At Home, the Community & Work Barry Wellman NetLab Director, University of Toronto wellman...

at Home, the Community & Work

Barry WellmanNetLab Director, University of

Torontowww.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman

NetLab Goals Descend from seeing the Internet

As Transcendentally Unique Towards Immanently Embedded in Everyday Life

Use Real World Social Data Survey, Network analysis, Ethnography

Evaluate indicators of the turn towardsNetworked Individualism

Bias towards working collaboratively Interdisciplinary (Comp sci, Info sci, Comm sci, etc International comparisons: the Non-Universal net Build (and Evaluate) stuff, as well as Studying

stuff

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Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellmanThis Conference is about

The Turn to Networked Societies Computer Networks, Economic Networks

& Communication NetworksAre All Social Networks

Been Doing Social Network Analysisfor 35+ Years

Founded Int’l Net for Net Analysis 1977 Glad to Have You Aboard! Conference in Cancun Next Month

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Outline of Talk

A Conference Theme:What is the Transformed Nature of Work &

and Community in a Networked Society?

Transformation Began Before the Internet From Group-Based to Networked Societies

Door-to-Door, Place-to-Place, Person-to-Person Transforming Enterprise –Networked Individualism The Six Socials:

Linkages, Capital, Cohesion, Mobilization, Control, Exclusion

Door-to Door Groups Place-to-

Place Glocalization

Person-to-PersonNetworked

Individualism

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Social Transformation:From Groups to Networks

Changing Connectivity Sparsely-Knit Loosely-Bounded Multiple Foci

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Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellmanAlready Transformed

Communities: Pre-Internet The household’s community, not the individual’s Community dispersed – regionally, (inter)nationally More friends, neighbours, acquaintances, workmates

than kin Sparsely-knit: few directly connected with each other Specialized support Domestication: Encounters in Private Space

Homes, Phones Wives organize/serve couples’

get-togethers & ties with in-laws

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Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellmanSecond Age of Internet

Studies: From Transcendence to Imminence

Documenting & Situating For Government, Academe, Commerce, Public Interest Ethnographies Surveys – Access, Users and Uses

Realizations that Reliable Research Data Needed Grounding Internet Use in Overall Experiences Integrating Net Use with Other Media Use Differentiating Types of User Populations

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Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellmanSecond Age of Internet

Studies: From Transcendence to Imminence

Is the Internet … Disconnecting Household Members? Transforming, Diminishing, Adding To

Communication; Community? Civic Involvement: Voluntary Orgs, Politics? Alienation: Loss of Control, Sense of Control? Replacing Everyday Pursuits? Affecting Structure of Work?

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Changing Users and Uses

Within-Country Digital Divides Decreasing Newbies Look Like Rest of Population SES, Language Remain Important Gender, Age, Life-Cycle Gaps Closing

North Americans Resemble General Pop. Other OECD & Non-OECD Countries More:

Male, Better Educated, Younger, Single Does Ontogeny Recapitulate Phylogeny?

New Catalan & Japanese Research

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From Newbies to Users

People Rapidly Become Experienced Users Become Frequent Users The Real Digital Divide is Know-How –

Not Access AMD Global Consumer Advisory Board:

Computer “SATs” Coming


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National Geographic Survey 2000 and Survey

2001

“Survey 2000” -- Fall 1998 – Cleaned Sample 15,659 North Americans (US, Canada) 77% 3,079 Other OECD (Germany, Japan, etc.) 15% 1,604 Non-OECD (Often Less Developed) 8%

“Survey 2001” – Entering Data Analysis Stage

Collaborators: Jeffrey Boase, Wenhong Chen, Keith Hampton, Catherine Mobley, Anabel Quan-Haase, James Witte

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Figure 1. Number of Months on the Internet by Frequency of Internet Use

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Past month Past 6 months Past 12 months 1-2 years 2-3 years More than 3 years

Number of Months on the Internet

Send/Receive Email Web-Surfing Chat MUDs Games

Figure 2b: Percentage of Different Media Used for Contact with Near-By Kin

Phone53%

Email17%

Letters3%

F2F27%


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Figure 2a: Contact w ith Kin Within 30 miles (50 km) -- Days per Year

201192 187

201209

238

117 116 113120 115 118

7765 61 62 63 60

1 5

24

6 7 8

52

1376

660

50

100

150

200

250

Never Rarely Monthly Weekly Few times/w k Daily

Email Use

Total Phone F2F Email Letters

Figure 4b: Percentage of Media Used for Contact with Far-Away Kin

Phone35%

F2F8%

Email49%

Letters8%


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Figure 4a: Contact with Kin Beyond 30 miles (50 km) -- Days per Year

58 59 61

73

93

135

37 36 35 3643

9 9 10

19

72

8 9 10

39

1012 10

1 5

10

35

98

70

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Never Rarely Monthly Weekly Few times/ wk Daily

Email Use

Total Phone F2F Email Letters

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Email Adds on To F2F, Phone

Nearby Interactions Continue to Predominate 63% of All Contact with Kin are with Nearby Kin 42% of all Email Contact with Kin are with Nearby Kin

Multiple Media Used For Daily Emailers

• For Nearby Kin, Email is 22% of All Contact• For Faraway Kin, Email is 53% of All Contact

Friendship Data is Similar, but More Contact And More Email Contact


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Keith Hampton & Barry Wellman City and Community, 2003 Highly Fast Asynchronous Transfer

Mode 16 MegaBit/Second

Always On Telco Field Trial in Toronto Suburb

View of Netville

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“Wired” and “Non-Wired” Neighboring in Netville

Recognized by Name 25.5 8.4 3.0 .00

Talk with Regularly 6.3 3.1 2.0 .06

Invited into Own Home

3.9 2.7 1.4 .14

Invited into Neighbors’ Homes

3.9 2.5 1.6 .14

# of Intervening Lots to Known Neighbors

7.5 5.6 1.4 .08

Mean Number of Neighbors:

Wired(37)

Non-Wired(20)

Wired/ NonWired

Ratio

Signif. Level(p <)

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Catalonian Web Surfers

Few Use Email Frequently Most Use Web Services Frequently Why?

Localistic Society:• Most Friends and Kin Live Nearby• Most Live with Parents

High Touch Society: Smell, See, Feel, Hear Whys are Conjectures Now

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Japanese Mobilers

Phone Based Web Services Small Screens

Phone Based Texting /Short Messages Frequent short contacts

rather than long statements Young Use Mobiles; Mid/Old Use PCs

Cohort or Age-Grade Effect?Richness vs Portability

Incompatible Systems Hinder Social Cohesion

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Barry Wellman www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellmanThe Double Internet Paradox

(1a) First Age Hype Asserted that Internet Would Transform Society

(1b) As, the Internet Became Embedded in Everyday Life

(2a) Second Age Documenting the Embedding of the Internet in

Everyday Life (2b) As Societies Quietly Transforming

From Groups to Networks

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Turn Towards Networked Individualism

Transportation & CommunicationHave Become Individualized

Dual Careers – Multiple Schedules Multiple Employers

Sequential and Contemporaneous Physical Separation of Work, Home, Commerce Movement of Work away from Workplace:

Teleworker, Flex Worker, Road Warrior Computerization Allows Personalization No Over-Arching Social Controllers

Place To Place (GloCalization)(Phones, Networked PCs, Airplanes, Expressways, RR, Transit)

Home, Office Important Contexts, Not Intervening Space

Specialized Relationships – Not MultiStranded Ties Ramified & Sparsely Knit: Not Local Solidarities

Not neighborhood-based Not densely-knit with a group feeling

Partial Membership in Multiple Workgroups/ Communities Often Based on Shared Interest Connectivity Beyond Neighborhood, Work Site “GloCalization”: Globally Connected, Locally Invested Household to Household /

Work Group to Work Group Domestication, Feminization of Community Knowledge Comes From Internal & External Sources

Technological Changes Foster Social Affordances forNew Forms of Community Bandwidth – Information Knowledge? Anytime – 24 / 7 / 365 Anywhere – Ubiquity Globalized Connectivity Wireless Portability Convergence – Any Medium Accesses

All Personalization

Person-to-Person: Networked Individualism(Mobile Phones, Wireless Computing, Lonely Car) Individualized Networking Little Awareness of Context Private Desires Replace Public Civility Multiple Specialized Relationships Partial Membership in Multiple Networks Long-Distance Relationships More Transitory Relationships Online Interactions Linked with Offline More Uncertainty, More Maneuverability Less Palpable than Traditional Solidarities: Alienation? Sparsely-Knit: Fewer Direct Connections Than Door-To-

Door Possibly Less Caring for Strangers More Weak Ties Need for Institutional Memory & Knowledge Management

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The Six Socials

Linkages: Networks, Not Groups Capital: Networking, not Org. Membership

(Putnam) Cohesion: No Single Commitment;

Crosscutting Ties Mobilization: Interpersonal, Ad Hoc Control: Maneuverability among Multiple Nets Exclusion: Informed Use, not Access, to

Internet

Groups Networks** Each in its Place Mobility of People and Goods ** United Family Serial Marriage, Mixed Custody Shared Community Multiple & Partial Personal Nets Neighborhoods Dispersed Communities Surveillance Privacy Control Autonomy Voluntary Organizations Informal Leisure Face-to-Face Computer-Mediated Communication Public Spaces Private Spaces Visibility Anonymity Focused Work Unit Networked Organization Job in a Company Career in a Profession Autarky Outsourcing Office, Factory Airplane, Internet, Cellphone Ascription Achievement Hierarchies Multiple Reporting Relationships Conglomerates Virtual Organizations/Alliances Collective Security Civil Liberties Cold War Blocs Fluid, Transitory Alliances

Barry Wellman & Caroline Haythornthwaite editors

Blackwell Publishers, 2002

Papers atwww.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman

@chass.utoronto.ca

mailto:[email protected]

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