ASTM Material Specifications, ASTM Standards For Steel ... · 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 A 370 Test...

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Designation: A 1053/A 1053M – 06

Standard Specification forWelded Ferritic-Martensitic Stainless Steel Pipe1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 1053/A 1053M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope

1.1 This specification covers seam welded ferritic-martensitic (dual phase) stainless steel pipe intended forabrasive and general corrosion service. Nominal sizes are NPS2 to NPS 36 inclusive, with nominal (average) wall thicknessup to 0.75-in. (19 mm).

1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents. Therefore each system mustbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M”designation is specified in the order.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards: 2

A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel Products

A 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-lated Alloys, and Ferroalloys

A 999/A 999M Specification for General Requirements forAlloy and Stainless Steel Pipe

A 1010/A 1010M Specification for Higher-Strength Mar-tensitic Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip

A 1016/A 1016M Specification for General Requirementsfor Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stain-less Steel Tubes

E 527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)

2.2 ANSI/ASME Standards:3

B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General PurposeB36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel PipeB36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe2.3 Other Standard:SAE J1086 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys

(UNS)4

3. Terminology

3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Specification A 999/A 999M and

Terminology A 941 are applicable to this specification.

4. Ordering Information

4.1 Orders for material to this specification shall conform tothe requirements of the current edition of Specification A 999/A 999M.

5. General Requirements

5.1 Material furnished under this specification shall con-form to the applicable requirements of the current edition ofSpecification A 999/A 999M unless otherwise provided herein.

6. Materials and Manufacture

6.1 Material:6.1.1 The material for this pipe shall conform to Specifica-

tion A 1010/A 1010M Grade 50 dual phase stainless steel.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 The pipe shall be made using Electric Resistance

Welding (ERW) or an automatic fusion welding process withno addition of filler metal during the welding process.

6.2.2 Welded pipe of NPS 14 and smaller shall have a singlelongitudinal weld. Welded pipe of a size larger than NPS 14shall have a single longitudinal weld or shall be produced byforming and welding two longitudinal sections of flat stockwhen approved by the purchaser. All weld tests, examinations,inspections or treatments shall be performed on each weldseam.

6.2.3 The pipe shall be free of scale and contaminatingsurface iron particles. Pickling, blasting or surface finishing is

1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.10 on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.

Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published November 2006.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.

3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

4 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.

1

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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not mandatory. The purchaser is permitted to require that apassivating treatment be applied to the finished pipe.

6.3 Heat Treatment—All pipe shall be made from heat-treated strip or plate, cold formed and welded. The weld maybe induction strip tempered, at the discretion of the buyer, at aminimum temperature of 1300 °F [700 °C], but not exceeding1400 °F [760 °C].

7. Chemical Composition

7.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as tochemical composition as prescribed in Table 1.

8. Product Analysis

8.1 At the request of the purchaser, an analysis of one lengthof flat rolled stock from each heat, or two pipes from each lot,shall be made by the manufacturer. A lot of pipe shall consistof the following number of lengths of the same size and wallthickness from any one heat of steel:

NPS Designator Lengths of Pipe in Lot

Under 2 400 or fraction thereof2 to 5 200 or fraction thereof6 and over 100 or fraction thereof

8.2 The results of these analyses shall be reported to thepurchaser or the purchaser’s representative, and shall conformto the requirements of Section 7.

8.3 If the analysis of one of the tests specified in 8.1 doesnot conform to the requirements specified in Section 7, ananalysis of each pipe from the same heat or lot may be made,and all pipes conforming to the requirements shall be accepted.

9. 9. Permitted Variations in Wall Thickness andDiameter

9.1 The wall thickness of the pipe shall be within thetolerances specified in Table 2, except that the weld area shallnot be limited by the “Over” tolerance.

9.2 The outside diameter to be used for inspection forcompliance with this requirement when ordered by NPS andschedule number is shown in Table 3. Other diameters and wallthicknesses may be used when specified in the purchase order.Standard sizes of NPS pipe are listed in Table 4.

10. Tensile Requirements

10.1 The tensile properties of the pipe shall conform to therequirements prescribed in Table 5.

11. Mechanical Tests Required

11.1 Mechanical Testing Lot Definition—The term lot formechanical tests shall be as follows:

11.1.1 The lot size shall be that defined in 8.1.11.1.2 The minimum number of tests shall be one (1) test

per lot.11.2 Transverse or Longitudinal Tension Test—One tension

test shall be made on a specimen for lots of not more than 100pipes. Tension tests shall be made on specimens from two tubesfor lots of more than 100 pipes.

11.3 Flattening Test—Flattening tests shall be made on asufficient number of pipes to constitute 1 % of the lot, but atleast one length of pipe. Flattening tests shall be made onspecimens from two tubes for lots of more than 100 pipes.

11.4 A transverse guided face bend test may be conductedinstead of a flattening test in accordance with the methodoutlined in the steel tubular product supplement of TestMethods and Definitions A 370. The ductility of the weld shallbe considered acceptable when there is no evidence of cracksin the weld or between the weld and the base metal afterbending. Test specimens from 1 % of the lot shall be takenfrom the pipe or test plates of the same material as the pipe, thetest plates being attached to the end of the cylinder and weldedas a prolongation of the pipe longitudinal seam.

12. Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric Test

12.1 Each pipe shall be subjected to a nondestructiveelectric test or hydrostatic test. The type of test to be used shallbe at the option of the manufacturer, unless otherwise specifiedin the purchase order.

12.2 The hydrostatic test shall be in accordance with Speci-fication A 999/A 999M, unless specifically exempted under theprovisions of 12.3.

12.3 For pipe whose dimensions equal or exceed NPS 10,the purchaser, with the agreement of the manufacturer, ispermitted to waive the hydrostatic test requirement when inlieu of such test the purchaser performs a system test. Eachlength of pipe furnished without the completed manufacturer’shydrostatic test shall include with the mandatory marking theletters “NH.”

12.4 The nondestructive electric test shall be in accordancewith Specification A 999/A 999M.

13. Lengths

13.1 Pipe lengths shall be in accordance with the followingpractice:

13.1.1 The standard length, unless otherwise agreed upon,shall be 20 ft [6 m] with the permitted range of 17 to 24 ft [5.2to 7.3 m]. Shorter lengths are acceptable, but the number andminimum length shall be agreed upon between the manufac-turer and the purchaser.

13.1.2 For slurry applications, to minimize turbulence at thejointers, the continuous length is 50 ft [15.2 m] with apermitted range of 48 to 54 ft [14.6 to 16.5 m].

13.1.3 If definite cut lengths are desired, the lengths re-quired shall be specified in the order. No pipe shall be under thespecified length and no pipe shall be more than 1⁄4 in. [6 mm]over the specified length.

13.1.4 No jointers are permitted unless otherwise specifiedand agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer.

14. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance

14.1 The finished pipes shall be straight within # 0.2 % oflength of pipe using a taught wire the length of the pipe.

14.2 The finished pipes shall have a workmanlike finish.Removal of imperfections by grinding is permitted, providingthe wall thickness is not decreased to less than that permittedin Section 9 of Specification A 999/A 999M.

15. Repair by Welding

15.1 For welded pipe whose diameter $ NPS 4, and whosenominal wall thickness $ 0.188 in. [4.77 mm], it is permittedto make weld repairs with the addition of compatible filler

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metal to the weld seam or parent metal when approved by thepurchaser. Repair welding shall meet the requirements ofSpecification A 999/A 999M.

15.2 The composition of the deposited filler metal shall besuitable for the Specification A 1010/A 1010M ferritic-martensitic plate.

15.3 Pipes that have had weld seam repairs with filler metalshall be identified in the stencil with “WR” and shall be soidentified on the certificate of tests.

16. Certification

16.1 In addition to the information required by SpecificationA 999/A 999M, the certified mill test report (CMTR) shallstate whether or not the material was hydrostatically tested. Ifthe material was nondestructively tested, the certification shallso state and shall state which practice was followed and whatreference discontinuities were used.

17. Marking

17.1 In addition to the marking specified in SpecificationA 999/A 999M, the marking shall include the NPS (nominal

pipe size) or outside diameter, the schedule number or averageor minimum wall thickness, specification number, alloy grade,heat number, NH when hydrostatic testing is not performed andET or UT when eddy current or ultrasonic testing is performed.If the seam weld is x-rayed, the line marking shall so state. Themarkings also shall include the manufacturer’s private identi-fying mark, and the marking required by 15.3, if applicable. Ifspecified in the purchase order, the marking for pipe larger thanNPS 4 shall include the weight per foot [weight per metre].

18. Government Procurement

18.1 Scale Free for Government Procurement:18.1.1 When specified in the contract or order, the following

requirements shall be considered in the inquiry, contract ororder, for agencies of the U.S. Government where scale freepipe or tube is required. These requirements shall take prece-dence if there is a conflict between these requirements and theproduct specifications.

18.1.2 The requirements of Specification A 999/A 999M forpipe and Specification A 1016/A 1016M for tubes shall beapplicable when pipe or tube is ordered to this specification.

18.1.3 Ordering Information—Orders for material underthis specification shall include the following in addition to therequirements of Section 4:

18.1.3.1 Pipe or tube,18.1.3.2 Part Number,18.1.3.3 Ultrasonic inspection if required,18.1.3.4 If shear wave is to be conducted in two opposite

circumferential directions, and18.1.3.5 Level of preservation and packing required.

19. Keywords

19.1 dual phase; ferritic-martensitic stainless steel; stainlesssteel pipe; steel pipe; welded steel pipe

TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Requirements, %A

UNSDesignationB

Carbon Manganese Phosphorous Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Other Elements

S41003 0.030 1.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 10.5–12.5 1.50 0.030 ...AMaximum, unless range or minimum is indicated.BDesignation established in accordance with Practice E 527 and SAE J 1086.

TABLE 2 Permitted Variations in Wall Thickness

Tolerance, % from Nominal

NPS Designator(All t/D ratios) Over Under

Up to 2 1⁄2 incl. 20 12.53 to 18 incl. 22.5 12.5

20 and larger 15.0 12.5

TABLE 3 Permitted Variations in Outside Diameter

NPS Designator Over Under

2 through 18 1 % 1 %20 and over 0.75 % 0.75 %

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TABLE 4 Dimensions of Welded Pipe

NPS Designator Outside Diameter Nominal Wall Thickness

Schedule 5SA Schedule 10SA Schedule 40S and Standard Schedule 80S and Extra Heavy

in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm

2 2.375 60.33 0.065 1.65 0.109 2.77 0.154 3.91 0.218 5.542 1⁄2 2.875 73.03 0.083 2.11 0.120 3.05 0.203 5.16 0.276 7.013 3.500 88.90 0.083 2.11 0.120 3.05 0.216 5.49 0.300 7.623 1⁄2 4.000 101.60 0.083 2.11 0.120 3.05 0.226 5.74 0.318 8.084 4.500 114.30 0.083 2.11 0.120 3.05 0.237 6.02 0.337 8.565 5.563 141.30 0.109 2.77 0.134 3.40 0.258 6.55 0.375 9.526 6.625 168.28 0.109 2.77 0.134 3.40 0.280 7.11 0.432 10.978 8.625 219.08 0.109 2.77 0.148 3.76 0.322 8.18 0.500 12.7010 10.750 273.05 0.134 3.40 0.165 4.19 0.365 9.27 0.500B 12.70B

12 12.750 323.85 0.156 3.96 0.180 4.57 0.375B 9.52B 0.500B 12.75B

14 14.000 355.60 0.156 3.96 0.188B 4.78B ... ... ... ...16 16.000 406.40 0.165 4.19 0.188B 4.78B ... ... ... ...18 18.000 457.20 0.165 4.19 0.188B 4.78B ... ... ... ...20 20.000 508.00 0.188 4.78 0.218B 5.54B ... ... ... ...22 22.000 558.80 0.188 4.78 0.218B 5.54B ... ... ... ...24 24.000 609.60 0.218 5.54 0.250 6.35 ... ... ... ...30 30.000 762.000 0.250 6.35 0.312 7.92 ... ... ... ...32 32.000 812.80 ... ... 0.312C 7.92C ... ... ... ...34 34.000 863.60 ... ... 0.312C 7.92C ... ... ... ...36 36.000 914.40 ... ... 0.312C 7.92C ... ... ... ...ASchedules 5S and 10S wall thicknesses do not permit threading in accordance with ANSI B1.20.1.BThese do not conform to ANSI/ASME B36.10.CThese sizes are not included in ANSI/ASME B36.19.

TABLE 5 Mechanical Test Requirements

Grade YieldStrength, min,

ksi [MPa]

TensileStrength, min,

ksi [MPa]

Elongationin 2 in. [50 mm],

min, %

BrinellHardness,

max

50 50 [350] 70 [485] 18 360

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This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).

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Standard Test Method forPneumatic Leak Testing of Tubing1


1. Scope

1.1 This test method provides procedures for the leak testingof tubing using pneumatic pressure. This test method involvesmeasuring the change in pressure inside the tubing over time.There are three procedures that may be used, all of which areintended to be equivalent. It is a qualitative not a quantitativetest method. Any of the three procedures are intended to becapable of leak detection and, as such, are intended to beequivalent for that purpose.

1.2 The procedures will produce consistent results uponwhich acceptance standards can be based. This test may beperformed in accordance with the Pressure Differential (Pro-cedure A), the Pressure Decay (Procedure B), or the VacuumDecay (Procedure C) method.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are tobe regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI unitsare shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are notexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-pendently of the other. Combining values from the two systemsmay result in nonconformance with the specification.



A 1016 Specification for General Requirements for FerriticAlloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless SteelTubes

3. Terminology

3.1 Definitions—The definitions in Specification A 1016 areapplicable to this test method.

3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 actual starting pressure (P0 actual)—the actual star-

ing pressure at time zero on each test cycle.3.2.2 calibration hole—a device (such as a crimped capil-

lary, or a tube containing a hole produced by laser drilling)certified to be of the specified diameter.

3.2.3 control volume—fixed volume that is pressurized tocompare against an identical pressure contained in one tubeunder test.

3.2.4 electronic control device (ECD)—an electronic sys-tem to accumulate input from limit switches and transmittersproviding corresponding outputs to solenoid valves, acousticalarm devices, and visual displays

3.2.5 pressure change (DP)—the smallest pressure changein a tube, reliably detected by a pressure sensitive transmitter.

3.2.6 pressure sensitive transmitters—pressure measuringand signaling devices that detect extremely small changes inpressure, either between two tubes, a tube and a controlvolume, or a tube and the ambient atmosphere.

3.2.7 reference standard—a tube or container containing acalibration hole. The calibration hole may either be in a fulllength tube, or in a short device attached to the tube orcontainer.

3.2.8 starting pressure (P0)—the test starting pressure set inthe test apparatus ECD.

3.2.9 theoretical hole—a hole that will pass air at a theo-retical rate as defined by the equations given in Appendix X1.2.

3.2.10 threshold pressure (PT)—test ending pressure limitafter the allowed test time; the pressure value that must becrossed to determine reject status. PT = P0 actual – DP forpressure decay, and PT = P0 actual + DP for vacuum decay.

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 Procedure A, Pressure Differential, measures the drop inpressure over time as a result of air escaping from inside onetube when compared to another tube at an identical pressure, orone tube against a control volume at identical pressure. (SeeRefs (1) and (2))

4.2 Procedure B, Pressure Decay, measures the drop inpressure over time as a result of air escaping from the tube.

4.3 Procedure C, Vacuum Decay, involves evacuating thetubing to suitably low pressure and measuring the increase inpressure caused by gas entering the tubing.

1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.10 on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.

Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or


1


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5. Significance and Use

5.1 When permitted by a specification or the order, this testmethod may be used for detecting leaks in tubing in lieu of theair underwater pressure test.

6. Apparatus

6.1 An electronic control device (ECD) controls all opera-tions of the test method by accepting inputs from limit switchesand transmitters, and by providing corresponding pass/failoutputs to solenoid valves, acoustic alarm devices, and visualdisplays. The pass/fail determination is achieved by a compari-son of the data input from pressure transducers with a standardaccept/reject criterion measured over the set test time.

6.2 The test apparatus may have the capability for single- ormulti-tube testing. It shall be designed to detect a smallpredetermined pressure change during the testing cycle. It isintended that the apparatus be fully automated and equippedwith suitable instrumentation for the purpose of the test. Thisinstrumentation may include, but is not limited to the follow-ing:

6.2.1 Internal transducers for calibration tests,6.2.2 Differential pressure and leak rate diagnosis,6.2.3 Control panel display for reporting digital or analog

outputs,6.2.4 Absolute or differential pressure transducers, or both,6.2.5 Internal timing device,6.2.6 Failure lamps, and6.2.7 Automatic shutdown capability.

7. Hazards

7.1 Warning—In addition to other precautions, high pres-sure air is employed during the testing process.

8. Calibration

8.1 Apparatus calibration shall be performed using a refer-ence standard, with adjustments of Starting Pressure (P0),Pressure Change (DP), and test time. Test time is dependentupon starting pressure, allowed pressure change, tube internalvolume, hole diameter, and is calculated using the equation inAppendix X1. Actual test time may be longer than thecalculated value and shall be adjusted as necessary for theapparatus to cross the threshold pressure and cause the systemto automatically shut down.

8.2 Verify that all failure lights are illuminated during thecalibration.

8.3 Unless otherwise specified, apparatus calibration shallbe made at twelve month intervals maximum.

8.4 Recalibrate the test apparatus prior to use whenever anypressure sensing component is replaced or modified.

8.5 Calibrate the calibration hole at twelve month intervalsmaximum. It is recommended that the device containing thecalibration hole be stored in an inert atmosphere and cleanedwith high pressure nitrogen.

8.6 Calibrate all pressure gauges and pressure transducers attwelve month intervals maximum.

8.7 Unless otherwise agreed to by producer and purchaser,the minimum calibration hole size in the reference standardshall be 0.003-in. diameter. Calibration with smaller holes maynot be repeatable due to fouling and plugging. (See Ref (5))

9. Procedure

9.1 Perform pneumatic leak testing after all process opera-tions, including cold work, heat treatment, and straightening.

9.2 Clean and dry the tubes before testing. Remove loosescale from the inside and outside surfaces of the tubes.

9.3 Actual test time is calculated in accordance with theparameters of the test using the appropriate equation in X1.2.

9.4 Test Cycle for Procedure A, Pressure Differential:9.4.1 Pressurize the tubes in pairs, or a single tube and a

known control volume, to a pressure greater than 33 psia withclean and dry compressed air.

9.4.2 Allow the system to stabilize and measure the actualStarting Pressure (P0 actual). P0 actual must be within 10 % ofP0 for a valid test.

9.4.3 The apparatus is to calculate and set the ThresholdPressure where PT = P0 actual – DP.

9.4.4 Isolate the tubes in pairs or a single tube and a knowncontrol volume.

9.4.5 Measure the pressure at the end of the test period. Thetubes or tube have/has passed the test if the pressure has notcrossed the threshold pressure PT. If the threshold pressure hasbeen crossed, then the tubes or tube have failed. When a failureoccurs while testing tubes in pairs, the individual tubes may betested with other tubes to determine which tube failed.

9.5 Test Cycle for Procedure B, Pressure Decay:9.5.1 Pressurize the tube to a pressure greater than 33 psia

with clean and dry compressed air.9.5.2 Allow the system to stabilize and measure the actual

Starting Pressure (P0 actual). P0 actual must be within 10 % ofP0 for a valid test.

9.5.3 The apparatus is to calculate and set the ThresholdPressure where PT = P0 actual – DP.

9.5.4 Measure the pressure at the end of the test cycle. Thetube has passed the test if the pressure has not crossed thethreshold pressure PT.

9.6 Test Cycle for Procedure C, Vacuum Decay:(See Refs (3) and (4))9.6.1 Draw a vacuum on the tube to a pressure below 6 psia.9.6.2 Allow the system to stabilize and measure the actual

Starting Pressure (P0 actual). P0 actual must be within 10 % ofP0 for a valid test.

9.6.3 The apparatus is to calculate and set the ThresholdPressure where PT = P0 actual + DP.

9.6.4 Measure the pressure at the end of the test cycle. Thetube has passed the test if the pressure has not crossed thethreshold pressure PT.

10. Report

10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Tubing identification, and10.1.2 Procedure used for the satisfactory results of the test.10.2 Maintain records of the test parameters and results.

11. Precision and Bias

11.1 No information is presented about either the precisionor bias of this test method for measuring the leak capabilitysince the test is non-quantative.

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12. Keywords12.1 leak testing; pneumatic testing

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

X1.1 Nomenclature

Pa = absolute atmospheric pressure, in psia = 14.69 psiaP0 = initial absolute pressure inside the tube, in psiaPf = final absolute pressure inside the tube, in psiaDP = absolute pressure change inside the tube during the test

period, in psiaV = tube internal volume, in ft3 or in.3 as notedA = through wall hole cross section area, in ft2 or in.2 as

notedd = through wall hole diameter, in inchest = test or decay time, in secondsT = absolute air temperature inside the tube, in °R = °F +

460; T may be assumed to be 70 °F = 530 °RM = mass of air contained in a tube, in lbmDM = mass change inside the tube during the test period, in

lbm

m· = mass flow rate of air leaking through a hole, in lbm/secra = density of air at standard conditions = 0.0765 lbm/ft

3

R = gas constant for air = 53.3 ft·lbf/lbm·°R

X1.2 Theoretical Time Equations

X1.2.1 Pressure Differential and Pressure Decay Time:

t 5 1.65 3 1024V

d2Uln P0 – DPP0 U (X1.1)

with units V 5 in.3, d 5 in.,

and assuming T 5 530 °R

X1.2.2 Vacuum Decay Time:

t 5 1.65 3 1024V

d2DPPa

(X1.2)



NOTE X1.1—The vacuum equations can be used for the pressureequations by substituting P0 for Pa with the provision that DP is less than1 psi.

X1.3 Derivation

X1.3.1 From Fliegner’s Formula (see Ref (6), page 85):

m· =TAP 5 0.532 or m

·

50.532AP

=Twith units A

5 ft2, P

5lbf

ft2(X1.3)

X1.3.1.1 Boundary condition for choked flow (see Ref (6),page 84):

PaPf

, 0.528 for pressure decay,PfPa

, 0.528 for vacuum decay

(X1.4)

X1.3.2 Ideal Gas Law:

PV 5 MRT or P 5MRT

V (X1.5)

X1.3.3 Pressure Decaying from a Control Volume:

dPdt 5

RTV

dMdt 5

RTV m

· (X1.6)

X1.3.3.1 Substituting Fliegner’s formula:

dPdt 5

RTV

0.532AP

=T5

28.36AP=TV (X1.7)

dPP 5

28.36A=TV dt 5 t · dt

*1P dP 5 *t · dt

t 5V

28.36A=TUln P0 – DPP0 U

with V in ft3, A in ft2, P can be any unit

t 5 1.65 3 1024V

d2Uln P0 – DPP0 U



X1.3.4 Vacuum Decay into a Control Volume:X1.3.4.1 Because the high pressure source is the atmo-

sphere and is of infinite quantity, pressure in a control volumeincreases at a linear rate.

t 5DM

m·(X1.8)

DM 5 VDr

r0 5P0Pa

ra, rf 5PfPa

ra, Dr 5DPPa

ra 5 0.0765DPPa

X1.3.4.2 Again using Fliegner’s formula:

m· 50.532APa

=Twith units A

5 ft2, Pa

5lbf

ft2(X1.9)

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t 5DM

m·5

0.0765VDPPa

0.532APa=T

5 0.1438V=TAPa

DPPa

Using Pa 5 2115 psfa ~14.69 psia!

t 5 6.8 3 1025V=T

ADPPa

with units V 5 ft3, A 5 ft2, T 5 °R,

and P can be any unit

t 5 1.65 3 1024V

d2DPPa



X1.4 Application Example

X1.4.1 For Procedure A, Pressure Differential, determinethe pressure decay time of a 1 in. OD by 0.050 in. wall by 60ft long tube with a 0.003 in. diameter hole; the test apparatusinitial pressure is 110 psig with 0.031 psig allowed pressuredrop.

X1.4.1.1 Using the equation given in X1.2.1:

t 5 1.65 3 1024V

d2Uln P0 – DPP0 U (X1.10)

V 5 458 in.3

d 5 0.003 in.

P0 5 110 1 14.69 5 124.69 psia

DP 5 0.031 psia

t 5 1.65 3 1024458

0.0032Uln 124.69 – 0.031124.69 U

51.65 3 1024 3 458 3 2 3 1024

9 3 1026

5 1.7 sec

X1.5 Graph

X1.5.1 The graph in Fig. X1.1 displays decay time as afunction of tube internal volume assuming a 0.003 in. holediameter, 110 psig initial pressure, and 0.031 psig allowedpressure drop.

FIG. X1.1 Pressure Differential Standardization 110 psig @ 0.031 Threshold 0.003 in. Leak Diameter

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REFERENCES

(1) An Improved Method for Testing Stainless and Titanium Tubing –PWR- Vol. 34, 1999 Joint Power Generation Conference Volume 2ASME 1999. Dennis J. Schumerth & Scott Johnson, Valtimet, Inc.

(2) Pressure Differential Testing of Tubing, ASTM Material ResearchStandards, ASTM Vol. 1, No. 7, July 1961.

(3) A Users Guide to Vacuum Technology, John O’Hanlon, Wiley Inter-science.

(4) Foundations of Vacuum Science and Technology, J. M. Lafferty, WileyInerscience.

(5) ASTM A01.10 Task Group 961T-6 Reports:Nov. 2000, Valtimet Report AUW vs., P-DMay, 2001, Rath Manufacturing Co. Report on Leak Testing

(6) The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow,Volume I, Ascher H. Shapiro, The Roland Press Company, 1953.




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Standard Specification forSteel Line Pipe, Black, Furnace-Butt-Welded1


1. Scope

1.1 This specification covers furnace-butt-welded, black,plain-end or threaded-end, steel pipe for use in the conveyanceof fluids under pressure. Pipe in sizes NPS 1⁄2 to 4, inclusive,with nominal wall thickness 0.350 in. [8.9 mm] or less, asgiven in ASME B36.10M is included. Pipe having otherdimensions, in this size range, may be furnished provided suchpipe complies with all other requirements of this specification.

1.2 For plain-end pipe, it is intended that the pipe be capableof being circumferentially welded in the field when weldingprocedures in accordance with the requirements of the appli-cable pipeline construction code are used.

1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or in SIunits are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets. The values in each systemare not exact equivalents; therefore, each system is to be usedindependently of the other.



A 450/A 450M Specification for General Requirements forCarbon, Ferritic Alloy and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes

A 530/A 530M Specification for General Requirements forSpecialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe

A 751 Test Methods, Practices and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel Products

A 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-lated Alloys, and Ferroalloys

2.2 ASME Standard:ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe3

2.3 API Standards:5L Specification for Line Pipe4

5B Specification for Threading, Gauging, and Thread In-spection of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads4

3. Terminology

3.1 Definitions—For terminology used in this specification,refer to Terminology A 941.

3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 furnace-butt-welded pipe, n—pipe produced in mul-

tiple lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut intoindividual lengths, having its longitudinal butt joint forgewelded by the mechanical pressure developed in rolling thehot-formed skelp through a set of round pass welding rolls.

3.2.2 lot, n—a quantity of pipe of the same ordered diam-eter, heat, wall thickness, and grade as given in Table 1.

3.2.3 specified outside diameter (OD), n—the outside diam-eter specified in the purchase order or the outside diameterlisted in ASME B36.10M for the nominal pipe size specified inthe purchase order.


4.1 Pipe furnished under this specification shall conform tothe applicable requirements of Specification A 530/A 530Munless otherwise provided herein.


5.1 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in thepurchase order all information necessary to purchase theneeded material. Examples of such information include, but arenot limited to, the following:

5.1.1 Specification designation and year-date,5.1.2 Quantity (feet or metres),5.1.3 Grade (A or B),5.1.4 Size (either nominal (NPS) or outside diameter, and

wall thickness),5.1.5 Length,5.1.6 End finish (plain-end, special plain-end, or threaded-

end, see 15.1),5.1.7 End use of the pipe,5.1.8 Special requirements, and5.1.9 Bar coding (see 18.3).

6. Materials and Manufacture

6.1 The steel shall be made by one or more of the followingprocesses: basic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or open-hearth.

1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.

Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published January 2005.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or


3 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990.

4 Available from The American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005.

1


www.skylandmetal.in

6.2 The pipe shall be made by the furnace-butt-weldingprocess.


7.1 The steel shall contain, by heat and product analyses, nomore than 0.25 % carbon, 1.20 % manganese, 0.045 % sulfur,and 0.045 % phosphorus.

7.2 As a minimum, the required analysis shall contain thefollowing elements: carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur,chromium, columbium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, silicon,and vanadium.

7.3 Product analyses shall be made on at least two samplesfrom each heat of steel.

7.4 All analyses shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A 751.

7.5 If one or both of the product analyses representing a heatfails to conform to the specified requirements, the heat shall berejected, or analyses shall be made on double the originalnumber of test samples that failed, each of which shall conformto the specified requirements.

8. Tensile Requirements

8.1 The material shall conform to the requirements fortensile properties given in Table 2 and in 8.4.

8.2 The yield strength corresponding to a total extensionunder load of 0.5 % of the gage length shall be determined.

8.3 Longitudinal tests shall be performed for all pipe. Suchtests shall be either strip specimens taken 90° from the weld orfull section specimens, at the option of the manufacturer.

8.4 The minimum elongation in 2 in. [50 mm] for eachgrade shall be that determined by the following equation:

e 5 CA0.2/U0.9 (1)

where:e = minimum elongation in percent, rounded to the nearest

percent,C = constant = 625 000 [1940],A = cross-sectional area of the tensile test specimen in

in.2 [mm2], based upon the specified outside diameteror the nominal specimen width and the specified wallthickness, rounded to the nearest 0.01 in.2 [1 mm2]. Ifthe area thus calculated is greater than 0.75 in.2 [485mm2], the value of 0.75 in.2 [485 mm2] shall be used,and

U = specified minimum tensile strength, psi [MPa].

9. Flattening Test

9.1 A test specimen at least 4 in. [100 mm] in length shall beflattened cold between parallel plates in three steps, with theweld located either 0° or 90° from the line of direction of force,as required in 9.2.1. Except as allowed by 9.3, during the firststep, which is a test for ductility of the weld, no cracks orbreaks on the inside, outside, or end surfaces at the weld shallbe present before the distance between the plates is less thantwo thirds of the specified diameter of the pipe. As a secondstep, the flattening shall be continued as a test for ductilityaway from the weld. During the second step, no cracks orbreaks on the inside, outside, or end surfaces away from theweld, shall be present before the distance between the plates isless than one third of the specified outside diameter of the pipebut is not less than five times the wall thickness of the pipe.During the third step, which is a test for soundness, theflattening shall be continued until the test specimen breaks orthe opposite walls of the test specimen meet. Evidence oflaminated or unsound material or of incomplete weld that isrevealed by the flattening test shall be cause for rejection.

9.2 The flattening test specified in 9.1 shall be made asfollows:

9.2.1 Test specimens taken from the front end of the firstpipe intended to be supplied from each coil and the back endof the last pipe intended to be supplied from each coil shall beflattened with the weld located at 90° from the line of directionof force.

9.2.2 Test specimens taken from pipe at any two locationsintermediate to the front end of the first pipe and the back endof the last pipe intended to be supplied from each coil shall beflattened with the weld located at 0° from the line of directionof force.

9.3 When low D-to-t ratio pipe is tested, because the strainimposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the insidesurface at the six and twelve o’clock locations, cracks at theselocations shall not be cause for rejection if the D-to-t ratio isless than 10.

TABLE 1 Lot Size and Sample Size for Mechanical Testing

SizeDesignation

Lot SizeSample

Size

10. Hydrostatic Test

10.1 Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydro-static test without leakage through the weld seam or the pipebody.

10.2 Each length of pipe NPS 2 or larger shall be tested, bythe manufacturer, to a minimum hydrostatic pressure calcu-lated from the following relationship:

Inch-Pound Units:

P 5 2 St/D 3 C (2)

SI Units:

P 5 2000 St/D 3 C (3)

where:P = minimum hydrostatic test pressure, psi [kPa],S = specified minimum yield strength, psi [MPa],t = specified wall thickness, in. [mm],D = specified outside diameter, in. [mm], andC = 0.60.

10.3 For pipe sizes smaller than NPS 2, the test pressuresshall be as given in Table 3. For pipe in sizes smaller than NPS2 with wall thicknesses lighter than those listed, the testpressure for the next heavier listed specified wall thicknessshall be used. For intermediate specified outside diameterssmaller than NPS 2, the test pressures given for the nextsmaller specified outside diameter shall be used.

10.4 When computed test pressures are not an exact mul-tiple of 10 psi [100 kPa], they shall be rounded to the nearest10 psi [100 kPa].

10.5 The minimum hydrostatic test pressure required tosatisfy these requirements need not exceed 3000 psi [20 700kPa]. This does not prohibit testing at a higher pressure at themanufacturer’s option. The hydrostatic test pressure shall bemaintained for not less than 5 s for all pipe sizes.

11. Nondestructive Testing

11.1 The weld seam of each length of pipe NPS 2 [DN 50]or larger shall be tested with a nondestructive electric test asfollows:

11.1.1 Ultrasonic or Electromagnetic Inspection—Anyequipment utilizing the ultrasonic or electromagnetic principlesand capable of continuous and uninterrupted inspection of theweld seam shall be used. The equipment shall be checked with

an applicable reference standard as described in 11.2 at leastonce every 8 h of inspection to demonstrate the effectiveness ofthe inspection procedures. The equipment shall be adjusted toproduce well-defined indications when the reference standardis scanned by the inspection unit in a manner simulating theinspection of the product. The location of the equipment shallbe at the manufacturer’s option.

11.2 Reference Standards—Reference standards shall haveboth the outside diameter and wall thickness within thetolerances specified for the production pipe to be inspected andmay be of any convenient length as determined by the pipemanufacturer. Reference standards shall be either full sectionsor coupons taken from the pipe. Reference standards shallcontain machined notches as shown in Fig. 1, one on the insidesurface and one on the outside surface, or a drilled hole asshown in Fig. 1, at the option of the pipe manufacturer. Thenotches shall be parallel to the weld seam, and shall beseparated by a distance sufficient to produce two separate anddistinguishable signals. The 1⁄8-in. [3-mm] drilled hole shall bedrilled through the wall and perpendicular to the surface of thereference standard as shown in Fig. 1. Care should be taken inthe preparation of the standard to ensure freedom from fins,other edge roughness, and distortion of the pipe.

NOTE 1—The calibration standards shown in Fig. 1 are convenientstandards for calibration of nondestructive testing equipment. The dimen-sions of such standards should not be construed as the minimum sizeimperfection detectable by such equipment.

11.3 Acceptance Limits—Table 4 gives the height of accep-tance limit signals in percent of the height of signals producedby the calibration standards. Imperfections in the weld seamthat produce a signal greater than the acceptance limit given inTable 4 shall be considered defects unless the pipe manufac-turer can demonstrate that the imperfection does not reduce theeffective wall thickness to below 87.5 % of the specified wallthickness.

11.4 Surface condition, operator qualification, extent ofexamination, and standardization procedure shall be in accor-dance with the provisions of Specification A 450/A 450M.

12. Number of Tests

12.1 Tension testing shall be performed on a lot basis, withthe lot size and sample sizes as given in Table 1.

13. Retests

13.1 If the results of the tension test for any lot fails toconform to the applicable requirements given in Table 2, retestsare permitted to be made on additional pipe of double theoriginal number from the same lot, each of which shallconform to the specified requirements.

13.2 If any flattening test fails to conform to the require-ments specified in 9.1, each length in the failed multiple shallbe rejected or flattening tests shall be made using test speci-mens taken from each end of each individual length in thefailed multiple. Such tests shall be made with the weldalternately at 0° and 90° from the line of direction of force.

14. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations

14.1 The dimensions and masses per unit length of some ofthe pipe sizes included in this specification are given in ASME

TABLE 3 Hydrostatic Test Pressure

NPSDesignator

OutsideDiameter

WallThickness

TestPressure, min

in. mm in. mm psi kPa

1⁄2 0.840 21.3 0.109 2.8 700 48000.147 3.7 850 5900

3⁄4 1.050 26.7 0.113 2.9 700 48000.154 3.9 850 5900

1 1.315 33.4 0.133 3.4 700 48000.179 4.6 850 59000.250 6.4 950 6500

11⁄4 1.660 42.2 0.140 3.6 1300 90000.191 4.9 1900 13 1000.250 6.4 2000 13 800

11⁄2 1.900 48.3 0.145 3.7 1300 90000.200 5.1 1900 13 1000.281 7.1 2050 14 100

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B36.10M. The mass per unit length of pipe having an inter-mediate specified outside diameter, or intermediate specifiedwall thickness, or both, shall be calculated using the equationin 14.2.

14.2 Mass—The mass of a single length of pipe shall notvary more than +10 %, −5.0 % from its theoretical mass, ascalculated using its mass per unit length and its measuredlength. Pipe masses per unit length not listed in ASMEB36.10M shall be calculated using the following equation:

Inch-Pound Units:

M 5 t~D 2 t! 3 10.69 (4)

SI Units:

M 5 t~D 2 t! 3 0.024 66 (5)

where:M = mass per unit length, lb/ft [kg/m],

D = specified outside diameter, in. [mm], andt = specified wall thickness, in. [mm].

14.3 Wall Thickness—The wall thickness at any point shallbe not more than 12.5 % under the specified wall thickness.

14.4 Length—Unless otherwise agreed upon between thepurchaser and the manufacturer, pipe shall be furnished in thenominal lengths and within the tolerances given in Table 5, asspecified.

14.5 Outside Diameter—For pipe NPS 11⁄2 [DN 40] andunder, the outside diameter at any point shall not shall not varymore than 6 1⁄64 in. [0.4 mm] from the specified outsidediameter. For pipe NPS 2 [DN 50] and over, the outsidediameter shall not vary more than 6 1 % from the specifiedoutside diameter.

FIG. 1 Calibration Standards

TABLE 4 Acceptance Limits

Type ofNotch

Size of Hole Acceptance LimitSignal, %in. mm

N10, V10 1⁄8 3 100B, P 80

TABLE 5 Tolerance on Length

NominalLength

MinimumLength

Minimum AverageLength for Each

Order Item

MaximumLength

ft m ft m ft m ft m

20 6 9.0 2.74 17.5 5.33 22.5 6.8640 12 14.0 4.27 35.0 10.67 45.0 13.7250 15 17.5 5.33 43.8 13.35 55.0 16.76

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15. End Finish

15.1 Plain-end pipe shall be furnished with ends beveled toan angle of 30°, +5°, −0°, measured from a line drawnperpendicular to the axis of the pipe, and with a root face of 1⁄16in. [1.6 mm] 6 1⁄32 in. [0.8 mm], or shall have anotherplain-end configuration, as specified in the purchase order.

15.2 Threaded-end pipe shall be furnished with threadedends that are in accordance with the gaging practice andtolerances of API Standard 5B.

15.3 One end of each length of threaded-end pipe shall beprovided with a coupling conforming to the requirements ofAPI Specification 5L.

16. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance

16.1 Surface imperfections that penetrate more than 10 % ofthe specified wall thickness or encroach on the minimumpermissible wall thickness shall be considered defects. Pipewith defects shall be given one of the following dispositions:

16.1.1 The section of the pipe containing the defect shall becut off within the requirements for length.

16.1.2 The length shall be rejected.16.2 Wall thickness measurements shall be made with a

mechanical caliper or with a properly calibrated nondestructivetesting device of appropriate accuracy. In case of a dispute, themeasurement determined by the use of a mechanical calipershall govern.

16.3 Repairs of the weld seam or pipe body, by welding,shall not be permitted.

16.4 Pipe shall be reasonably straight.

17. Certification

17.1 Where specified in the purchase order or contract, thepurchaser shall be furnished certification that samples repre-senting each lot have been either tested or inspected as directedin this specification and the requirements have been met.Where specified in the purchase order or contract, a report ofthe test results shall be furnished.

18. Product Marking

18.1 Except as allowed by 18.2, each length of pipe shall belegibly marked to show the specification number, the name orbrand of the manufacturer, FBW, the grade, the specified wallthickness, the specified outside diameter, the heat number orheat code, and the length. The length shall be marked in feetand tenths of a foot, or metres to two decimal places,whichever is applicable.

18.2 For bundled pipe NPS 11⁄2 or smaller, it shall bepermissible for the required markings to be included on a tagthat is fastened securely to each bundle.

18.3 In addition to the requirements of 18.1 and 18.2, barcoding is acceptable as a supplementary identification method.The purchaser may specify in the order that a specific barcoding system be used.

19. Keywords

19.1 black steel pipe; furnace-butt-welded pipe; line pipe




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Standard Specification forSteel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Seamless 1


1. Scope

1.1 This specification covers seamless, black, plain-endsteel pipe for use in the conveyance of fluids under pressure.Pipe in sizes NPS 1 to 26, inclusive, as given in ASMEB36.10M is included. Pipe having other dimensions, in thissize range, may be furnished provided such pipe complies withall other requirements of this specification.

1.2 It is intended that the pipe be capable of being circum-ferentially welded in the field when welding procedures inaccordance with the requirements of the applicable pipelineconstruction code are used.

1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or in SIunits are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets. The values in each systemare not exact equivalents; therefore, each system is to be usedindependently of the other.


2.1 ASTM Standards:A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing

of Steel Products2

A 450/A 450M Specification for General Requirements forCarbon, Ferritic Alloy and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes3

A 530/A 530M Specification for General Requirements forSpecialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe3

A 751 Test Methods, Practices and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel Products2

A 941 Terminology Related to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-lated Alloys, and Ferroalloys3

2.2 API Standard:API RP 5L3 Recommended Practice for Conducting Drop-

Weight Tear Tests on Line Pipe4

2.3 ASME Standard:

ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe5

3. Terminology

3.1 Definitions—For terminology used in this specification,refer to Terminology A 941.

3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 lot, n—a quantity of pipe of the same ordered diam-

eter, heat, wall thickness, and grade as given in Table 1.3.2.2 seamless pipe,n—a tubular product made without a

welded seam; it is manufactured usually by hot working thematerial, and if necessary, by subsequently cold-finishing thehot worked tubular product to produce the desired shape,dimensions, and properties.

3.2.3 specified outside diameter (OD), n—the outside diam-eter specified in the purchase order or the outside diameterlisted in ASME B36.10M for the nominal pipe size specified inthe purchase order.


4.1 Pipe furnished under this specification shall conform tothe applicable requirements of Specification A 530/A 530Munless otherwise provided herein.


5.1 Information items to be considered, if appropriate, forinclusion in the purchase order are as follows:

5.1.1 Specification designation and year of issue,5.1.2 Quantity (feet or metres),5.1.3 Grade (see Table 2 and 8.1.5),5.1.4 Size (either nominal (NPS) or outside diameter and

wall thickness),5.1.5 Nominal length (see 14.3),5.1.6 End finish (plain-end beveled or special, see 15.1),5.1.7 Impact test temperature (see 8.2.5),5.1.8 Heat treatment condition (see 6.1),5.1.9 Carbon equivalent for over 0.800 in. [20.3 mm] wall

thicknesses (see 7.4),5.1.10 Reduced under thickness variation (see Table 5),

1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.

Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published August 2002.2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.4 Available from The American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,

Washington, DC 20005.

5 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990.

1


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5.1.11 Special requirements,5.1.12 Supplementary requirements, and5.1.13 Bar coding (see 18.3).

6. Manufacture

6.1 Pipe shall be manufactured by the seamless process.Unless a specific heat treatment condition is specified in thepurchase order, pipe shall be furnished in the as-rolled,normalized, normalized and tempered, or quenched and tem-pered condition.


7.1 The steel for any grade, by heat and product analyses,shall contain no more than 0.24 % carbon, 0.015 % sulfur, and0.025 % phosphorus.

7.2 The steel shall contain no more than 0.0007 % boron, byheat analysis.

7.3 For pipe with a specified wall thickness less than orequal to 0.800 in. [20.3 mm], the carbon equivalent (CE) shallnot exceed 0.43 %, calculated from the product analysis usingthe following equation:

CE5 C 1 F @Mn/61 Si/241 Cu/151 Ni/201 ~Cr1Mo1V1Cb!/5#(1)

where:F = a compliance factor that is dependent on the carbon

content as shown below:Carbon

Content, %F

CarbonContent, %

F

0.21 1.000.13 0.800.14 0.85

7.4 For pipe with a specified wall thickness greater than0.800 in. [20.3 mm], the carbon equivalent (CE) shall be asspecified in the purchase order.

7.5 A heat analysis shall be made for each heat of steelfurnished under this specification. All pipe shall be markedwith either a heat number or heat code in accordance with 18.1and 18.2.

7.6 Product analyses shall be made on at least two samplesfrom each heat of steel.

7.7 All analyses shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A 751, and shall include all ele-ments required in the carbon equivalent equation of 7.3, inaddition to titanium, phosphorus, sulfur, and boron, except thatthe product analysis for boron is not required. Titanium isreported for information only and is not a cause for rejection.

7.8 If one or both of the product analyses representing a heatfail to conform to the specified requirements, the heat shall berejected, or analyses shall be made on double the originalnumber of test samples that failed, each of which shall conformto the specified requirements.

8. Mechanical Properties

8.1 Tension Test:8.1.1 The material shall conform to the tensile requirements

given in Table 2 and 8.1.6. The yield strength maxima applyonly to pipe NPS 8 and larger.

8.1.2 The yield strength corresponding to a total extensionunder load of 0.5 % of the gage length shall be determined.

8.1.3 Transverse tension tests shall be performed on pipeNPS 8 and larger, or longitudinal, subject to approval bypurchaser. Transverse test specimens shall be either strip testspecimens or round bar test specimens, at the option of themanufacturer. All transverse strip test specimens shall be

TABLE 1 Lot Size and Sample Size for Mechanical andToughness Testing

Pipe Size Lot Size Sample Size

NPS 12 100 lengths 1

TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements

Grade Yield Strength,Min.

Yield Strength,A

Max.Tensile Strength,

Min.

psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa

35 35 000 240 65 000 450 60 000 41550 50 000 345 77 000 530 70 000 48560 60 000 415 80 000 550 75 000 51570 70 000 485 87 000 600 80 000 55080 80 000 550 97 000 670 90 000 620

A See 8.1.1.

TABLE 3 Hydrostatic Test Pressure

NPSDesignator

Specified ODin. [mm]

Specified WallThicknessin. [mm]

Test Pressure,Min.

psi [kPa]

1 1.315 [33.4] 0.133 [3.4] 700 [4800]0.179 [4.6] 850 [5900]0.250 [6.4] 950 [6600]0.358 [9.1] 1000 [6900]

11⁄4 1.660 [42.2] 0.140 [3.6] 1300 [9000]0.191 [4.9] 1900 [13 100]0.250 [6.4] 2000 [13 800]0.382 [9.7] 2300 [15 900]

11⁄2 1.900 [48.3] 0.145 [3.7] 1300 [9000]0.200 [5.1] 1900 [13 100]0.281 [7.1] 2000 [13 800]0.400 [10.2] 2300 [15 900]

TABLE 4 Acceptance Limits

Type of NotchAcceptance Limit

Signal, %Parallel Sided Notch 100Drilled Hole 100

TABLE 5 Permissible Variations in Wall Thickness

NPS DesignatorPermissible Variations from

Specified Wall Thickness,A %Over Under

1 to 21⁄2, incl. 20.0 10.03 and larger 15.0 10.0

A If a reduced under thickness variation is specified in the purchase order, it ispermissible for the over thickness variation to be increased, provided that theapplicable total tolerance range in percent is not increased.

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approximately 11⁄2 in. [38 mm] wide in the gage length andeach shall represent the full wall thickness of the pipe fromwhich the test specimen was cut.

8.1.4 Longitudinal tension tests shall be performed on pipesmaller than NPS 8. Longitudinal test specimens shall be eitherstrip test specimens, full-size test specimens, or round bar testspecimens, at the option of the manufacturer.

8.1.5 Grades intermediate to those given in Table 2 shall befurnished if so specified in the purchase order. For intermediategrades, the difference between the specified maximum yieldstrength and the specified minimum yield strength and thedifference between the specified minimum tensile strength andthe specified minimum yield strength shall be as given in Table2 for the next higher listed grade.

8.1.6 For each grade, the minimum elongation in 2 in. [50mm] shall be as determined by the following equation:

e5 C ~A0.2 / U0.9! (2)

where:e = minimum elongation in percent, rounded to the nearest

percent,C = constant = 625 000 [1940],A = the lesser of 0.75 in.2 [485 mm2] and the cross-

sectional area of the tension test specimen inin.2[mm2], based upon the specified outside diameterof the pipe or the nominal width of the tension testspecimen and the specified wall thickness, rounded tothe nearest 0.01 in.2 [1 mm2],

U = specified minimum tensile strength, psi [MPa].8.2 Impact Test:8.2.1 Except as allowed by 8.2.2, pipe shall be Charpy

V-notch tested in accordance with Test Methods and Defini-tions A 370. For pipe smaller than NPS 5, such test specimensshall be taken longitudinal to the pipe axis. For pipe NPS 5 andlarger, the test specimens shall be taken transverse to the pipeaxis.

8.2.2 The basic test specimen is full size Charpy V-notch.Where full size test specimens, either conventional or contain-ing the original OD surface, cannot be obtained due to acombination of specified outside diameter and specified wallthickness, two-thirds size or half-size test specimens shall beused. Where combinations of specified outside diameter andspecified wall thickness do not permit half-size test specimensto be obtained, there is no requirement for impact testing. In allcases, the largest possible test specimen size shall be used,except where such a test specimen size will result in absorbedenergy values greater than 80 % of the testing machinecapacity.

8.2.3 When subsize test specimens are used, the require-ments for absorbed energy shall be the adjusted values ob-tained by the following relationships, with the calculatedvalues rounded to the nearest foot pound-force [joule]:

For 2/3 size:N 5 R3 0.67 (3)For 1/2 size:N 5 R3 0.50

where:N = adjusted value, ft·lbf [J], andR = value required by 8.2.4.

8.2.4 For pipe NPS 5 through NPS 26, the absorbed energyrequirement for full size test specimens shall be 20 ft·lbf [27 J].For pipe smaller than NPS 5, the absorbed energy requirementfor full size test specimens shall be 30 ft·lbf [40 J].

8.2.5 Charpy impact testing shall be performed at 32°F[0°C], unless a lower test temperature is specified in thepurchase order.

9. Hydrostatic Test

9.1 Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydrostatictest without leakage through the wall.

9.2 Each length of pipe NPS 2 or larger shall be tested, bythe manufacturer, to a minimum hydrostatic pressure calcu-lated from the following relationship:

Inch2Pound Units:P 5 2 ~St/D! 3 C (4)

SI Units:P 5 2000~St/D! 3 C

where:S = specified minimum yield strength, psi [MPa],t = specified wall thickness, in. [mm],D = specified outside diameter, in. [mm],C = 0.60 for pipe NPS 2 through NPS 5,

0.75 for pipe larger than NPS 5 through NPS 8,0.85 for pipe larger than NPS 8 through NPS 18,0.90 for pipe larger than NPS 18, and

P = minimum hydrostatic test pressure, psi [kPa].9.3 For pipe sizes smaller than NPS 2, the test pressures

given in Table 3 are arbitrary. For pipe in sizes smaller thanNPS 2 with specified wall thicknesses lighter than those listed,the test pressure for the next heavier listed specified wallthickness shall be used. For intermediate specified outsidediameters for pipe sizes smaller than NPS 2, the test pressuresgiven for the next smaller specified outside diameter shall beused.

9.4 When computed test pressures are not an exact multipleof 10 psi [100 kPa], they shall be rounded to the nearest 10 psi[100 kPa].

9.5 The minimum hydrostatic test pressure required tosatisfy these requirements need not exceed 3000 psi [20 700kPa]. This does not prohibit testing at a higher pressure at themanufacturer’s option. The hydrostatic test pressure shall bemaintained for not less than 5 s for all pipe sizes.

10. Nondestructive Electric Test

10.1 The entire outside surface of each pipe shall beinspected full length for longitudinal defects by either magneticparticle inspection, ultrasonic inspection, electromagnetic in-spection, or a combination thereof. The location of the equip-ment in the mill shall be at the discretion of the manufacturer;however, the nondestructive inspection shall take place after allheat treating and expansion operations, if performed, but maytake place before cropping, beveling, and end sizing.

10.2 Magnetic Particle Inspection—The depth of all imper-fections revealed by magnetic particle inspection shall bedetermined; and when found to be greater than 10 % of thespecified wall thickness, the imperfection shall be considered adefect.

10.3 Ultrasonic and Electromagnetic Inspection—Anyequipment utilizing the ultrasonic or electromagnetic principles

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and capable of continuous and uninterrupted inspection shallbe used. The equipment shall be checked with an applicablereference standard as described in 10.4 at least once every 8 hof inspection to demonstrate the effectiveness of the inspectionprocedures. The equipment shall be adjusted to producewell-defined indications when the reference standard isscanned by the inspection unit in a manner simulating theinspection of the product.

10.4 Reference Standards—Reference standards shall haveboth outside diameter and wall thickness within the tolerancesspecified for the production pipe to be inspected, and may be ofany convenient length as determined by the pipe manufacturer.For ultrasonic inspection, the reference standard shall contain amachined notch as shown in Fig. 1. For electromagneticinspection, the reference standard shall contain either a ma-chined notch or a1⁄8-in. [3-mm] drilled hole as shown in Fig.1. The notch shall be in the outer surface of the referencestandard and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe or, atthe option of the manufacturer, may be oriented at such anangle as to optimize the detection of anticipated defects. The1⁄8-in. [3-mm] drilled hole shall be drilled radially through thewall of the reference standard.

NOTE 1—The calibration standards shown in Fig. 1 are convenientstandards for the calibration of nondestructive equipment. The dimensionsof such standards should not be construed as the minimum size imper-fection detectable by such equipment.

10.5 Acceptance Limits—Table 4 gives the height of accep-tance limit signals in percent of the height of signals producedby the calibration standards. Imperfections that produce asignal greater than the acceptance limit given in Table 4 shallbe considered defects. Pipe containing defects shall be givenone of the dispositions specified in 16.2.

10.6 Surface condition, operator qualification, extent ofexamination, and standardization procedure shall be in accor-dance with the provisions of Specification A 450/A 450M.

11. Number of Tests

11.1 Tension and impact testing shall be performed on a lotbasis with the lot size and sample sizes as given in Table 1.

12. Test Methods

12.1 The test specimens and the tests required by thisspecification shall conform to those described in Test Methodsand Definitions A 370.

13. Dimensions and Weights [Masses] Per Unit Length

13.1 The dimensions and weights [masses] per unit lengthof some of the pipe sizes included in this specification aregiven in ASME B36.10M. The weight [mass] per unit length ofpipe having an intermediate diameter or specified wall thick-ness, or both, shall be calculated by the equation in 14.1.

14. Permissible Variations in Weight [Mass] andDimensions

14.1 Weight [Mass]—The weight [mass] of a single lengthof pipe shall not vary more than +10 %, -3.5 % from itstheoretical weight, as calculated using its weight [mass] perunit length and its measured length. Pipe weights [masses] perunit length not listed in ASME B36.10M shall be calculatedfrom the following equation:

Inch2Pound Units:W5 t~D2t! 3 10.69 (5)

SI Units:W5 t~D2t! 3 0.024 66

where:D = specified outside diameter, in. [mm],t = specified wall thickness, in. [mm], andW = weight [mass] per unit length, lb/ft [kg/m].

The weight [mass] of any order item shall not be more than1.75 % under its theoretical weight [mass].

14.2 Wall Thickness—Variations in wall thickness shall notexceed those given in Table 5.

14.3 Length—Unless otherwise agreed upon between thepurchaser and the manufacturer, pipe shall be furnished in thenominal lengths and within the permissible variations given inTable 6.

14.4 Outside Diameter—Pipe sizes NPS 20 and smallershall permit the passage over the ends, for a distance of 4 in.[100 mm], of a ring gage that has a bore diameter no larger thanthe specified outside diameter plus the diameter plus tolerance.Outside diameter measurements of pipe larger than NPS 20shall be made with a diameter tape. Outside diameter measure-ments, away from the ends, of pipe NPS 20 and smaller, shallbe made with a snap gage, caliper, or other device thatmeasures actual outside diameter in a single plane.

15. End Finish

15.1 Pipe furnished to this specification shall be plain-endbeveled, with ends beveled to an angle of 30°, +5°, -0°,measured from a line drawn perpendicular to the axis of the

FIG. 1 Calibration Standards

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pipe, and with a root face of1⁄16-in. 6 1⁄32-in. [1.5 mm, +1.0,-0.5 mm], or another plain-end configuration as specified in thepurchase order.

16. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance

16.1 Surface imperfections that are deeper than 10 % of thespecified wall thickness shall be considered defects.

16.2 Pipe with defects shall be given one of the followingdispositions:

16.2.1 The defect shall be removed by grinding, providedthat a smooth curved surface remains and the remaining wallthickness is within specified limits.

NOTE 2—It is acceptable for the outside diameter at the point ofgrinding to be reduced by the amount so removed.

16.2.2 The section of the pipe containing the defect shall becut off within the requirements for length.

16.2.3 The length shall be rejected.16.3 Wall thickness measurements shall be made with a

mechanical caliper or with a properly calibrated nondestructivetesting device of appropriate accuracy. In case of a dispute, themeasurement determined by the use of a mechanical calipershall govern.

16.4 Repairs of the pipe body, by welding, are not permit-ted.

16.5 Pipe smaller than NPS 4 shall be reasonably straight.All other pipe sizes shall be randomly checked for straightness,and deviation from a straight line shall not exceed 0.2 % of thepipe length.

16.6 The pipe shall contain no dents greater than 10 % ofthe specified outside diameter or1⁄4 in. [6 mm], whichever issmaller, measured as the gap between the lowest point of thedent and a prolongation of the original contour of the pipe.Cold formed dents deeper than1⁄8 in. [3 mm] shall be free ofsharp bottom gouges. The gouges may be removed by grindingprovided the remaining wall thickness is within specifiedlimits. The length of the dent in any direction shall not exceedone half the pipe specified outside diameter.

17. Certification

17.1 A test report shall be furnished.

18. Product Marking

18.1 Except as allowed in 18.2, each length of pipe shall bemarked legibly by painting to show the specification number;the name or brand of the manufacturer; the grade; the specifiedwall thickness; the specified outside diameter; the heat numberor heat code; and the length. The length shall be marked in feetand tenths of a foot, or metres to two decimal places,whichever is applicable.

18.2 For bundled pipe NPS 11⁄2 or smaller, the requiredmarkings may be included on a tag that is fastened securely tothe bundle.

18.3 In addition to the requirements of 18.1 and 18.2, barcoding is acceptable as a supplementary identification method.The purchaser may specify in the order that a specific barcoding system be used.

19. Keywords

19.1 black steel pipe; line pipe; seamless

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified in the purchase order.

S1. Ductile Fracture Arrest

S1.1 Except as allowed by S1.2, one pipe per heat of steelshall be Charpy V-notch tested in accordance with TestMethods A 370 with the test specimens taken transverse to thepipe axis.

S1.2 The basic test specimen is full size Charpy V-notch.Where full size test specimens, either conventional or contain-ing the original OD surface, cannot be obtained due to acombination of specified outside diameter and specified wallthickness, two-thirds size or half-size test specimens shall beused. Where combinations of specified outside diameter andspecified wall thickness do not permit half-size test specimensto be obtained, there is no requirement for impact testing. In all

cases, the largest possible test specimen size shall be used,except where such a test specimen size will result in absorbedenergy values greater than 80 % of the testing machinecapacity.

S1.3 When subsize test specimens are used, the require-ments for absorbed energy shall be the adjusted values ob-tained by one of the following relationships, with the calcu-lated values rounded to the nearest foot pound-force [joule]:

For 2/3 size:N 5 R3 0.67For 1/2 size:N 5 R3 0.50

where:N = adjusted value, ft·lbf [J], and

TABLE 6 Permissible Variations in Length

NominalLength

MinimumLength

Minimum AverageLength for Each

Order Item

MaximumLength

ft m ft m ft m ft m

20 6 9.0 3.00 17.5 5.00 22.5 7.0040 12 14.0 4.00 35.0 11.00 45.0 14.0050 15 17.5 5.00 43.8 14.00 55.0 17.0060 18 21.0 6.00 52.5 16.00 65.0 20.00

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R = specified value required by S1.4.S1.4 The absorbed energy requirement for full size speci-

mens shall be the value claculated using the following equa-tion, rounded to the nearest foot pound-force, or 30 ft·lbf [40 J],whichever is the greater:

V ~full size! 5 C3 D0.5 3 S1.5

where:D = specified outside diameter, in. [mm],S = 0.723 specified minimum yield strength, ksi [MPa],C = constant 0.024 [0.000 36], andV = minimum average value required, ft·lbf [J].

S1.5 The factor of 0.72 as shown in S1.4 may be increasedby agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

S1.6 Charpy impact testing shall be performed at 32°F[0°C], or lower as agreed upon between the purchaser and themanufacturer.

S1.7 Each Charpy impact test shall exhibit at least 70 %shear area average for the three specimens.

S2. Drop Weight Tear Testing

S2.1 The drop weight tear test shall be conducted inaccordance with API RP 5L3.

S2.2 The temperature selected for conducting the dropweight tear test, the test frequency, and the criteria foracceptance shall be as specified in the purchase order.




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Standard Specification forSteel Tubes, Carbon and Carbon Manganese, FusionWelded, for Boiler, Superheater, Heat Exchanger andCondenser Applications 1


1. Scope

1.1 This specification covers minimum wall thicknesswelded tubes m

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