Asterids – Campanulids
Spring 2014
Fig. 8.83
Asterids – Campanulids “Basal” Asterids
Order EricalesLamiids
Order SolanalesOrder GentianalesOrder Lamiales
CampanulidsOrder Apiales
*Apiaceae – carrots, parsleyOrder Dipsacales
Caprifoliaceae – honeysuckleAdoxaceae – viburnum, elderberry
Order Asterales*Asteraceae – sunflowers
*family required for recognition
Asterids -- Campanulids:Apiales: Apiaceae
(The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae)• Nearly cosmopolitan• Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and
other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes usually hollow
• Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera• Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced;
petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually inflexed; stamens 5, filaments distinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore)
• Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences usually involucrate compound umbels (sometimes simple or condensed into a head); styles basally swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the ovary; seeds with oil glands
• Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery – Apium; parsnip - Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum)
• Family required
Apiaceae
Anethum
Zizia
Cicuta
Daucus
Apiaceae
• reduced calyx• inflexed petals• inferior ovary• 2 carpels• stylopodium
Apiaceae
schizocarps
Apiaceae: Daucus-bristly annuals or biennials with pinnately dissected leaves-umbels compound-involucre of more or less conspicuous pinnate bracts-flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly with pedicels-mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1° ribs and 4 winged 2° ribs
involucre
What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
anise
dillcaraway
What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
parsley
What part of the plant are you eating?
Apiaceae
parsnipcarrot
Asterids -- Campanulids:Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae
(The Honeysuckle Family)• Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate
regions• Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite,
simple• Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera (in the broad sense)• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2
upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes; stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels 2-5, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene.
• Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen• Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera),
Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry)• Family not required
Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera
-erect or climbing shrubs-leaves entire-calyx teeth very short-corolla tubular or funnelform, often more or less irregular-fruit a several-seeded berry
Campanulids:Dipsacales: Adoxaceae
(The Elderberry family)• Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but
also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere• Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite,
simple or trifoliolate or pinnately compound• Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera• Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate,
reduced; petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a usually short tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate exine; carpels 3-5, style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits
• Significant features: inflorescences determinate, umbellate, showy
• Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also jellies and wines
• Family not required
Adoxaceae
Adoxa
Sambucus
Viburnum
Adoxaceae: Viburnum
-shrubs or small trees-leaves simple-inflorescences compound cymes-flowers usually white (rarely pink)-corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed-ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort-fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe
Adoxaceae: Sambucus(elderberry)
-herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent-leaves pinnately compound-inflorescences compound cymes-corolla broadly spreading-fruit a drupe containing 3 pits
Campanulids:Asterales: Asteraceae
(The Sunflower Family – Most diverse family of angiosperms)• Cosmopolitan• Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present• Diversity: 23,600 species in ca. 1,600 genera• Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus;
petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral corolla; anthers fused into a tube around the style (syngenesious); pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus (calyx parts)
• Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes
• Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory (Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals (marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.).
• Family only
The ultimate pseudanthium
Asteraceae
• disk + ray florets
Involucre of phyllaries Berlandiera
Pseudanthium =false flower
Asteraceae
Floral Terminology:• Head (= capitulum)• Pseudanthium• Involucre• Phyllaries• Floret• Ligulate or ray floret• Disk floret
Asteraceae: ray flower/floret
Asteraceae: disk flower/floret
disk flowers only
ray flowers only
ray and disk flowers
Three flowerarrangements
Asteraceae: Taraxacum-perennial or biennial herbs-heads many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape, of only ray flowers-pappus feathery, becoming raised on a stalk as the achene matures-involucre reflexed at fruit maturity for wind dispersal
Seeds producedmostly byasexual means
Asteraceae: Helianthus-coarse, stout herbs-involucre of overlapping phyllaries-heads solitary or in a corymb, many-flowered, with both ray and disk flowers, the ray flowers with a yellow corolla-chaff persistent-pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller scales also present
Asteraceae: Solidago-perennial herbs-stem leaves sessile or nearly so-heads small, mostly in racemes or clusters-heads few- to many-flowered, mostly of ray flowers-ray flowers usually 1-20 per head, pistillate-pappus simple, of equal fine bristles-achenes nearly terete
-heads in branched clusters-heads of ray flowers-flowers yellow-ca. 1500 species
Senecio
What part of the plant are you eating?
Asteraceae
artichoke
What part of the plant are you eating?
Asteraceae
chicory
What part of the plant are you eating?
endive
Asteraceae
lettuce
What part of the plant are you eating?
safflower oil
Asteraceae
What part of the plant are you eating?
Asteraceae
sunflower
AsteraceaeEconomic plants and products:
Medicinal plants• Camomile (Athemis)
AsteraceaeEconomic plants and products:
Weedy plants:• Dandelion (Taraxacum)
Asteraceae
Economic plants and products:Weedy plants:• Ragweed (Ambrosia)
AsteraceaeEconomic plants and products:
Ornamentals:• Chrysanthemum
(“mums;” Chrysanthemum)• Dahlia (Dahlia)• Daisy (Chrysanthemum)• Marigold (Tagetes)• Sunflower (Helianthus)• Zinnia (Zinnia)
Ecological Roles