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Atlantic Trade
Significance and Methodology
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Origins
Innovations of the Age ofExploration Caravel- sails windward
Celestial navigation/Astrolabe
Axial Rudder
Push for colonies and gold betweenPortugal and Spain
Searches for trade routes
Patronage of monarchies
Strong, centralized state
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Colonies
Territory under immediate politicalinfluence of home nation.
Importance: Raw Resources
New Markets
Naval Bases
Nationalistic Pride
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Rise of Portugal
Prince Henry: first school for sailing
West Coast of Africa + India: 100%
return on profits Trading choke points
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Rise of the Spanish
Sponsored expeditions to NewWorld
Encomienda system: grants of landand native labor
De las Casas/New Laws
Decimation led to African slavery
Viceroyalties and audiencias
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Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the newly discovered landsoutside Europe between Spain andPortugal
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Triangular Trade
Between Europeanpowers andcolonies.
Operated during16th-19th centuries
Steady flow ofgoods/money
stimulated colonialeconomy.
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Goods
European ports: supplies to barterin Africa (copper, cloth, guns,ammunition)
African ports: slaves for MiddlePassage (replacement labor)
New World ports: cash crops
(sugar, rum, molasses, tobacco,hemp)
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Privateering
Authorized by government to attackshipping.
Disrupted Atlantic trade Britain against Spanish ships
carrying specie, taking wealthbefore Royal Navy grew
Easy to maintain, hard to combat.
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Plantation Economies
Agricultural mass production ofcash crops (very labor intensive)
70% of slaves imported to worksugar planations
Coffee = popular drink;Enlightenment
Slaves = one time payment
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Middle Passage
Heaviest activity: Portuguese andBritish
Asiento: license to export 4 million deaths directly attributed
to slavery
Slaves were prisoners ofwar/convicts/political dissidents
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Middle Passage
One to six months
One meal a day,cramped living
conditions
Crew receivedpreference.
Terror tacticsagainst resistancemovements
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Middle Passage
15% of slaves died at sea Disease (scurvy and dysentery)
Starvation
Suicide/Depression They were all branded, like sheep, with
the owners' marks, of different formsNoentreaties, or threats, or blows couldrestrain them; they shrieked, andstruggled, and fought with one anotherfor a drop of this precious liquid, as ifthey grew rabid at the sight of it.
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End of Colonial Atlantic Trade?
Royal charters granting monopoliesto citizens
Monopolies = mini-governments
Mechanization = reduced value ofhuman labor
Increased costs of shipping
slaves/effects Induction of African goods markets
rather than slave markets.
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End of Colonial Atlantic Trade?
Abolitionist movements:
British: Slave Trade Act 1807 (slaving= piracy)
West Coast of Africa Station
Against African rulers as well
American Independence from
Britain