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Astroparticle Physics in the Netherlands
Gerard van der Steenhoven
Amsterdam, November 15th, 2004
NIKHEF Scientific Advisory Committee
?LOFARGravitation
Cosmic Rays
Neutrinos
Dark Matter
Astroparticle Physics
WMAP results
Dark Matters searches
• Gravitational capture of ’s:
• Annihilation of neutralinos (’s):
in Earth, Sun, or Galactic Centre
Observe decay neutrino
+
W
W
Origin of high energy cosmic rays
~ E-2.7
• Scientific issues:
• How to get info:– Protons are bent…– High energy ’s ?
→ What is the origin of
(U)HE cosmic rays?
GZK limit: 5 x 1019 eV
→ Data beyond GZK limit: new physics?
Astroparticle Physics (APP)
• Dark Matter searches– neutralinos, monopoles,…
• Cosmic rays (GZK-limit)– AGN’s, GRB’s, -Quasars,…
• Neutrinos– oscillations, CP
• Gravitation– grav. waves
SN1987A
DoE/NSF report ‘Quantum Universe’
The key questions:
1. Undiscovered principles:
2. Dark energy:
3. Extra dimensions:
4. Unified forces:
5. Why so many particles:
6. Dark matter:
7. Neutrinos:
8. Origin of the universe:
9. Antimatter:
LHC
APP
1. Beyond SM, SUSY
2. Higgs Field
3. String Theory,
Gravitation
4. UH energies, p-decay
5. Top, bottom, - physics
6. WIMPs, neutralinos
7. Mass, CP, oscillations
8. QGP, WMAP
9. CP violation
APP @ NIKHEF - I
• ANTARES
– 0.05 km3 deep-sea -detector
– NIKHEF contributions:• DAQ-concept:
All-Data-to-Shore
• Readout, controls, point trigger
• Investments: 3.5 M€ (NWO-G)
– Pilot for ~ 1 km3 project
– Project status (Maarten de Jong):• Deployment 1st line: Summer 2005
• Fully operational system: early 2007
APP @ NIKHEF - II
• KM3NET
– Design study for ~ 1 km3 deep-sea -detector (EU FP6)
– Objectives of design study:• Develop complete design – ready to be built
• Reduce cost (per line) by factor two: total costs < 200 M€
• Site selection:
– Project status:• EU negotiations
• 2006 - 2008
• NIKHEF: 0.7 M€
(Els de Wolf)
ANTARES
NEMO NESTOR
Purpose of km3 -detector
• Astrophysics (-astronomy):– Identify point sources– Composition of jets– Origin of cosmic acceleration– Diffuse fluxes
• Particle physics (beyond SM)– Dark Matter searches:
• Neutralinos, Monopoles,..
– Origin of UHE-cosmic rays– Neutrino oscillations
(extra) galactic -sources
Neutralino search: → +…
Expected rates: point-like sources
KM3NET 1 yr
Quasars and GRBs Neutralino searches
KM3NET 3 yr
GRB’s
Expected rates: diffuse fluxes
Waxman-Bahcall Limit for extra-galactic sources: ~ 250 ev/yr/km2
NT-200
DUMAND
W&B
MPRMPR
+ NT-200
AMANDA-II/ANTARES
IceCube/KM3NeT
AMANDA-B10
GRB
atmospheric neutrinos
Mannheim et al: refinement of WB-limit +individual src-s.
Total expected diffuse rate: 20 x ANTARES ~ 105 ’s/yr
KM3NET versus ICECUBE
• Complementary sky views*:
• Angular resolution:• Energy threshold:
(*) ANTARES location provides a sky coverage of 3.5 sr and an instantaneous common view with AMANDA
of 0.5 sr, and about 1.5 sr common view per day. The Galactic centre is visible 2/3 of the time.
KM3NET ICECUBE
galactic
centre
KM3NET ICECUBE
0.1 deg 0.5 deg
1 TeV 10 TeV
APP @ NIKHEF - III• LOFAR
– Radio-frequency interferometer (10-250 MHz)
– APP application: high-energy cosmic rays (GZK limit?)
– Data volume: few GB/s/station:• TIER1 @ NIKHEF
– Project status:• Under construction in NL
• Dutch investment: 52 M€
• CR proof-of-principle
• Operations: 2007-2012
(Jeff Templon)
LOFAR
What is LOFAR?• Astronomy:
– First measurement 10 – 250 MHz
radiospectrum (0.5 tot 30 m waves)– Cosmology: early ionisation phase
• Astroparticle physics: – Cosmic rays of E > 1014 eV
5 ev/hr
1 ev/yr
APP: the challenge in NL
• ANTARES:
– FOM program ends in 2006 (….data taking until 2010!)
• KM3NET:
– Dutch investment required: ~ 10 M€ (in 2010)
• LOFAR:
– Additional resources for CR-program needed
• Other research ambitions:
– KATRIN, Gravitation, Pierre Auger:
A coherent national plan is needed !
The Pierre Auger Project
• Large CR-array
in Argentina
• NIKHEF (Nijmegen)
invited as partner
• Idea: implement
radio-detection of
CR’s (~ LOFAR)
• Advantage: direct access
to newest UHE-CR data!
APP developments elsewhere• US:
– New astroparticle physics institutes (@ SLAC, FNAL)
– DoE/NSF paper ‘Quantum Universe’
• Germany:
– New ‘Fachbereich’
– Push from BMBF
• Italy:
– Separate ‘funding chapter 2’ within INFN
– Number of researchers involved: 800
Astroteilchenphysik: BMBF-Förderung
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2000 2001 2002
Mio
€
APP in NL: considerations
• New scientific community:…… critical mass
• Funding agencies (FOM, NWO-E):
– Involve all groups in the Netherlands
– Obtain active support astronomers
– Be selective: set priorities
• Universities:……… get new faculty on APP
Choose a bottom-up approach!
Our approach
• Form a scientific community in the Netherlands:– APP symposia: 26 April @ NIKHEF, 24 Sept @ Nijmegen,
21 Jan. ‘05 @ Leiden, 22 April ’05 @ KVI, …
– Create web-site: www.astroparticlephysics.nl
• Form an organizational body (‘bottom up’):– ‘Committee for Astroparticle physics in the NL’ (CAN)
• Formulate a strategy:
– CAN prepares a research plan (+M€’s)
The CAN committee• Approach:
– Inventory of research ambitions– Set priorities and write research plan– Feed-back from Dutch APP community
• Membership:– Amsterdam: B. Hertzberger, P.J. Mulders (VU), R. Wijers– ASTRON: H. Falcke– Groningen: M. van de Weijgaert – KVI: A. van den Berg, N. Kalantar, R. Timmermans – Leiden: A. Achacurra– Nijmegen: J. Kuijpers, S. de Jong – NIKHEF: F. Linde, G. van der Steenhoven (chair)– Utrecht: A. Achterberg
Crab
Planning
• 14 oktober 2004:
– CAN ‘kick-off’ meeting in Amsterdam
• 1 december 2004:
– Inventory APP research ambitions
• January - April 2005:
– First draft + feedback community
• May- June 2005:
– Submission plan to funding agencies:
FOM/NWO-N, NWO-E, NWO-AB
First draft of web-page
………under construction !K. Huijser, NIKHEF
First result of inventory
cf. TIER1for LHC
Conclusion• Astroparticle Physics:
– High discovery potential
– New initiative in NL
– Bottom-up approach
• Scientific Advisory Committee:– Advice on chosen approach
– Advice on APP priorities
Possible resources for APP
• FOM (physics)
– Through NIKHEF ‘mission budget’, and small projects
• NWO-E (e-science, mathematics, astronomy)
– Open competition (small), new joint program?
• NWO – AB (general board)
– Awards & fellowships (‘veni-vidi-vici’ program)– Investments (NWO-M and NWO-G)– As new interdisciplinary program (‘New Money’)
• EU (framework program - FP7):– Marie-Curie fellowships, Design studies,
Research Infrastructures (I3’s), Construction,…
M€’s