will eist. ut it has a right to

eist, a place ready for it in advance. Linguistics is only one branch of this

general science. )he laws which semiology will discover will be laws applicablein linguistics, and linguistics will thus be assigned to a clearly defined place in

the field of human $nowledge.

TC&!e5 &n Chan5'e" Se,&!&/" ;e(&nne"> In!5)/!&n.

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#2$: 3ISTO=Y O SEMIOTICS

)he importance of signs and signification has been recogni&ed throughout much

of the history ofphilosophy, and in psychology as well. >latoand@ristotleboth

eplored the relationship between signs and the world, and @ugustine

considered the nature of the sign within a conventionalsystem. )hese theories

have had a lasting effect in 0estern philosophy, especially through "cholastic

philosophy. :ore recently, 6mberto co, in his Semiotics and philosophy of

language, has argued that semiotic theories are implicit in the wor$ of most,

perhaps all, ma9or thin$ers.

arly theorists in this area include *harles 0. :orris, :a lac$ attributes the

wor$ of ertrand 4ussell as being seminal.

#6$: IMO=TANT SEMIOTICIANS

Cha'e" San5e" e&/e #189114$> the founder of the

philosophical doctrine $nown as pragmatism (which he later renamed

;pragmaticism; to distinguish it from the pragmatism developed by

others li$e 0illiam Qames!, preferred the terms ;semiotic; and

;semeiotic.; 7e definedsemiosisas ;...action, or influence, which is, or

involves, a cooperation of threesub9ects, such as a sign, its ob9ect, and

its interpretant, this tri-relative influence not being in any way resolvable

into actions between pairs.; (;>ragmatism;, Essential Peirce 2' +115

written 1RPC!. 7is notion of semiosis evolved throughout his career,

beginning with the triadic relation 9ust described, and ending with a

system consisting of R,P+R (U #1P, or # to the 1Pth power! possible

elements and relations. Bne reason for this high number is that he

allowed each interpretant to act as a sign, thereby creating a new

1P
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signifying relation. >eirce was also a notable logician, and he considered

semiotics and logic as facets of a wider theory. Vor a summary of

>eirces contributions to semiotics, see Lis&$a (1RR3!.

e5&nan5 5e Sa)"")e (1DC81R1#!, the ;a!he; of modernlinguistics, proposed a dualistic notion of signs, relating the signifieras

the form of the word or phrase uttered, to the signified as the mental

concept. %t is important to note that, according to "aussure, the sign is

completely arbitrary, i.e. there was no necessary connection between the

sign and its meaning. )his sets him apart from previous philosophers

such as >lato or the "cholastics, who thought that there must be some

connection between a signifier and the ob9ect it signifies. %n his *ourse

in Eeneral Linguistics, "aussure himself credits the @merican linguist

0illiam ?wight 0hitney (1D2C81DR+! with insisting on the arbitrary

nature of the sign. "aussures insistence on the arbitrariness of the sign

has also greatly influenced later philosophers, especially postmodern

theorists such as Qac/ues ?errida,4oland arthes, and Qean audrillard.

Verdinand de "aussure coined the term semiologie while teaching his

landmar$ ;*ourse on Eeneral Linguistics; at the 6niversity of Eeneva

from 1RP3811. "aussure posited that no word is inherently meaningful.

4ather a word is only a ;signifier,; i.e. the representation of something,

and it must be combined in the brain with the ;signified,; or the thing

itself, in order to form a meaning-imbued ;sign.; "aussure believed that

dismantling signs was a real science, for in doing so we come to an

empirical understanding of how humans synthesi&e physical stimuli into

words and other abstract concepts.

Ja@b ?n Ue@'' (1D3+81R++! studied the sign processes in

animals. 7e introduced the concept of 6mwelt (sub9ective world or

environment, lit. ;world around;! and functional circle(Funktionskreis!

as a general model of sign processes. %n his Theory of Meaning

(edeutungslehre, 1R+P!, he described the semiotic approach to biology,

thus establishing the field that is now called biosemiotics.

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Fa'en!&n F'"h&n? (4ussian' WXYZ[\][ _]`YXZ]

WY^][! (1DR 8 Qune 1#, 1R#3! was a "oviet4ussian linguist,

whose wor$ has been influential in the field of literary theory and

:arist theory of ideology. 0ritten in the late 1R2Ps in the 6""4,oloshinovsMar!ism and the Philosophy of "anguage(tr.' :ar$si&m i

Vilosofiya a&y$a! developed a counter-"aussurean linguistics, which

situated language use in social process rather than in an entirely

deconteuali&ed "aussurean langue.

L)&" 3e',"'e? (1DRR81R3! developed a formalist approach to

"aussures structuralist theories. 7is best $nown wor$ is Prolegomena to

a Theory of "anguage, which was epanded in#$sum$ of the Theory of"anguage, a formal development of glossematics, his scientific calculus

of language.

Cha'e" %. M&" (1RP181RCR!. %n his 1R#D Foundations of the

Theory of Signs% he defined semiotics as grouping the triad synta,

semantics, andpragmatics. "ynta studies the interrelation of the signs,

without regard to meaning. "emantics studies the relation between the

signs and the ob9ects to which they apply. >ragmatics studies the relationbetween the sign system and its human (or animal! user. 6nli$e his

mentor Eeorge 7erbert :ead, :orris was a behaviorist and sympathetic

to theienna *irclepositivismof his colleague4udolf *arnap. :orris

has been accused of misreading >eirce.

Th)e ?n Ue@'' #1RPD82PP+!, the ;father; of modern

psychosomatic medicine, developed a diagnostic method based on

semiotic and biosemiotic analyses.

='an5 ;a!he" (1R181RDP! was a Vrench literary theorist and

semiotician. 7e would often interrogate pieces of cultural material to

epose how bourgeois society used them to assert its values upon others.

Vor instance, portrayal of wine in Vrench society as a robust and healthy

habit would be a bourgeois ideal perception contradicted by certain

realities (i.e. that wine can be unhealthy and inebriating!. 7e found

semiotics useful in these interrogations. arthes eplained that these

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bourgeois cultural myths were second-order signs, or connotations. @

picture of a full, dar$ bottle is a sign, a signifier relating to a signified' a

fermented, alcoholic beverage 8 wine. 7owever, the bourgeois ta$e this

signified and apply their own emphasis to it, ma$ing wine a newsignifier, this time relating to a new signified' the idea of healthy, robust,

relaing wine. :otivations for such manipulations vary from a desire to

sell products to a simple desire to maintain the status /uo. )hese insights

brought arthes very much in line with similar :arist theory.

A'(&5a" J)'&en Ge&,a" (1R1C81RR2! developed a structural

version of semiotics namedgenerati&e semiotics, trying to shift the focus

of discipline from signs to systems of signification. 7is theories develop

the ideas of "aussure, 79elmslev, *laude Lvi-"trauss, and :aurice

:erleau->onty.

Th,a" A. Sebe@ (1R2P82PP1!, a student of *harles 0. :orris,

was a prolific and wide-ranging @merican semiotician. )hough he

insisted that animals are not capable of language, he epanded the

purview of semiotics to include non-human signaling and

communication systems, thus raising some of the issues addressed by

philosophy of mindand coining the term &oosemiotics."ebeo$ insisted

that all communication was made possible by the relationship between

an organism and the environment it lives in. 7e also posed the e/uation

between semiosis (the activity of interpreting signs! and life 8 the view

that has further developed by *openhagen-)artu biosemiotic school.

J)& L!,an (1R2281RR#! was the founding member of the )artu(or

)artu-:oscow! "emiotic "chool. 7e developed a semiotic approach to

the study of culture and established a communication model for the

study of tet semiotics. 7e also introduced the concept of the

semiosphere. @mong his :oscow colleagues were ladimir )oporov,

yacheslav sevolodovich %vanov, and oris 6spens$y.

U,be! E/ (1R#28present! made a wider audience aware of

semiotics by various publications, most notablyA Theory of Semiotics

and his novel The 'ame of the #ose, which includes applied semiotic

1#
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operations. 7is most important contributions to the field bear on

interpretation, encyclopedia, and model reader. 7e has also critici&ed in

several wor$s (A theory of semiotics,"a struttura assente,"e signe, "a

production de signes! the ;iconism; or ;iconic signs; (ta$en from>eirces most famous triadic relation, based on indees, icons, and

symbols!, to which he purposes four modes of sign production'

recognition, ostension, replica, and invention.

liseo erjn (1R#-present! developed his ;"ocial ?iscourse )heory;

inspired in the >eircian conception of ;"emiosis;.

The M) G) #G)e H$(founded 1R3C! developed a structural

version of rhetorics, and the visual semiotics.

#7$: Cha'e" San5e" e&/e #189114$

0e seem as a species to be driven by a 5e"&e ! ,a@e ,ean&n("'above all, we are surely Homo significans -

meaning-ma$ers. ?istinctively, we ma$e

meanings through our creation and

interpretation of signs. %ndeed, according to

>eirce, we thin$ only in signs #e&/e 11-

28> +.0+$."igns ta$e the form of words, &,a(e", sounds, odours, flavours,

acts or ob9ects, but such things have no intrinsic meaning and become signs onlywhen we invest them with meaning. Aothing is a sign unless it is interpreted as

a sign, declares >eirce #e&/e 11-28> +.17+$

#8$: e5&nan5 5e Sa)"")e #1827911$

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Verdinand de "aussures Course in General Linguistics #116$ is asummary of his lectures at the 6niversity of Eeneva from 1RP3 to 1R11.

"aussure eamines the relationship between speech and the evolution of

language, and investigates language as a structured system of signs.

)he tet includes an introduction to the history and sub9ect-matter of linguistics5

an appendi entitled >rinciples of >honology5 and five main sections, entitled'

>art Bne' Eeneral >rinciples, a! T: Sn/hn&/ L&n()&"!&/"> a!

Thee: D&a/hn&/ Linguistics, >art Vour' Eeographical Linguistics, and

>art Vive' *oncerning 4etrospective Linguistics.

KSa)"")e 5e&ne" '&n()&"!&/" a" !he "!)5 'an()a(ean5 a"

!he "!)5 !he ,an&e"!a!&n" h),an "ee/h

. 7e says that linguistics is also concerned with the history of languages, and

with the social or cultural influences that shape the development of language.

Linguistics includes such fields of study as'

Phonology(the study of the sound patterns of language!,

Phonetics(the study of the production and perception of the sounds of speech!,

morphology(the study of word formation and structure!,

Syntax(the study of grammar and sentence structure!,

Semantics (the study of meaning!, pragmatics(the study of the purposes and

effects of uses of language!

, andlanguage acquisition.

Sa)"")e 5a" a 5&"!&n/!&n be!een:

'an()a(e #langue$and the activity of spea$ing #parole$.

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Sn/hn&/ '&n()&"!&/":is the study of language at a particular point in

time.

D&a/hn&/ '&n()&"!&/":is the study of the history or evolution of language.

@ccording to "aussure, diachronic change originates in the social activity of

speech. *hanges occur in individual patterns of spea$ing before becoming more

widely accepted as a part of language. "pea$ing is an activity which involves

oral and auditory communication between individuals. Language is the set of

rules by which individuals are able to understand each other.

"aussure says that nothing enters written language without having been tested inspo$en language. Language is changed by the rearranging and reinterpreting of

its units. @ unit is a segment of the spo$en chain that corresponds to a particular

concept "aussure eplains that the units of language can have a synchronic or

diachronic arrangement.

"aussures investigation of structural linguistics gives us a clear and concise

presentation of the view that language can be described in terms of structural

units. 7e eplains that this structural aspect means that language also represents

a system of values. Linguistic value can be viewed as a /uality of the signified,

the signifier, or the complete sign.

#$: S&(n&&e an5 "&(n&&e5:

)he linguistic value of a word (a signifier! comes from its property

of standing for a concept (the signified!. )he value of the signified

comes from its relation to other concepts. )he value of the complete

sign comes from the way in which it unites the signifier and the

signified. "aussure offered a dyadic or two-part model of the sign. 7e defined a

sign as being composed of'

a signifier (signifiant! - theformwhich the sign

ta$es5 and

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ee"en!a!&n ) "en" &,e""&n". The ")n5 a!!en ,a !h)" be

5&"!&n()&"he5 , !he !he e'e,en! a""/&a!e5 &!h &! &n a '&n()&"!&/ "&(n.

Th&" !he e'e,en! &" (enea'' a ,e ab"!a/! @&n5: !he /n/e!.

(Sa)"")e 18> 66Sa)"")e 174> 66!

"aussure was focusing on the linguistic sign (such as a word! an5 he

hn/en!&/a'' &?&'e(e5 !he spoken word> referring specifically to the

image acousti+ue (sound-image or sound pattern!, seeing writing as a

separate, secondary, dependent but comparable sign system (Sa)"")e 18> 12>

+4-+2> 117Sa)"")e 174> 12> 16> +-+4> 11$.

@ sign is a recogni&able combination of a signifier with a particular signified.)he same signifier (the word open! could stand for a different signified (and

thus be a different sign! if it were on a push-button inside a lift (push to open

door!. "imilarly, many signifiers could stand for the concept open (for

instance, on top of a pac$ing carton, a small outline of a bo with an open flap

for open this end! - again, with each uni/ue pairing constituting a different

sign.

)he ab&!a aspect of signs does help to account for the scope for their

interpretation (and the importance of contet!. )here is no one-to-one lin$

between signifier and signified5 signs have multiple rather than single meanings.

0ithin a single language, one signifier may refer to many signifieds (e.g. puns!

and one signified may be referred to by many signifiers (e.g. synonyms!. "ome

commentators are critical of the stance that the relationship of the signifier to the

signified, even in language, is always completely arbitrary (e.g. Le&" 11>

+!. Bnomatopoeic words are often mentioned in this contet, though some

semioticians retort that this hardly accounts for the variability between different

languages in their words for the same sounds (notably the sounds made by

familiar animals! (Sa)"")e 18> 6Sa)"")e 174> 6. C&!e5 &n

Chan5'e" Se,&!&/" ;e(&nne"> In!5)/!&n.

. )hus, "aussure shows that the meaning or signification of signs is established

by their relation to each other. )he relation of signs to each other forms the

2P
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structure of language. "ynchronic reality is found in the structure of language at

a given point in time. ?iachronic reality is found in changes of language over a

period of time.

"aussure views language as having an inner5)a'&!, which is manifested by

the interaction of the synchronic and diachronic, the syntagmatic and

associative, the signifier and signified

e5&nan5 5e Sa)"")e> Course in General Linguistics> e5&!e5 b Cha'e

;a'' an5 A'be! Se/hehae &n /''aba!&n &!h A'be! =&e5'&n(e>

!an"'a!e5 b %a5e ;a"@&n #Ne Y@: M/Ga-3&'' ;@ C,an>

166$ . 68-7.

#10$: Cn/')"&n

%n early 1Rth century many semioticians described theory that language as

semiotic system. *harles pierce and Verdinand de "aussure also generator of

this theory but saussurre is considered to be V@)74 of modern linguistics. he

described language as semiotic system in his boo$. 7is concept of language assemiotic system is based on structuralism, which was his famous theory based

on language structure. %n describing language as semiotic system, he described

characteristics of language as arbitrariness, duality etc.7e has paved way for

new researches in linguistics.

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;&b'&(ah:

J3ON LYONS> LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS AN

INT=ODUCTION.

MA=IE EMMITT> J3ON OLLOC> LINDA OMESA=O> IN

LANGUAGE AND LEA=NING!h&5 e5&!&n 5 e"".

Dan&e' /han5'e> "e,&!&/" be(&nne" &n!5)/!&n.

e5&nan5 5 Sa)"")e> /)"e &n (enea' '&n()&"!&/"> e5&!e5

b Cha'e" ;a'' an5 A'be!Se/hehae &n /''aba!&n

&!h A'be! =&e5'&n(e> !an"'a!e5 b a5e ba"@&n#ne

@:M/ Ga-3&'' ;@ C,an>16$.68-7.

%&@&e5&a> ee en//'e5&a.

22

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