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Ann Rev Psychol 980 3:457-50Cprigt 80b ua Rw Ic rght rrd

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

AND RESEARCH

Harold H Keley and John L. Michela 1

Department of Psychology, Univrsity o Caionia

Ls Als Califia 924

CONTENS

ANTECDNTS OF ATTRBUTONSfmt .

Nc ct .Crat: t OV d ..Sty d contg ......................Slence acy Cnt

Belf Suostos about scces ad lure Expctaton abut actr

!s;;: .

nscent dcontng ,Ca scata ct b o nrat pcng

Cnt

Motivaion .Motvato to ake trbutons Mtat r act ad prtc Mtt t tt t to tr Mtat b t t Cots

Actors' vrsus bsrvrs Attributions Cgt ctr Mtat ct Drc accur?

+333

61461

462465466467468468

468469469

470

471472

473

473

47374

475

476

6477

477

478

IPreparation of this revew was supported by ational Science Foundation Grant BS

62 We are ndebted to Masao Ohashi or hs help the early stages, to yntha Seamanor careul preparaton o the manuscrpt, and to Beard Wener and Scott Wmer oront o a erler drft.

4570066-08/80/001-0$0100

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4 KEEY ICHE

ONSQUNS OF ARIBUIONS . 480Person versus Environmen 480Inrinsic versus Exrinsic Moivaion .. 482Various Causes for Arousal . 482

e cause 3Fal e ue 484False eeback 484

ru h . 486table-utable . 486Iteal-exteal (lcus) . 487Gb 487

ntentional-Uninenional ... .. Comments 9

ISSUES AND IMPLIAIONS 9Aribuion in s Naural Cone 490Appto 492

SUMMAR 494

he l decde h ee gre de o reerch o he erceo ocuo d he coequece o uch erceo oduced rmrlwh oc cholo he ocu h bee he erceed cue o oherpersons' behavior. A rle h bee e ofhe eree ueo oe ow behor d he lele rece oc h cocered deece bewee ohererceo d eerceo he ud o erceed

cuo deed b he er "buo heory rbuo reerrgo he erceo or erece o cue A we wl ee here o oe bum rbuo "heore d he e reer o eer dere kdo roblem he commo de re h eoe erre behor ermo cue d h hee erreo y mor roe deer-mg reco o he behor

he brod oule o he ed c be lured b exerme bhbu ecke ( ) her rocedure ubec erced wh wooher ero oe o hgher u h he ubec (older more

dced educo lee) d he oher o lower u A he uouolded becme ecery or he ubec o r o duce he oher woo hel h d eeuly ech o hem comed wh h reue heubec w he ked wh ech oe hd comled or "elreo becue he wed o or or "exel reo becue o hereure he ubec u o hm he reul were h he hgh uero comlce w more oe hough o occur or he erlreo d he ow u ero comce or he exel reoFurhermore he ubec eluo o he hgh u ero creed

more rom beore o er he comlce h dd h euo o heow u ero

h ud llure boh ece d coequece o rbuoor behor he s de, ce ormo bou behor

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RBU ER 49

d he crcumce o occurrece re ued b he ubjec o er caue The reearcher aumed ha he ubjec make a dco bewee erl d exera caue h he adoed de rom eder

944) ad Mchoe 963) The urer aumed ha he ubjec decdebewee era ad exer caue or he oher comce o heba o he oher erceed ower he oher ero hh ower( h uo hh u) he cue or he comce wl be eeo be de he ero bu he oher ero ow ower wllbe ee ocaed "oude he ero The reearcher reaog here h he ubjec ume h ulerbe ero ( h e ow u) eoed o eel orce h behor coe wh he orce cobe arbued o era acor

he qde Thbu ecke dea wh oe arcularreco o he coml behor mel he ubjec ealuo o hewo ero he coed h rbu he comlce o ealcaue he ubec cred he ero wh oe aude d raArbu hee qule o ero h he coequee h he ubjeced o lke h ero

hbu ecke work we ee he ee eleme o rbuoreerch The egaor ha a coceo o he aleae exlaaohe e bjec m eera or a e kd o ee Te egor ao ha hohe abou he aecede o caul arbuo ebou he cor h ead he ubjec o rbue arculr ee ooe cue rher h oher Fl, he eor h hohebou he coequece o he ubjec mk rculr arbuoThu he geera model o he arbo ed he oe how Fg-ure

ANTECEDENTS ATRIBUTONS CONSEQENCES

nformaio Behvor

ls . Perceved . Aet Cue Movo Expy

\__ _/ I,- \___-AR I BUI N

HR IEARI BUINAL

THEIE

Fur Gr md f h b ld

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46 K I

Wh h rd ld h r rd pr- h d pmly h dr l d hrd h dym f hr h r

lk Th pl drw rh d w wh mh lld "r d rl rrh. Th r l y-m m r mpl f d Thr r yd h r hml d hy r rllymrd drly y rl rpr Arl rrh h f r l m r mpl f pr-d d mrm f hr hr l dxp. Thr r rl h f h dr h hm m rm l d r Wh h wypf rrh h mm r h l xpl fr y rdy ppl. h l r rmd ply rl rl hm hr. Thy hpr' drd f h l rr f h wrld d hrfrr mpr drm f h r wh h wrld.

Th ld dd mr wh h f w rrh prdmr h fl f w hry hr rw f h rf dr l f wrk d rw wr f hr mm rprlm. Th ry f h l my d y rfr dr'ml wr pyhly 198 ' rrh pr prp l 96 d lfpr J Wr-m 973 r rrh l rl r 1966 Shhr1964 hy f m d ' 1967 wrk lfprp Thmm hm h dry w dd hrl ppr yJ 196 d lly 967 d h ld h r rf y h w llw

r dld mm h prr h rdr rfrrd

l 197 d pr f lm dd y ry l 1976 97Th pr rw ly hhlh h x lrr. A mpr-d rh yldd r 9 rl rr r h lyr pd.Am h w h prry mr r ppr d rw rdr fl h rd rdr' ry h rl lrr

ANTECEDENTS OF ATTRIBUTONS

Th hr l f d r lrd y ' 96

hry f rrpd fr whh prr' xpl fr r pr' Lm hml h whh h kw l d prpd hhyph h fwr d r r h fr d h


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RIBUIO HEORY 46

h ran ar wdy hard n h cr, h mr nfrma ha acn a h dnfyng dn f h ac. Th amnncrra w f h man ca f ancdn. Fr, h an

acd y noraton n h ca a h cnqnc f h acna h ar cmard wh h cnqnc f hr ac h acrmgh ha akn nnn nfrrd accrdng h rnc fnncmmn c: h nnn gng h acn ndcad y hf cnqnc n cmmn h aa acn and h fwrch nncmmn c, h amg h nnn. cnd, harn acd y h rcr' lf n h ca a whahr acr wd d n h am an ca dray f fw

n wd ha acd a h acr dd, h nnn rang f hrna nd r ad Th hrd ca f ancdn, hang d whotvaton nrdcd y Jn a axary hyh f hdnc ranc. I acn ac cr a, gakhd a dn w nfrrd frm . Th ccr ca hmac n h rcr wfar cm a fca c whch h hrc ar amad and hry h nmr f nrad nncmmnc rdcd. Th, h rcr man, cd y h acn'cnqnc fr hm, hgh ac h rcng f nfrman

a h acn.Th hr ca f ancdn rad y Jn and a' anayrcr hrgh h hrca and mrca wrk n arn. W nwcndr hm n rdr

nformationach f fwng c dc hw nfrman ac ar

n. Th ar cncn dr n wha hy cfy rannfrman h y f rng arn, and h nar f h r-

c nkng nfrman arn. Th radr w rcgn m fwha fw a ar f cmmn knwdg Th ar arn arfrqny n r hgh and cnran and w ar n aa f mf h nfrna r nd n h rc. Th m ymacwrk n an ara ha ncma cmmn knwdg ar w rady arn rarch. Th cmnn f ha knwdg ar dnd a rcr dnad and man and rrr ar drmnd

NONCOMMON EFFECTS A dcrd a, Jn a 96 -ad ha nfman a h cqnc f arna acn d nfr h nnn hnd a arcar ac mrca r han rdd fr h rd nfrman rcng , h rnc



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462 K I

nnn nnn ndryng a vnary a ar dn wn a a a nur f a ar unqu ( nnn. Nwn (1974 udd nubr ap f prn-p and fnd a fwr nnn rd n r ndn andr xr nfrn au ar T unqun ap f yp wa dd y An ( 1976. Ty und a arun a avr n wa a nar nn nnn ra wn wa unu and dran a wa n n w r arna a.

COVARIATON: TH ANOVA MODL y (967 gd a

"T ard a ndn w prn wn prn and w an wn an (p. 194. Mrnray arud far w w ar nn rad au prnp nrn auray w wvaran wn vn prvd T vdn xd n anyd varan a n prvd w ar auray [ n won conitncy and dtinctine wi rla o judgmna anaog

f a an a a Spp (1966 and rk M(1967 w prvd udgna daa rang prdn rra-

n] Furr n a nur arun ud varan n xprna u a apparny n dd nau a ru-ng arn wr apprpray dd (g. Van 1966 unnnga1976 S Mndn 197 wvr a w w n n nf prpn f aran an e ray ad y u'prnpn au au ran n n rndrd wyrrnu. T rrr undudy nru prn aaa T p aray a varanprnp d ad a appyng prcd aran.

T varan prnp p an nfran prng r pn ndd w rp yp f au and nd. y(1967 ugd a r any pr n a pyy, ranaua ar ar prn (P u (S and da nran w (M T anay an ard n par y anANVA u dnd y r dnn P S and T T arunf a n P rpn a rn S n a parar an dpndn prpn dr f onnu w r P rpn S contny w P rpn S a r T and dtnct

n r P rpn r S.T ANVA d pnpa an a a ran pa fnran ad ran arun. T MArr (1972prvdd w ar f drn f rvan


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RBU HORY 6

a a eet and btaned expanatins a et pssbe pattens ihesus w nsensus nsisteny and distintieness e esuts weeaey nsistent wit the ANV A de. he i, h, i )

patte whih indiates that st tes espnd as the pesn des ands espnse t te stuus s nsistent and distintie is espnsest te stui) was attibuted t te stuus, the LL patten ew tesd wat te pesn des nsstenty and ndsnatey) was attbutedt te pesn and te L patten te pesn espnds as ew thes dand as he aey des t this and sia stiui) was attrbuted t teiustes Athus ain esuts hae been epiated by thesusn he ethd N. ube edan 96 Zukean 98 andFreze Wene 9 pide nrn esuts the nssteny and

nsensus aabes in the intepetatn suess and aueeey's de pes tat te natue e eet as n beain n its

attbutin, tis dependin ny n te distibutin te a and eatedeets ueran 19 pides data suestin thewise, that theaiabes in the ANVA de hae ess ea ipat n te attibutin untay atns than nnuntay beai. A e serus a-ene t te de is aised by Steens nes 96 nen tsappabiity t ttbutns suh eeated eets as ne's wn suessand aiue. hey nd aked deiatins the de whih they intepet as indiatin edeense biases wee te expeent des inseea sinant espes tse entined abe and untunateypides n data unned bsees t ndate wi deatnswee nt ebased s its intepetatin is nt entiey ea

nen inratin ne issue that has deeped aund nsensusnatn nens ts iptane eatie t te inatn n epaadi, MAru 19 und that nsensus had ess eet than did

nsisteny and dstintieness N. ube Fedan 196 and Zuk-ean 98 shwed tat in pat ti esse pat was due t de pesentatin et in bt studies nsensus was the ny inrainaeted by de. ee eains the pssbiity tat the thee knds inatin ae teated dieenty

Nisbett ida 9 eprted edene te iew tat nsensushas n eet n attibutin Subets ead senais an experient inw ne te paiipants is ead e an inte t hae a seiueand t be kin and te te patipants ae te pbe wethe

t t is ep Se eades this sena nsensus up) wee iente esuts te study tat st te patpants heped ny aensideabe deay nee) and the eades nt) wee nt Aeades wee then asked t expain the behai ne paiipant wh




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464 KEE CHE

v pd. Wa d pnay a? a amd ha m pp wd hav hpd, h xpd te nsensus inatn was t eneate a e stuatnal expanatn

aue t elp e esuts dd nt suppt ts expetatn te nsen-sus natn ad n eet n attbutn Wells aey 1977 aeny hw ha ay n fm h dy m ad. Thymdd h a pd by addng (a ng vaa n nn- nfman and (b) natin stessn te and seetin andesutn epesentateness te patpants n te epeent e esults swed eay tat wen peees wee ned tat te nsensusis based n a epesentatie saple te e an at's hav nfmdwh h n h m wa ad h an W

aey v ha n ad h adm f h ampngpd amp ha dpa fm ' xpa a ad h amp f fa ha ad gh ag fn T h a dvd fm nnfman may be dmd y h an ade ha natn tsel

ad vd a w n a w ' wa a a pdn. dma a 1976 fdn wh ANVA ang ha v ad a a'nsensual e t te sen t but a nnnsensual e t teat wee tis eet was tually eiinated wen te bseesud see te alteate bets and ake te wn udents ansen gh' 19 d ma h am p and gg fh hah dd mpa f an "a nsensus eets te tendeny t as-sue despite te nsensus nfman a h w a a nf haad Ta h amp fny ad fay mad dmnadby L ss et as esea n te "alse nsensus eet eyund eape tat students w suppt Wens Lbeatn estate tat % students n eneal sae te ews weeas students ntppg mvmn ma a 67 a teir vw T f a wd vay f ad f p g f a a 19 als pide mng vd edes 19 8 suestntat a nsequene te tendeny t assue tat tes enealy saeu eatns a ndny attibute dein ews t te pesnalaa f h d. Ty fnd ha a pd w pd a paa pf ad whav wa haad

m dpa m a p xpg h pp vw a ap xpng h am n.ese studes sw tat wn eatn takes peedene e eteay

pded nsensus natn and ndeed s a basis belies abut


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RIBUIO EOR 46

the nsensus weve, the paaetes th nsensus natn egts nuest, peeve epesentatveness an neteness an neswn et expeene ae sujet t age vaatns, an n sh paae

tes have een nvestgate ve the u anges, autn ust e exesen eneazn aut the eate pat the tw kns natn

ontncy nd dtnctvn norton he ANVA e suggestsnssten an stntveness as ptant paaetes nvua epeene he as pnt s that a pesn tusts hs eatns t a stuus e attutes te t jete ppetes te stuus wen te ae n-sstent e te an at an stnte thse t the stuA nue sepeeptn stues hw ths eet Gea (16) ansa ( 3) un that nssten n nes epeene pe nepenene sa pasn natn n the sae ven, ave ee 9) shwe hw tepa pattens n the nssten ne'sjugents pet nese nepenen sa natn t assesswn petene at a task

A paae ne eseah n thepeeptn eas wth the nsstenn the eha anestatns, n suesse asns, a pesn thng Sevea stues wn Sth 6, Shwaz Sth 16) shw

tat the nave sujet uses nssten an stnteness natnathe ke a statstan wu n akn paate jugents etweentw sets sevatns eg whh tw pesns has the hghe atas the ean eene neases an te wthnset aane eeases tenue sevans eque t ae a jugent eeases an thenene ate a te nue sevatns neases

A pesn s knwn the ehae spas nsstent An expe-ent ea 7) akes he pant pnt tat nssten nthe pesns haatezatns an at aes e wet the ae

ase n servatns n ssa athe than sa stuatns The these the n s that a pesns nnsstent eha s attute nt th ut t ustanes hs s shwn the peane hses nsuate aes aaz Pean 175) task pean pesnseze Wene 171), an sa eav pesns aen Mshe16)

he peen eneazatns ust e quae as t the ea appat n se ases attutns ae pa ase nt n tpaehav ut n the e extee, as n jugng athet at s

hnest eee ewe 1)

SIMILARITY AND CONTIGUITY ee we enunte the natnpessng ues whh, ke the aatn ue, ae appae n pnpe




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466 KEE IHE

t t y i c ect. y th r iiarit, rrti th c r to ii t rorti th orve eect(hultz viy 1977), o the tte c e ue to ife the foe Thi

ule y ccout fo the oulity of coicy theoie of the eeyitiouch r eet iti ee to requi rtr c th cti l ( Mcly Jcq 979).Accri t the patia ntiit rici thr h it cotct etwee ct it cue Thi icie er i Michtte(19) tuie o the ecetio of cuity whee heoe clle"luchig "etiig ivolve the ece tht oe oectcue the to ve y coliig with it (the t ect the eithrci/to t itii ctct with th ec ). Teprantiit ilicit i th cvriti ricil ci tht th vet t itiguih cu ct occur t etiy th e oit itie Aiguitie etwe cu eect e relve y the ule ftepra predene i which cue i ue t ecee eect A oweful cetu ce o t Michtte etrti i ccewith ho ey etwee the t eco evet tuie of chileue terl ctiguity irtio (ieger Lit 1974, hutz viy 1977) how gete iutio of culity to evet whe thereci evt cler i ti to th uequet eect iiu cer il ( 1978) hwe tht ie c le t iti-gih twe vt thy cotrol thoe tely cte w-ever they e y fle elfttiutio whe the extelly cueevet fllow coely thei ow ctio

AINC h ti hr i tht ct i ttrit t th cu thtit iet i th rct l t th ti th ct i v iricil h e li t th qti of whthr ctr hvir

wil ttriut to hi o to the ituti i which it occu he lietcue h ee vie i evel wy. ylo Fie (1975) cotoleetig geet o tht oeve of twoeo icuio ieei which cto they viewe fotlly he fotly viewe cto w ee lyi oe eterii ole i the icui th the ctr viewo hi McArth ot (1977 ti 2 twitrctig r w o it y ig i ti r rrighty ilit ervr ttrit tht ehvio o toioitio th the othe eo' ehvio The e ivetigtor vrie

fo exle, whethe o ot the cto w the oly le i fele gou eicte tht the ehvio of the "olo woul e ttute oe toiitio owever ituti ttriti w f t e rtr fth l e th fr th thr gru r. McArthr t f

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RBUO EOR 467

other mr ncontence, etween greter oton ttrutonfor n ctor werng olly ttee hrt ut greter tutonl cul-ty for one whoe "olo ttu ere from her werng hrt of

erent color from thoe of the other gro eer. Moreover, olotue y Tylor n her college hve yele relt eengly contr-ctory wth thoe of McAthur Pot. For exmle, Tylor et l (1978)fon tht the fewer the eron of gven e n gro, the moreromnent (n ertvene, trength of mreon e) they were ugeto e To ome egree thee contrcton my reect the fct tht erenteure re eng e, McArthr n her collegue eng erontuton ttruton n Tylor et l eng egree of cl role n thentercton. McArthur n Pot reut ugget tht the ncontence

wthn ther ere of tue my e e to whether the unquene of thector oute (eg the eyectchng te hrt) or retve (eg the hrterent rom thoe of the other eron). The former roce o-tonl ttrton n the ltter, cllng ttenton to the ocl contet,rouce tutonl ttruton More wor wll e necery to relcethee ot hoc exlnton wth relle recton out lence eect.

Some nteretton of lnce eect hve ume tht they re mete y eor memory or the lent cue The rnce uggetehere tht n eect ttute to the rt cue tht come to n when

the ttruton queton re, or t let the rt one tht rove "ucent exlnton.

PRMCY The gener noton here tht eron cn n interret equence o nomton unt e ttn n ttruton rom t n thenregr lter nformton or lte t to h erler mreon Sev-erl lne of wor ont to the reltvely greter nuence of nfortoncqure erly n eqence ne ncton the ereverton of elefn the fle nformton gven n tue emloyng eceton, ete lterrovon of tue nfomton ung ereng L o et l 197) Themn reut out temor orer come from tue of ugment of thelty of eron whoe erornce vre over tme. Jone et l (968)core cenng n ecenng orer of erfornce n otne rimcy eect hgher lty w ttrute when correct nwer weregven y the eron mnly rng the rt 1 of 0 role rther thnung the econ 1 rolem. Among the ole exlnto cuey Jone Goeth (197) roce of mlton of lter tr to

erer one, through cogntve toron of the lter tr to e themeem more mlr to the erler one. ontent wth th vew grhcreentton of the entre ttern of nother eron erformnce elnte the rcy eect n even rouce recency eect n ttrton




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468 KEE & CHE

of itelligece ( S Felm Alle 1975) reumly uect coulot itor or igore the grphicl iformtio out lter performceecue it w receive imulteouly with erly performce iformtio

COMMENS t eem liely tht the li etwee iformtio ttri-utio ivolve vriety of procee. At oe etreme re thoe of logicllyi (eg. of ocommo eect d covrtio) Thee etil the ueof ro et of iformtio electio mog izle et of culepltio At the other etreme (eg liece primcy eect) rethoe procee tht re more elective i their opertio relyig hevily othe erliet or mot liet iformtio ettlig for the rt equteexpltio coitet with it hi rge of vritio iclue timeco-

umig reoig procee i cotrt to the more immeite perceptioof cue ( i Michotte 1963). Thee procee proly ier i thecoditio of their opertio the ormer eig more pproprte iee oly feile for prolem of uttil igicce d permittigome eliertio. owever y uch geerliztio mut e qulie ithe ligh of the cul elief the ttriutor rig to mo rolm hivryig motive reltig o chievig ccurte udertdig veru othere. Thee cotitute our et topic.

Beehe ttriutor pproche mot ttriutiol prolem with elief outthe cue eect ivolve. Give certi eect there re ppitinout it cue give ceri cue there re expetatin out iteect. A coequece epltio c ofte e give for evet withoutlyzig iformtio i the more comple wy illutrte i the prece-ig ectio. f the proceig of curret iformtio doe occur it rrelyro iout om iu from rxiig uppoitio xttio.

SPPOSONS ABO SCCESS AND FAE Amog the mytuie of cul uppoitio thoe cocerig the cue of ucce dfilure re uoutely the mot frequet. We fou tuie pertiigto the uccefilure of pero ot ow to the ttriutor or of peoplei geerl. Nie of thee how tht reltive to filure ucce i ttriutemore to the pero i.e to ility eor "omethig out the perotle trit etc (ooper Lowe 977 Stuy tugh row 975Fotie 975 Stuy 1 Frieze Weier 1971 Stuie 1 ; eric

Giee 1975; rz erlm 1975; M Tylor 974; Weier ul 97 Stuy 6). Two of th other tui yiel equivocl reult(Fether Simo 1975 Severce Gtrom 977) oly oe elig

Annu





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RBUO OR 46

wit xt nanal suss ailu, yilds sults unt t t gn-al tnd ung t al 177 n additin t ands's 172sapls wlingly a intal xplanatins sss Ts,

wit w xptins, t suss nspd nknwn psns ssuppsd t b u t ats witin t psn W iglgt ts at nt bli tat it suld g pas t instgats w ntally aptsila intptatins ad n's wn sss as idn slnannt tiatin s lat disssin tiatn

EXETnONS BOUT TORS xptatns abt t ts ass-atd wit an at likld suss, pbabl atttd bait blis abut pst nsistny , by t asning t

ANVA dl bai nsstnt wt wat is xptd suld b at-tribt t a stabl pprty t at, an bai tat pats wat is xptd, t a tpay asal at stans statsTis was ax's 176 asning in pitins abt attibtins al and al suss an ailu T ning dn tat siwd iniats tat a w ang tasks, t suss n ant ail wn, bt bng xptd, tnd t b attibtd tabilty n ntast t alu n and t sss wn bng lssxptd tnd t b attibt t t lk Ts tnds appa bt

in attibutns wn pan and tat ts n a ntsuay t litat n nxptd pan ts, Zuk-an 17 als und a ppndan dn nsistnt wt tprinipl nxptd task ts a attibt lss t ability and t lk gan t al 17 and ll al 17 Study 1 swd slats attitdbas xptanis g ba a likd psnand t bad a dislikd n a attbutd t psnal ats wasnnsistnt bai is attribut t sitatinal ats

EXETTONS OUT EHVIOR IN SITUTIONS Ts a bas-at xptatins abut t lkld t un a patulabai in a partila sitatin s xptatins nsttt assp-tins abut nsnss T, lgally w wuld xpt ba n-sistnt wit t xptatns t b attbut t statnal nstaints txtnal stiuls, t an bai tat dpats wat s xptd, tstng abut t psn t stabl unstabl

is dn nsstnt wt tis ida Lay t al 17 psntxtns dn tat lw basat spnss n a psnality nntyk inn a psnal tait tan d ig basat spnssAn 171 and Tp 174 std xptanis assatd wit partla sitatins Sitatinal qints w ad by t lati atta

Annu.

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47 KEE\& CHE

tivee o tetive ehvir (Ae) d deree o choice (Trope). oth tdie ehvior ot o eepi with the itti w d tprovide reter icree i perceived ieihood the ctor hodi

ehviorcorrepodet ttitde th did ittiopprprite ehvior

DSCUNNG AND AUGMENAN The otio ove, tht ittiidicted ehvior ted to e ttrited to the ittio d cotri-dicted ehvir t the per c e eprted it tw t eciveprt th te idicted d the ctridicted ehvior y e eprtey cpred with the e ehvior i etti ree o ittided The Dicoti ricipe eey 197) predict tht there wie e ttritio o ehviorcorrepodet dipoitio to the ctor whe

hi ehvir i tht epected i the ittio th whe the e ehviorccr witht ctrit The epected ehvir i dicted idicti dipiti ece it piy hve ee ced y ittio prere The Aettio icipe (eey, 97) tte thtthere wi e ore ttritio o ehvircorrepodet dipitio orthe cotridicted ehvior th or iir cotried ehvir. ccrr i the ce ittio ded the cotridicted ehvior ite revei tre correpodet dipoitio th doe iirehvir tht ccr witht ctrit.

eey (197) ized the er evidece ei o thee piciped they hve ee doceted i y eqet tdie. e o theeperiet re io to whether the pport oe or oth prici-pe t ier Adero (975) provide cer evidece or othi ie td There ee itte dot tht the ttritio de orcpit ver cpit ehvir e ivve oth dictid etti eect. ier d Ader d "tdri eect ch hd erier ee otied y Je et (1971).ve thoh ctor copie with ittio prere i the copicei rther iht or perctor it i te evidece o dipoitio to cti the oppoite er

UN DUNN the i hi d hi citewor the ttriti o ttitde, Joe (1979) c ttetio to ppret ire o dicti. The eer ort oe' tdie i-vove ipti epectcie ot th the pero d the itti the crci coditio ctr wrte e edri pit view (e.. rerdi eitio o ri) tht o the i owede t hi chrcteitic r ttitde w t epected hi wever thi w doe o itrcti ro power thrity o the ctorhd itte choice. der thee coditio we iht epect the ey to e


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RBUO HORY 471

ot to hv o t o th rr t h o otor h y gly th tt tr to hor.h hr lr uy o o h y v hogh

h trl rr wol o rov lto or t.Th rl v o wh r 958 rrr o wrgh "hvor gl h l o wh L o 1977 h rlym h "l tto rrorh ovrto o thor o th otol o hvor.

Jo 979 rvw vio t g to ty h orrhorl rto o og. ol h vro "rttl lto hv rl o roo ht "horjt hrt t wor h ttor' l hyoth

h hvor orro o t rv h hor or ro whh t r to t ot o ohr lo orth hvor. A ohr o tl omo r thj r .

W o o Jo rg o lly ovg ot thtthy wll h l wor o th trgg rol. hr r ogy o whhr h ol o v gror qly A r rwr 1979 o tt to vo th olM. L yr Jo 974 r ol o th "l o (Lo l 977 whh ohr ro r hvo gvo l h o ow or v o hrol hrtt. h rrh rt ro th l o ttowor t tto to ara o gt orttly thr to o ro h ry ti wll vlo orh rrh rg loy hr.

CUS SCHMT A y roh to th io o l

oto tto or y th oto o l htA l h rto o h oo ro oto o howwo or or o o ro rt For l hy lv th thr A or to ro gv th or ll M or th oth A ry h or ll ry , MN h ohrol h hr rv lo r r y lly197. roo gol or rrh o l l h to o th o h h r roght to ly or vo l o

. Alog th l gh lly 1975 Wr 973 how ht t o ort gt r trrt r o th M h o r g tr oth MN h. For l o y lr o l




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47 KEEY & ICHE

oe e elied i e o ethe liy o eot ut ue odul d lue o ey oe equie vog oth o ge (1975) teeg wo ie he oility th he wog he

y e voed o gve ettig eeh elee wth helul hito he glg duy he how ht y ovidig ue oed withll t he ituio e de to e eove to illulotol

eellet ew oh o ul het eede ewe(1979) ilrly gue tht dieet he e ough io ly ydieet tye o dioto he ly te out o eetlydoveed yerie i dioutig ht eult o ue uo-io th et doiiolly ooeode ehvo e oe

edily eiged th ohe (eede et l 977) hu uet eleve httellge o eoveted eole e oe le to e hvg he ootedoiio h dull o toverted eole e le to e hei ooie

EFFECS OF EIEFS ON INFORMION ROCESSIN ul eleot oly et he ttrutio de o evet ( i the eedig tio)ut lo et the te d ue o ully elevt otio A wehve ee eeh o oeu iortio how tht it i iweeed whe oit with the triuto exeto out ehv-

io he ol uio ul uoto hve ee how o iueehe eetio o ovriio d it ue Followg the uetil wo oh h 1969) o lluoy oelto Goldig oe(1972) d othe hve how ht uoto out he ue o eiehvio led oeve to ee oeitet ovrito dt d tooveloo ue ovito Ae (1977 udy 1) oud h ue o ovri-io edo deed o wh rio ul ele Alog deet lie dy Ged 9) howed h he udetdg o to teto togly et eory o wh he oeved to do

The iely ewee rio ele d ew oo oviouly i-volve equetil oee whh the rio rutue oh et theiotio d e eed y it Gely eeded e theoetil deou thee oee ye heoe ovide oe uh odel d i hee ut to utul ue i uio eeh (eg Ae 191, oe19) t ueul i uggeg the eueet i oo e o heold d he ew to ut ee ueerily oig i equie-et th eettio e eued e o eeived oile.eh he uue wll ee the develoet o odel o equetl iotio oeig oe orite to uto ole Joe MGll (976) ovide te i th detio

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A 473

MMN Aiios ae aeced y elies i seel ways A asimle leel oered eec is diecly exlied o he is o exisisosiios o he cae o ao eecs. ohe cses, he eec

is exlied idiecly y com i wih execed eec. A comlexleel he mide o lielihood o icl lsile ce o heeec i ieed accodi o he eos assios ao how wo omoe cs comie o odce eec (casal chema) hoho heeseach o elies hee is he asweed qeio o whe he ewoseio o seies o oeios will modiy he eexii eliesahe ha simly e ieeed i lih o he

MotvatonA esos ieess ecoe elea o d ealed wih he aiioocess i e o wys. hey deemie whe he will ecome moied o me os d so moed, wee e seescsl desd i oeeded wy o i eoccied wih ic-l casal qeio. hey also deeie whe he will ee o aie acei exlios ahe h ohes ecse seleee socil sd-i sese o comeece, ec e aeced y he aio oe ae,coces o hese aes ay ede he seach o elaio les

h comleely oecie As Joes hi (958) esed i heiely discssio o ieeial ses hese aiaios i moiio aeci comlex wys oh he ieeil ocess d i odc. ome esech docei hese eecs is ow ared

MIA N T MAK ATTRIBUTNS e o he codiios hmy iie he iio oces i deedece o he eceie ooe eso e dy y esched e l (9 ech ec wmade deede o aohe (oosie ex) eso y aii ha eso

o e he ec de o e ocil oi he sec he oeeda ideoaed o discsio i whch he e dae was oe o heicias he esls showed ha he e de was aeded o oeha he ode ad moe deails wee ememeed ao he de. hemoe i lyse which oed he Joes Di ( 195) yohesiso "hedoic elece ecs wee od o me moe exeme dcode i ieece o he e de h o he ohe eos.h i es h sec wee moied y hei ee deedeceo he dae o do oe aiioal wo (ioraio seach ad i

ieece) wih esec o h eo ssi ocheich (977) diedhe eec o imoace o accacy i iio. hey eseed secwih ie soes o ees d mesed ios o he eso




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44 KY & ICH

mulu, uaon o omnaon o h ao Th mnalrop, whh was tol that thr resposes wol at thr "soaltellece mae more attrbtos to the combato cateory tha

the cotrol rop hse rslts may sst that whe acracy s mpor-tat th attrbtor pros more omplex explaatos

MOIVAION FO SF-NANMN AN SFPOON

A prsos postv bhavor l hs sess has potetal or -hacmt o slestm h s casally rsposble or t hs motva-to or selehacemet shol reslt selattrbto o postvebhavor mlarl sce eatv havor ma have eatve mplatoso ad un aua onl abud nal uh

attrbtos shol reslt rom motvato or selprotecto evews byD M o 19) and Zukman 199) o h ah onarbuon or sss a alr show that, onn wth ths assmptos attrbts or sccess are sall relatvely tral a attrbtosor alre are sally relatvely exteral Do these s ecessarlmostrat tivated bases atruton? Sral n o aalyss s no Fo aml, ud o "uoon aou u and ause earler seto) show a stro t or the sesss o othrpersos ot kow to the attrbtor to be attrbt to teal actorshs, thre xsts a ral bel tha sess s trally as, a thsbel aloe may expla tral atrbtos or oe's ow sccess Asanohr aml the r o ort as a teral ase or sss uno au) alad h a ha ooun o hh o andsess mples eot as th ase bt oorre o hh ort aalre mples that some other case tha eot mst be soht Deax196) h and mla omotvatoa1 xplaatos wer osere bD Mller & oss 95) he cocle at that tme that motvate

eects ha ot yet bee emostrate ce the D Mller 196) aSol o 19) a amon ho who ha rnd work that maka al on a o moaona

D Mllers 96) st aresse the problem arlr research thatthe sccessalre vaable coos motvatoal coces wth porbels As a pt maplato o motvato, the task was d-rd n w o a hh o ow moan o ood eoran .Also ths ormato a th rport o scess or alr wre ve arth task was omplt orr to avo res orato pross

r task perorma Amo Mller's rslts, whh spporte thee o motves wr reater attrbtos to ablty ma by sccsslsbjects the hh verss low mportae coto the col & oss


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RBUO HEORY 7

(1977) study, eh subet mde ttrbutons or her erormne on tsnd ten udged te ury o ttrbutons ostensbly mde by n obserer. n one ondton the subet sueeded on the tsk nd then lerned

tt the obserer d ttrbuted mo responsblty to er tn se dognlly ttbuted to ersel. n ts ondton te obseers ttrbutonswere rted s more urte thn when the obserer ttrbuted l resonsblty to her s s nterreted s showng the subet's desre to eelresonsble or her suessn nterest tht ontnues to operte een erher own ttrbuton work s onluded. ter reent studes berng onmotton nd ttrbuton he used n torobserer prdgm to demon-strte egomotted bses so these re onsdered n lter seton. t smore dut to thn o nonmottonl nterrettons o the more reentstudes thn o the erler ones, so some rogress s beng mde n showngtht under lbortory ondtons egoserng bses n be dteted

MOIVAION O OSVE ESEAION O HE SE O OH

ERS Attrbutons re n mportnt prt o wht people ommuntebout temseles nd ther ttes hese ommunted ttrbutonsmy be nuened by te tor's motton to resent msel n orblemnner. he ondtons under whh suh motton ets ommun-

ted ttrbtons e not been systemtlly desrbed but two ontextse been dsussed Attrbutons or negte eents n eterosexul rel-tonshs were determned by rs et l (1976) he ontrstng uslexplntons gen by entors o negte behors nd ter nuredrers suggese ommuned buos sere e oue's mutul nterests n mntnng the reltonsh, s by oerng usttons orbehors nd rensttng behorl exettons. he soologl theoryo "ounts by Sott Lymn (1968) emszes tht n ount oruntord beor s reurement o sol reltonsps n generl

Selresenttonl onerns he so been nlyed n the ontext ottrbuton exerments themseles. Wen reportng ther ttrbutons subts my be motted to ge elntons tht me the most osteselresentton to te expermenter. e usul ptte o nternl ttrbu-tons or suess nd extel ttrbutons or lure ould be ttenutedor reersed by suh mote, eter to mply te ttrbutors modesty(Feter mon 1971) or to od embrrssng nldton o uslelntons n se outomes should hnge n the uture or oherpersons' ttrbutons re to be ompred wth those o the subet (rdley

1978. tudes obtnng extel ttrbutons or suess nd nternl orflure (eg oss et l 19) e been nterreted n s mnner(rdley 198 ukermn 199) s lso e ndngs rom Wortmn et l




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76 EE & IE

973) oweve ntepetatons o these stdes as evean sepesenta-ton motves have ths ar een pos hoc he ntepretatona amts compounded b the act that sepesentaton occurs n man orms and

mght, thereore ead to attrbutons o success ether to extea actors toappea modest) or ntea ones to appear competent)

TIVATIN FR BEIEF IN EFFEIVE NTR nce attbtons to controabe actors mp that the person can sats hs goasthrough hs own eort such attributons shoud e eneca n promotngexpectatons that the goas w e reached hus, t has been obsered thata bas toward attrbutons to controabe actors mght ed an adaptveadvantae mantann stvns towad oas ee 972a) Most othe eseach eevant to ths topc has een conceed wth pesons' at-tempts to mantan expectanc that ngae events w no happen to teFor exampe, the "just word hpothess as described n the reew bLeer Mer 978), s based on a need to beee that the word nenea s oder and that ones own strvns w not e ocked chancentererences rom the phsca and soca envronment esearch on thshpothess demonstates that peope deoate othes who ae vctms onegate eents hs derogaton presma oows rom attton to thevctm or the negate eent thereb mantanng bee n an order andnonnterering word

Anothe ne o esearch noes the drect assessment o attrbutons orneatve events he sevet o harm to the vctm shod heghten attb-tons o esponst to the vctm, sevet actvates the motve to beeven eectve contro Wortman 976) ome stdes support ths eatonshpo severit and attributon eg Waster 966) but others gve mnma orno sppot have 970 Akken et a 979) Frthermoe ths reaton-shp coud be expaned n nonmotatona terms b the act that seere

events ae ess epected and ma eqre o the occence a eatercasa oe the vctm o pepetrato ewe 977, one et a 97)

OMMENTS he mted research to date sggests how the attriutonprocess and ts products are aected b aratons n motes A great deao the nteest n the ed has reoed around how certan resuts shoude ntepeted whethe as evdence o atona nomaton pocesses oas ases ntodced eosevn motves opeu tre eseach wocus on the proem mpct n ths duat that s how does the ndvda

reconce hs wshes wth reat hese come nto conct n hs nteractonwth both hs phsca world when the pursut o seenhancement rsksormng a maadapte naccurate ew o hs own causa propertes) and


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RBUO HEORY 477

ol orld (en te ntenne o ol eptne troug el-utton nd exue rk qurng reputton unrelle nd deet-ul) Te queton o i veru relity i entrl to te ttrbuton eld

t tud wll requre ein te lonter onequene or te ndivd-ul o b veru ury n ttrbution

Actors' versus Observers' Attributionsn te oron between tor nd oberver ttrbuton ll te teo nteedent oe under rutny poble derenttn tor ndqueton re red out te nterl on inortion belie ndotve Jone Nbett (197) tted teir nuentl ypotei ollow tere ervve tendeny or tor to ttrbute ter ton to

tutonl requreent ere oerver tend to ttrbute e e -ton to tble eronl doon (p 80) Dout ve een expreedtt tor ee teelve u ntrd by te envronent tilnue lie nd n ubequent tteent o te ypot (Nbettet a 973, Jone 1 976), te noton o tutonl requreent beenrepled by te de tt on bevor een sposv tutonlue. e dotionl tegory reined looely peed eno-n blity trt nd tttude. Gven te vriou nterpretton pobleor te tutondoiton dtnton t i not urriin tt ny de-endent vrble nd or o eureent ve een ued unortu-ntely dd to te diulty o urzng te extng reer inu proble o opertonlton beoe entngled t probe o oneptulzton.

Jone Nbett idented to or teore o tor lkely toontrbute to toroerver dierene: (a) onitive to inludninortionl eretul nd roen derene nd (b) otivtonltor nludng derene n one out elevluton nd el-

preenttonCONIIV ACTOR e oberve y know notn ore out tetor tn evor n prtulr tuton or n led rnge otuton were te or know o evor n ny uton nd wre o t rotutionl vriblty Tu te oberver y ueore oneny o bevor nd iner dpotonl ulty. everl tud-ie very tt tor ereive ore rotutionl vrlty n terevor nd oerver ke ore tr rpton (Ly et Lener

et l 976 ett et l 1973) ee tudie lo uet te extene o grdent dpotonl ttruton n nvere unton o te totlount o inorton known bout oter eron or exle n




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78 KEEY & ICHE

cy m s w scbd y ukw cby h d, d w sc ws scy cd wh cquc wh d (Nsb 1973, Sudy 3)

h su scs c d bs dy d h hc ds hs sk wh h bs ds h cs bh h sk Sms (1973) ud h wh h c ws shw dpy hs w bh dscuss, h cs bus bcmss su, d wh bsvs w shw y h dscussmd m h cs spc, bus bcm m su. hs sus smwh css wh hs ud by y Fsk (197) huh mpus h su scs bss y bss ibus s b md m su

huh sucs mhz wh h c ( 197,ud S 977) sch h mus h sc csd h c bc Swss hy (k Du197), hs ud dcss su ibus c ducd cus s Ds h succss hs mhds sh h scs cs d bsrs, h mchsms udyg h dgs h b w dcumd.

MVANAL FACRS h ssb suc dc b-

w cs d bss s h d ss hw s xd prcu h c's cc c cd h dcsqucs hs cs d d bm h bd csqucs md hs gcc wy cs ibus ps bhs mh b m h bss bus, cry hs Nsb (97) hyhss. hs ssby hs b sdus ps md ps succsss d us. ss whh cic hyphss, y umk (976, Sudy 1) ud mdss bus w s bh d m subus w bh w, hs su ws subsquy cd (y umk 976 Sudy 2) d w hsuds ud h w ucms (cmd hs ucms) wbud m su cs dss whh h ucmws succss u (. L ub 197, d h 197 Suds bus pmc c xpm sks s su h cc m hyhss ( G M 97, Sph97) w, h c bw c ucms d cbsr qud by h cc m hyhss hs bud suds us cm m ms. F m, ML. Syd (976) h w's ucms w ibud m


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ARBUN HERY 479

exeal facors (lck by he loser han wnner n a heoreial paper onatribonal egosm, M L Snyder et al (8 make he mporan pontha ometiton rovdes a good testing ground or the hyoesis beause

of the hgh degree of egoinvolvementSelfpresenaional and onrol moves have also been nvestgaed n he

acorobserver paradigm Much of he work on selfpresenaion cenrallyinvolves he acorobserver senaro beause the actor's on over disagreement wth the observer is hyothesed to arouse selresentatonalmotves (Bradley 98 D T Mller e al (98 nvestgaed the eet ofobservers anticpaton of later compeion with an aor and hey oundtha observers given such anicpaon made more dsposonal atrbuionsabo he acor hey nerpreed hs ndng o follow rom conrol moiva

ion ie movaion to ndersand and predic he ftre behavor of heaor However ossbly onradictory resuls were reorted by Wolson Sal (9

FFERENES N RA? The reonderane o studes onrmsJones Nisbet's (92 hypohesis ators end o make more saionalatrbons and observers more dsosional ones Qesions remain as othe prese onditions under whh results onordan with or oposite tothe hypohesis wll be obaned s ossble hat these endenes relate toderenes between ators and observers in he auracy of their atbu-tions? Monson Snyder ( arge jus hs ha aors have more andbetter informaion and herefore end o make more accrae atrbuionsThs view s reonled wth the evdene suotn te ones setthyothess by assuming tha the research has been conducted largely insetings n whh sitatonal forces are ruly dominant in he determinaionof behavior Under other ondtions when dspositional faors are rulymore imporant the greaer aracy o the actors wold lead hem to make

more dsposional arbions nfornately Monson Snyder neherprovided drect evdence for heir ypohess nor appled heir analysissystematially o exsing daa O course sine the entre eneprse ofsyholoy is dreted toward seiation o he true auses o behaviorand since hese auses and her relatve magniudes are no ye known imay be impossible to design a stdy o test neivoally he auray ofaribuion Nonetheless Monson and Snyder have rased an mortanuesion Atempts o answer it may wh more careflly ontrolled sudieslead o more detailed understanding of he mehansms underlying aor

observer dierences and of he attibuton rocess as occurs or each sJones Nisbe menton these dierenes have grea pratial imporanein hman aars They even bear on he developmen of syholgial




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80 Y & MH

h and hd, au hl, n h n l, alal v h hnna h analz. h a allu h laar nvrnn, whh h nvar ha dnd and

an h nv xin a a.

CONSQUNCS OF ATTRBUTONS

W nw vw h ah hwn h nqun ha llw a n xlann an vn n n wa anh. A an nvnn nv ar, aun ann anulad drl, ahn nqun alwa nvlv varan n h andn aiu

n Bau h prud dan aun uuall unaud h n au a h xa aiun nvlvd vn whhr arun h dar a all. Mv, alur hud a auu n n lan h aual ln hwn nur 1 Th andnarun ln, h aunnqunln, h a undrl alu an h xd nqun

W anz h n adn h inal dnn haah hav ad an aiun r ah dnn w uaiz h a nqun ha hav n vald rah A

u u, h nqun nlud hav, a, and hnn uh a xpan au uur vn

Prson vrsus EnvironmntWhhr an an aud h a r a hnvrnn a uh hn a ln h a, u n h, and huavn ll (1972a) and nl an (98) uaiz h rarh ha hw ha a prn hlpul a ha an

ad h ndd wal han h la a ha aiual xal u O h hr hand, h xall udan ha ha rua a n lad and l ad han a lar an aru h ar. Sland al (976)hw an nn a uvr anann uvllan v aw. A w nd ud l han n wh dula uu whu nn ual h w' dun aiud h xrnal pru and, llwn h dunnul, h w van l lar Siland al al hw ha whn

h uvr ha a hav hdul, h uqunl nr h pvul nrd (and nw l ud) w r han h pvulunnd n.


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RIBUIO EOR 48

I he lyss o ommuo edbly, gly e l (78) ssumedh membe of he udee wodes whehe o bue pessvemessge o he ommos pesol hess o hs suo

(eg ole), o o he "exel ely ppoedly desbed he messge(p 425) These oespod, espevely, o peso suo d smlusbos The s wo desbe dee soues o ommuo bsoe elg o hs dsoed vew o ely d he ohe o hs wllgess e suos, o ovey ue veso o hs (possbly ue) vews Egly e l show h boh kds o bs e ke o oby udee Whe speke's messge s osse wh h expeedfom ehe soe of bs, podues moe opo hge mog lseesI hs lyss o sol uee, Goehls (976) lso hghlghs peevedbses He oes he eesg suggeso h ohe pesos oposppove o ou ow wll boos o odee mos by vu o hsdssmes, we beeve he does o she o ow bses b ods dee pespeve o he poblem oehls povdes evdee h hs"glo ee os whe he ohe peso hs dee vlues,jdgmel syles, o fomo

I he sme wy h ossey d dsveess of oe's ow judgmes povde bss fo odee he vedly, he ppeossey d dsveess of ohe pesos judgmes od odee h he hs edble vew of he wold (Kelley 967, pp 202)A sml vew hs bee expessed by Mosov Fheux (972), whodesbe ossey s oe spe o e behvo syle by whh moes exe uee wh goups emeh e l (74) povded evdee ohs vew dg h osse (hough wog) moy swyed hemjoy moe h osse moy

Robeso Rosse (974) sde ge eds hldes weessof he pessve e d bses of V ommels desdg he

pesde so, h he s moved o de people o by hgsws show o ompy weess o dsepy bewee he messge d he dvesed pod Peepo of pessve e ws fodo hl o he s gdes, 90% o he hd gdes d vully ll ohe h gdes Do s gdes hlf o whom show vulebly oommel deseve poeo? Ths ueso hs bee sed eehegs o he Fedel de Commsso, d Robeso & Rossesdgs e mog hose ed

Whehe pesusve messge s o be bued o he spekes beles

o o hs so s ueso h some bo heoss ssume peso sks bou he messges he himse delves Ths, essee s heepeo h Bems (972) selfpeepo heoy mkes of expe

Annu.

Rev.Psychol.1980.31:457-501.

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8 Y CH

mes i which sujecs are iduced y varyig degrees of eera iceiveor pressure o mae coueraiudia commuicaios. The ess he eer-a jusicaio for he message, he more he sujec ifers ha i mus

reec his ow aiudes

Intrnsc versus xtrnsc MotatonSome aciviies reec irisic moivaio eig doe for he iheresaisfacio hey yied ohers reec erisic moivaio, eig doe for heexea goas o which hey ead riuioa research o irisicexrisic causaiy ideies he coseueces of shifig a acor's percepio ofhis ow moivao from he rs o he secod y aachig a reward oa iiiay aracive aciviy. I he ofcied sudy y epper e a ( 73ursey schoo chidre who had earier show a ieres drawig wihmuicoored feip pes were aer iduced o pay wih hem i order oreceive "Good Payer awards. Dug a suseue freepay peiod ascomared wih a oaward coro group, hese chidre were oserved osped ess ime drawig wih he pes. hird group which received hereward as a supse afer performig he aciviy showed o similar deciei suseue freepay drawig pparey he irisc eres i heaciviy had ee udermied y he aicipaed award pay had eeued io wor. The ariuio iepreaio of his eec assumes haa causal discouig occurs. The child aicipaig reward implicily saysIf I do i o oai he reward, I mus o d he drawig very ieres-ig

Research o his pheomeo is summarzed y M Ross ( 7, Codry(77, ad epper Greee (8 I geeral ieres i a aciviy isreduced y is perfomace i aicipaio of posiive iceives or uderoher codiios surveillace ime deadie) ha give i he appearace ofa ask These procedures have also ee show o reduce he uaiy o

performace of he aciviy M Ross (7 discusses several aleaiveierreaios ha have ee oered for hese eecs ad ds he evidececosise wih he ariuio iepeaio Oe proem wih he aerwas ha iiia sudies of age diereces i auio reasoig idicaedha he preschoo sujecs empoyed i some of he research migh o ecapae of usig he discouig pricpe. owever, Kaio Ross (7foud ha wih carefu isrucios, eough preschooers coud use hediscouig pricipe o mae pausie he sefaiuio ierpreaio ofhe exrsic reward eecs foud wih ha age group.

Varous Causes for A rousalThere have ee may ariuioa sudies i which arousa was he focaeec rousa has may meaigs i his research u he mos commo


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RIBUIO HEORY 83

nt s th symtoms assocatd wth th ow o adnan atatons accatd bathng shs and tmo. Th stds show thconsqncs o aosa bn atbd o on o anoh cas. Th

dvs consqncs nd nvstaton vov aond motona pncs and vaatv actons. Ths n o sach dvs om chacht's (14 thoy o moton whch whn cast n attbtona tmsstats that th moton a son w xinc on hs aosa dndson th xpanaton h has o t. The sach xcsvy concs scton . th attbtons mad o on's own aosa. Wth wxctons th sach mpoys pmnta conto o pcvd aosaand ts pcvd cass. Th wok can b smmad accodng to thth sach aadgms that hav bn sd ach aadgm ng chaactd by ts ky mnta condton.

IDDN CS chacht n (2 created aoa by injectingth sbjcs wth pnphn. n th ky condton, th act that thncton was th cas o th aosd stat was concad om thsbcts and thy w t to attbt th aosa to th statona conttaccomanyng ts occnc. Ths contt ncdd nstgatons to thang o hoia. n n wth Schachts thoy th sbcts motiona

bhavo and pos w consstnt wth the casa pops o th twodnt contts. n conto condtons n whch th sbjcts th wnot gvn th nctons o w nomd that th ncton was sponsbo th aosa th contt had tt ct.

Ths st that aosa by an ncvd cas can act motonabhavo thogh its attibton to som oth cas s w sod nsach on aggsson R Nsda (1 smma h vantvdnc. Th na paadm s on n whch th sbct s bady tatdby anoth pson and aso has hhtnd aosa om an xtanos

soc (hysca cs avsv nos hgh tmat otc stmUnd ths condtons th ovod sbjcts a mo aggssv (nshocks dvd vba hostty than smay povokd sbcts ackngth ta aosa. owv th ta aosa dos not hav ths ct whnth sbjcts a d to attbt t to ts t soc. Rsach by Zmannand hs coags s notab o ts s o nata vaatons n th cvdcasa nkag btwn th tano cas and th aosa Ths avodssom o th pobms and atatv xanatons asd by ocds thatq dcvng th scts and/o gvng thm dct sggstons abot

th nka. Zann t a (4 oowd a sqnc n whch sbjcsw ovokd by a condat ngagd n stnos (aosn physcacs, and thn, mmdaty o ate a b day w ab to taataanst th povocat. Th taaton a th b day was gat




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8 KEEY & E

tha that mmdatly prsmably bcas v thogh th dlay prmtd th arosal o dcras somha, t sharply rdcd s atbto oth xrcs Ths prsmpto rcvd drct spport h sdy by

Cator t al (1975 shog th cts of gral arosal o actvrsposs to rotca f th msattrbto of arosal from xtraossorcs may hght sxal arosal, t may also corag romac lovThs typ of thory of romatc lov has b proposd by Brschd Walstr (97) ho dtfy som of th possbl xtraos facltaorsof passo. Dto Aro (197) provd vdc sggsg hat amals xraosly prodcd axy at h m h mts a fmal maycras hs atracto o hr.

FLSE USE h prcdg paradgm th msatrbd arosal (do th hdd cas) hr gvs rs o a motoal xpric accordgo salt casal cs or ss a moo gratd by som othrcas (.g. a provocato). Th prst paradgm has th ppos ofdcg th atrbo o arosal to a fals cas so hat th motoal ractoto h tr cas ll b rdcd Th y ramt th paradgmvolvs xposg sbjcts to a placbc facor hch s falsly dscrbd ascasg th arosal sympoms tha th sbjct s xprcg for somothr raso. th rst stdy of th sort, Nsbtt & chachtr (19 gavsbjcts a srs of lctrc shocks of crasg tsty a obtarports of h th shock bcam too pafl to tolrat. All sbjcts rgv a placbo pll hch as dcrbd th ky xprmtal codtoas casg arosal symptoms corrspodg to thos prodcd by shockCotrol sbjcs r old ha th pll prodcs ca rrlva symptoms (tchg hadachs) ths coragg hm to atd o ad habot thr bodly stats th sam ay that th xpmtal sbjcts ddTh hypothss as that th xprtal sbjcts ol attbt thr

arosal to th pll ol th chag thr assssmt of th shocks adorthr o sstvty to shoc ad old th sho hghr thrsholds forh shocks Th rsls r partly cosst th ths xpcatossbjcts th lo tal far of shocks shod a cras thr tolraclvls mlar rdcto moto has b prodcd by othr stdssg hs procdr (g Ross t al 99) bt s arbto trprtato has b qstod (cf CalvtBoyaosky vthal 75 Oss ctrs arod th formato provdd h corol grop hchh scod by th arosal xpric may lav th sbjct co

fsd ad mor arosd tha othrs Zllma (978 provs a sflrv o h trprtv problms ths rsarch

FS FEDBK hs paradgm tals provdg th sbjct thfals fdback abot hs stat of arosal. Th lvl of fback s dr


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RBU HRY 485

aly asscaed wh vas exea acs a mae ha sggess h sbj ha hy ar or n as auss hs emalraon.

Selective aroual Hee he oal sms s sly assoad wh hgharosal n de o nd an nras n h sbjs raon Thss lsaed y Vass ( 966) ams cede whch he sjec heada ceg he sd wha was aleged e hs w heaea wheh phoos o ran nud womn wr shown. For h phoos o ohrwomn no sh alraon was hard. Th rs was ha h sbjd he me hs me aacve. Pesmaly, he cvaa ewee hea ae acceea ad a h ecaged he sjec ae he e h ohr. Ths rsu s wll rpad (Lbhar 979).Seecve eedac acceleaed hea ae aecs eacs a vaey sm Apparny h manng o h s rspons s prodd by hnr s o sml bas h aranss nrass or h oa sm sve ses deceases hse nga ss (.g. ar adnscees). I Vass ( 966) ad lae w seecve hea ae dereae yedsl eec. Leha ( 976) es ad dcmes a ges exlaapopl ha lss dn spposons abo h auss o dlraon han

abo h ass o araon. Th pross nold n h "Vans eecs probaby mor ompx han suggsd abo Rss rom Baroo Sraub (97) and Msoh Chars (974) sggs ha h bj ndslg hs selecve eac he sm ad clsey scas he hs a exlaa

On wondrs wha has bn happnng manm o h sbs aaharba. Th rsls on hs uson (s Lbhar 979 or smmary)nda ha alhogh he ase eedac may aec he aca hea ae, des s n drn ways n drn sds and hr s dn

ha drmns he shs n ala raons

eecive quecence Hee he cal smls s seecvely asscaed whsn Th subj nds ha h s not arousd by som prosyoa sms. Th prpos s o rd h a raon o hasms, he cede eg a aa analog o h mhod sysemac desesa sed emae has The ga sdy wascdced by Vals Ray (967) wh sjecs aad saes. achsjec vewed a sees sdes, sme cg saes ad hes accm

pand by lr shos dsplayng h word "sho. n h y xprmnal ondon har ra was har o nras or sho b o say abas or snas As ompard wh onro sbjs h xprmnasjecs wee me wlg aach aca saes a seamees Ths has bn elcaed wh ay cssecy seeal



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6 KY I

tue (oe et 76, Bokovec Go 173) ivovi oveens uon he oin ocedue eve ie dout tht the seectiveeeck cn incese och o he ee oec in the ne evisione y Vins & Ry. oeve n vie o the iie nitue o theeect (e. etive to the eect o etetet tet exoue) theesice conditions o is occuece (e. o ih hih e sujecs) idoes ot eseny od sis o ciic ictios

Ove, he esech on uio o ous inices h eoe cn o eson o hei oiy stes n ovie exnions o he.M o te exeimet te to coece te uect ito thi coitivectivity so thee ein y unnseed questions ou is occuenceue tutic coitio. he evece o uet tt thi oeucetin iits eoe c e ise in hese tes oth s to the deeeo ous n its cuses. his ct y utiey hve cic useunessThe esech on ous ovides useu sie o sudyi the ocessesivove eotio ehvio e the ocese o sech d cuinteettio tht e set in otio y uexeced exeiences. The tee e use ehs 99ecee evie o he se eedc itetue o he esecive o ode ecossin iotionsech tuon nd tuioedited esonses

Skl vru Chanche eect o ttiutio uo cheveet tv t ivetitei eio o istinctio eteen the eceived cuses o si nd chce.Phes (57) ound ht he sujects ee tod tht thei success on juent s s ue o si, exectncy outue success s hihe hnhen success s ue to chnce. On he othe hn iue ue o ccete t ki iee he exectc o utue success These eectsee iteete s eect the ct tht k s te to the eson n

chnce is exe Notin h hese o cuses so vy in thei eceivedstiity ove tie Weie et (7) oose toiesio c-ction schee ih cuses en cosscssied in tes o tbty (s-euste) lou (ineexen) n this schee iity (si) isinte n ste hie uc (chnce) is exten d unste he e-inin cuses in the 2 X 2 cssiction e eot ite d unse, tk icu exte te

SAEUNSAE Weine (1) hods th he exectncy shis

ound o e conseuence o sichnce nutions e deteined ythe stiiy o the eceive cuse the thn its inte o exte ocusn suo o this, Weine et ( 97) ou h execncies o coninu-in success on ock esi tsk ee hihe on sujects k


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RIBUIO HORY 87

aros o sale asal aors raher ha o sale oes wereo eed y los o sly Sly lso hs ees o ehavornd e. Resisne o einion ooing ineien esus oninu

os reoreme has ee exlaed as eg a oseqee o salyo aio (Weer 7 I orrelol sdy (Ark & uy7 e eeie onsequene o niey oe soo eone sod o e sgaly reded whe sle ros were me ysdes who were sased wh her erormae a orse

NTERNAL-EXTERNAL (LOUS) os o on e eie onsequenes o iuions s inoed e ineneen diension iarllels he geeral ersoevrome dso Weer e al 7reded ha erl aros relve o exerl eigen eiereaos sh as ride or sess ad shame or alre. Sor or hsediio e udie i i ue e ei e llineomne on s eg iee 7 er reserh y Weine e 78, using siuion oedue i es ee ed or maged oomes sggess h some es are dsrimaly ined o se- aros whle ohers re led oly o oomes eg eole eellesed e sess regrdless o he se.

Boh sly nd ous ee yoesized y Co 78 o e ioa roe oards desos o gr arole o isoers. He roosedh ole oud e onsequene o iuing ie o unseos eey endeing uue ie ess iey nd o een osrederg he mal less deservg o shme. s resls revealedha saly o aro ad eselly exeay or re rme wereong e signin edios o deision o oe neniy s noa sga redor here are several ossle enions o is.Saly d los also have ee show o hve releve o dvdals'

esonses o ei oneiness. n ei suey d Peu e 80 odha sdes who ried loeless o soal aly raher ha o eomore oe reored eelg aahe deressed ad hoeless. Reors osvg or sol o e.g y gog o ay were sgaly eaergien unse uses.

LOBA I her reormlaed model oleared hellessess Aramso e l 78 oosed us iuions edie he ee oereved oogey (ewee ehavor ad reoreme uon

symoms o hellessess As he work ed aove a eal aiion s yoesized o ed o deessed e nd oeed seeseeie iuion o se use oud ed o edued eeny ouue einoeen. A hir diension f globly s idenied o dis




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RBUO HEORY

own y o e w bued o eo (nenon) e n by(unnenon) Ike Kdd gued f eon que e eoueo e oug eo, e y gee ue o e eoue nd be

e nned o done e. Ike & Kdd uze e uo e ownee ode o e wo yoee. Unouney, oe o enuon n e een ude onfound nenonunnenonw neneen, o e eoe neeon e no e

Cntsbuon ee ow buon e ou eeng bou een nd ou eeon bou fuue one ou ude owd oe

eon nd ou eon o e beo, nd ou oneon of ouee nd ou eo o oe ou oune. Soe ye go, Be ( 72)noed e eoe bou e nk beween buon nd onequeneone e no ey oe. ey on gey o een f e eon ke en buon, " no uneonbe o ee e w en nk, , o ee n en wy In ou ew, oen oo o e buon "eoe. We ene otn eoe deeoen obe ee e neeed ede eeed o Be (172, 557) nd eb (17, 2)

IUE AND IMPLICATIN

u gene ny (gue ) nd eew of onequene (boe) ued buon ede beo, e, e uon no gone unenged (ee, o ee, duon n Be 172, Znn17, Nbe Won 1 77 nd nge 1 7). ouy gued buon ee no douened e eued edon nd,

ndeed oee yeded edene nonen w e uon;nd u beo ou wou e oug ed by buonode e e ue e e on queon of wen e buon oe e n oon nd, ndey, e du e o eou o e oe ke, wee e o oe, onou onononou, uo o debee e oe ue, e k o e-dene o e edng oe o buon on o e need o oedee dg Ee n w edon deoned onnngy ee , e oded by Bon (175) ue of oe-

on ny o ow nued be d e ee on deon gey by wy o e ee on buon, Znn nd oegue' (Cno e 1 17) ue o n ndeenden een o en-on o ou o deny e o e fo ndung eeen



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490 KY & M

msattrbtons and Rests (976, Std 2) se of cross-lagged correlatonto so tat canges n attbtons are related to sbseent bt not toor, canges n resonse rate

ost rocedres for docmentng te medtng roe of ttrbtonsssme tht te cn be mesred b self-reo. Ths mght seem to beqestoned b Nsbett & Wlson's ( 977) rgment tt eoe's reots onte rocesses medatng te eects of a stmls on a resonse are based noton an te ntrosecton bt on a o teoes abot case and eectWatever ts ros and cons (cf Smth & ller 978), ts argment s notrelevnt to te docmentton of medtors It s not necessa tt sbjectsbe able to reot on te rocess as the nvestgator conceves of t (e.g. asn Fgre 1) Te need onl be ble o rovde ndctors of certn contents

of tat rocess (e te attbtons) c te nvestgator can ten sob exementl nd/or correlton analss to a te ostated medatng role n the rocess

The std of medtng ttrbtons b self-reort s lmted b te qltof or methods for ectng nd nzng these reors. Nmeros qestons ave been rsed abot teed atative scales tat ave been sedfor ts rose Attemts to slant tem t pen-ended measresave encontered roblems of semantcs L Ross 977) and margnalntercoder relblt (Eg & reze 1979, Orvs et 19 76). These mesrement robems deve n art from over smlstc teoretcal dstnctonsnd these n t stem from ndeqte std of the csl dstnctonsmde b ordnar eole Some rogress hs been mde on both frontsImroved theoretcl dstnctons re lstrated b Wener et as (972)searaton of the stabe-nstable an nternal-extea dmensons nerentn the erler sl-cance dstncton nd Krgns's (197) roos ttan endogenosexogenos dstncton (erhas better termed ntnscextrnsc) rece some of the erer ses of the ntel-extel dstncton Perhas te central ron of attbton researc s that le tscentra concets conce te casl stnctons mde b common eole,tese have been ttle nvestgated he fe examles ncde an analss ofexntons gven for sccess nd lre (Elg & Free 1979) nd ofexntons for negtve nterersonl events (rvs et l 1976 sser etl . These stdes show tht exnton occrs t vros degrees oftemorl remoteness from te foc eect s sggested b te Bcnet l ( 1975) std of erceved casal cans or smle estons of nternltextealt robbl become ncreasng mbgos to te ttbtoras e traces te casat farter nto the ast.

Attibution in s Natual ContextIf ttrbton theor reqres b ts ver ntre, detled nlss of thecommon ersons cs ctegores, t so reqres nerstnng o the


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RIBUIO HEORY 49

naral cnx in which h prcss ccrs. Th s ipran farsf his cnx ndbdly ar is ninnss and cniniy. Aribinsccr as cpnns f a cninin inracin bwn acr and nvirn

n n hs inracin, hir cnsncs a any ivn im pariallydrin hir ancdns a a lar i. hs, alhh cnvnin frranizin his rviw ir is hhly inada as a dl fr hsdy f aibins. Is linar ancdn-aribin-cnsnc srcr s b rplacd by rprsnains f circlar casal prcsss. Asimpl xampl is prvidd by h rspns aribinal ncrainy. AsNisb & Valins 972) hav prpsd, nw infrain may n chana prsns aribin .. ab his wn far f snaks) b mrly ladhi sin i H will hn ac s as ain frthr infrmain .

h ay h h snak s his lins). Th nw infrain ayrcnr riinal aribin r rsl in s mdicain f i. hcnral pn is ha prprtis f h aribin islf lici bhavir hashaps is sbsn infrainal ancdns. Klly & Thba 969)prps rms fr dscrbin h prpris f aribins ha drminsbsn nfrain skin and sscpibiliy innc.

n s cass, h cnsncs f an aribin ar sch as srnhn i. This is illsrad in slf-prcpin by rs & McCals976) wrk n xacrbain cycls. Thy prps a snc in which (0

ndsirabl bhavir .. slplssnss, srin) is aribd naivprprtis f h slf . inadacis, lack f cnrl), and hs aribins (b) rdc a s f cnsncs xpcancy f srsfl vns,anxiy, cvr vrbalizains) ha () xacrba h ndsirabl bhavirs. s a rsl, h bhavir bcs r xrm and, bcas f isxriy, (d) bcms vn r srnly aribd h slf. Thisanalysis has prvidd h basis fr raribin prcdrs which inrvn prvn h iniial slfaribin and rplac i wih an xrnaln.

Th slfcnrin cycl als ccrs in h prcpin f hr prsns,as whn h arbin-nrad bhavir f a prcivr is sch as licicnrmin racins frm h simls prsn This is illsrad by MSnydr al 977) Mn, inracin by an inrcm sysm) wih wmnwhm hy blivd b physically araciv r naraciv, liciddirnial bhavir fr h w kinds f wn N all sp in h cyclar dcn, i is shwn ha h an wh hh h lphnicparnr b baifl xpcd hr b r sciabl, pisd, and scially

adp; was himsf mr sciabl bld, and araciv as jdd by indpndn rars) and licid bhavir fr h wan cnsisn wih hisxpcain aain, as jdd by indpndn rars). Siilar vidnc fslf-cnrmin cycls has bn fnd fr xpcains f hsil bhavir.M Snydr & Swann 98) wr abl dnsra ha prsn As




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492 KEEY & ICHE

xpo o ho ro B l h xpd bhor ro B dB ourgd o rbu h bhor o h ho rr oro B ubu o h o C

To h dg h pop l bou h d d d o o h o ad oh abo h a ap o aagh. o Wor (193) l gro (h g po k ol r o oh r o pg ohr pro'u rbuo or o' bhor r r ud dl h hrg phoo o oolg h rbuo orl kor our bho. Cogo Olh (199) ugg h ud o x ll or ordr o od h plo h hh h l bl. Fk & dr 19) prod d h uh

lk o rg olo gohrg lur bu our or odrldul pob ad o o hghl du o Th g pdox o h bo og: h d ak l pod ohg xpo or poo poa o o u o k dog o b o . Jo Bgl (19) popo d hpohbou h g o l-ruo hrough "l-hdppg po uu o h b o p d ord bou hh b pd h db oduo o po-rgu (ohol lk o lp udppo) dug h do

k pob o xu ur bu k d o u. Thu h-hdppr rrg ul odo o h rbuo h o o uppo or h hpoh podd xp (Brg Jo 19) hh hod h oog u dud lubj o hoo prorrrg drug.

AppcationsW h rd udd o o o h plo o buo hoo pr probl .g. ouor db drg d

r o phob hrough rrbuo. W h o h oh r or hh po h b da or dd ro ppao l ppr r l (190) (a) Educaon W( 199) urzd o o h rbuo hkg rl o duo.O r hr h b o pro ud p d lr lu hrough ourgg rbuo o lk o or dr Dbu 19 Dk 195). Oh probl r o h rbuold (Coop Bao 19) d ou (R 1 9) o h u o p d . (b) por Pcolo. Th ppa oha b pd pob o g ad log ad opr luo d group oo O uo o rbuo d o ol ru or h . u uul ok hgh


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RBUIO HEORY 493

abty and eot evauaton fo both wheea faue educe hee fo heteam but not fo the ef. Eae tude ae d & ae (1978 IoAhoa (1 977 and Robe ( 978. ) Clnial and Cuneln Phloh pobe and neventon pocedue have been dcued fom anatbuona eectve. Rzey (978 uded wo abuona eanaton fo deeon and oncuded that the evdence aay uppot thevew that deeed eon oveetmate the eonbty fo negaveevent. Dawng on attbuton aumton Koeke & Koeke (97ooed (and povde oe evdence fo e ypohe a adoecendevance unde condon of hgh eceved adu owe ooe a eneof deny and of ntena ocu of conto Th ay ovde a ataundetandng of he motvaton undeyng devan behavo. Whaen &enke (1976 dcued the atbuona maton of ung dug opove he beavo of hypeacve cden They noted tha hough hpromote an exea (ie orgaic) aibuio for he obe hich hechd and aent nd comfoabe nefee wh he acetance ofteatment oga hat ey on teachng ef-ono taege Counengpoedue have been dcued fom an abuton epecve (Song1970 a have c ntevenon technque (Skbeck 1974. d) Inteenal Relatn avey et a (978 nvegaed the abuton ade n

cont and epaaton Keey (979 dened abuton o tabe doon a a centa oce n h mode of he peona eaonhp. e)Ennntal hl Woche & edde (1976 dened abuton among he anecedent of eeened cowdng The eementaevdene ontent th the dea that eoe fee ode hen theybecome aoued by ohe' voaton of the eona ae and attbuethe aoua to th caue Rodn (976 dea wth he atbuona conequence of cowdng howng ha hgh-deny vng condon ay eut n geneazed eecaon ha one ha te cono ove one

envonmen and nteaton. Shu anua (978 ummaed oga n hch aged peope wee encouaged to aume oe degee ofcono ove he oca and phyca envonmen. They uggeted thahee poga have onge beneca eec ony f he peope ae abeo ake ntena abe and goba abuon fo poved outcoe) Reeah Methl Fa ( 977 ovded a cque of he cooneeach oedue n hch eponden gve wha they ee to be the cauefo uch pove and negatve even a atfatondatfacton oheathne. e agued hat he eu houd not be aken at face vaue

becaue hey eec an abuon afac ha good outcoe ae atbued to he ef and bad one o he envonen. aw (97 oeeda deent atbutona tque of ef-epot data notng ha ononabou uch thng a cohevene councaon and otvaon may



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494 KEEY & CHE

onstitute ttriutionl inerenes rom orgnitionl eomne rtherthn reorts o the tul deteminnts o suh eomne Exerimentlevidene ws resented to suort this view

SUMMARY

Ten yers o reserh on usl ttiution hve nswered mny questionsnd rised mny others We now now something o the tyes o roessy whih inormtion ets eretions nd inerenes o uslity However we do not yet hve ler ides out the interonnetions mong thedierent roesses nd we hve vitully no nowledge o the onditions

governing their usge nd nturl ourrene We re now wre o someo the errors rodued in ttriution roesses y the ttriutors ioelies nd motives However model o the interly mong inormtionelies nd motivtion is not yet in sight We now now tht the ttrutions n tor nd oserver me or the omer's ehvior re oten dierent While this nd similr omrisons hve enled meningul questionst be need itut cnontn te bem u tee nower to e oth rtil nd theoretil resons or doing so It seemsto us tht judgments out ury re eing mde imliitly nd tht

their unstted remises require emintion We now now mny o theonsequenes o ttriutions most imotntly those hving to do with oureelings sel-evlutions nd soil ehvior However diult questionsout the longterm onsequenes o vrious usl views nd the ossilethrets to viility osed y errors o ttriution hve yet to e ddressed

The resent reviewers my e too lose to the eld to e ojetive in ourevlutions nd reditions In most resets we eel the rolems o the t t too thinly over too mny rolems Eh question hs reeived r less

tention in terms o numer o rdigms nd relitions thn its denitive nd undoutedly omle nswer requires Conetully on oth thettriution nd ttriutionl sides o igure , the theories re ieemelnd gretly in need o synthesis Here gin the rolems re those osyhology in generl whih ls oneul rmewors or meshingognitive motivtionl nd ehviorl tors

Wht is the uture o this eld? As their imlitions re sen ttrutionl ides re sreding to other domins o ehviorl siene nd oming under study there mon the worers t the ore o the eld si

questions re eing rised out ttention memory introsetionthought nd ehvior) tht drw reserh eorts o into vrious res o syhology Does this men tht in nother dede the study ottriutionl henomen will hve eome diused through syology nd


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