Atmosphere and Climate Change

Atmosphere and Climate Change

Chapter 13Chapter 13Chapter 13Chapter 13

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

What is a climate and what naturally What is a climate and what naturally promotes climate change?promotes climate change?

What is the importance of our Ozone What is the importance of our Ozone Shield?Shield?

What is global warming and how can we What is global warming and how can we stop it?stop it?

What is a climate and what naturally What is a climate and what naturally promotes climate change?promotes climate change?

What is the importance of our Ozone What is the importance of our Ozone Shield?Shield?

What is global warming and how can we What is global warming and how can we stop it?stop it?

ClimateClimate

The long-term prevailing weather The long-term prevailing weather conditions at a particular place based conditions at a particular place based upon records takenupon records taken

The long-term prevailing weather The long-term prevailing weather conditions at a particular place based conditions at a particular place based upon records takenupon records taken

What factors determine a climate?What factors determine a climate?

LatitudeLatitudeAtmospheric circulation patternsAtmospheric circulation patternsOceanic circulation patternsOceanic circulation patternsLocal geographyLocal geographySolar activitySolar activityVolcanic activityVolcanic activity

LatitudeLatitudeAtmospheric circulation patternsAtmospheric circulation patternsOceanic circulation patternsOceanic circulation patternsLocal geographyLocal geographySolar activitySolar activityVolcanic activityVolcanic activity

LatitudeLatitude

Degrees North of South of the equatorDegrees North of South of the equatorEquator is 0Equator is 0North Pole is 90 NorthNorth Pole is 90 NorthSouth Pole is 90 SouthSouth Pole is 90 South

Degrees North of South of the equatorDegrees North of South of the equatorEquator is 0Equator is 0North Pole is 90 NorthNorth Pole is 90 NorthSouth Pole is 90 SouthSouth Pole is 90 South

Low LatitudesLow Latitudes

Day and night average 12 hours each Day and night average 12 hours each every dayevery day

Always warm temperatureAlways warm temperature

Day and night average 12 hours each Day and night average 12 hours each every dayevery day

Always warm temperatureAlways warm temperature

Equatorial RegionsEquatorial Regions

Vertical SunlightVertical SunlightVertical SunlightVertical Sunlight

High LatitudesHigh Latitudes

Changes daylight because sun hits at Changes daylight because sun hits at anglesangles

As much as 16 hours of daylight during As much as 16 hours of daylight during summer and only 8 hours of daylight summer and only 8 hours of daylight during the winterduring the winter

In the poles, it may be daylight out for In the poles, it may be daylight out for 23 hours23 hours

Changes daylight because sun hits at Changes daylight because sun hits at anglesangles

As much as 16 hours of daylight during As much as 16 hours of daylight during summer and only 8 hours of daylight summer and only 8 hours of daylight during the winterduring the winter

In the poles, it may be daylight out for In the poles, it may be daylight out for 23 hours23 hours

Atmospheric CirculationAtmospheric Circulation

Cold air sinksCold air sinksWarm air risesWarm air risesWarm air can hold more water vaporWarm air can hold more water vaporWhen warm air holding water vapor When warm air holding water vapor

cools, it produces precipitationcools, it produces precipitation

Cold air sinksCold air sinksWarm air risesWarm air risesWarm air can hold more water vaporWarm air can hold more water vaporWhen warm air holding water vapor When warm air holding water vapor

cools, it produces precipitationcools, it produces precipitation

WindWind

As solar energy heats the earth, warm As solar energy heats the earth, warm air risesair rises

Cool air fills in the voidsCool air fills in the voidsThis movement of air produces windThis movement of air produces windBecause there are different Because there are different

temperatures at different latitudes, temperatures at different latitudes, winds blow in different directionswinds blow in different directions

As solar energy heats the earth, warm As solar energy heats the earth, warm air risesair rises

Cool air fills in the voidsCool air fills in the voidsThis movement of air produces windThis movement of air produces windBecause there are different Because there are different

temperatures at different latitudes, temperatures at different latitudes, winds blow in different directionswinds blow in different directions

Prevailing WindsPrevailing Winds

Winds that blow in one direction Winds that blow in one direction throughout the yearthroughout the year

Trade winds, westerlies, and polar Trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlieseasterlies

Winds that blow in one direction Winds that blow in one direction throughout the yearthroughout the year

Trade winds, westerlies, and polar Trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlieseasterlies

Surface Ocean CurrentsSurface Ocean Currents

Caused by wind and influenced by Caused by wind and influenced by Earth’s rotationEarth’s rotation

Not all ocean currents, just surface Not all ocean currents, just surface ocean currentsocean currents

Caused by wind and influenced by Caused by wind and influenced by Earth’s rotationEarth’s rotation

Not all ocean currents, just surface Not all ocean currents, just surface ocean currentsocean currents

El NinoEl Nino

The name given to the short-term periodic The name given to the short-term periodic change in the location of warm and cold water change in the location of warm and cold water masses in the Pacific Oceanmasses in the Pacific Ocean

Generally over a 6 - 18 month periodGenerally over a 6 - 18 month period Pushes warm water eastward, increasing rain Pushes warm water eastward, increasing rain

in Southern US and Central Americain Southern US and Central America Winds push warm water eastward in the Winds push warm water eastward in the

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

The name given to the short-term periodic The name given to the short-term periodic change in the location of warm and cold water change in the location of warm and cold water masses in the Pacific Oceanmasses in the Pacific Ocean

Generally over a 6 - 18 month periodGenerally over a 6 - 18 month period Pushes warm water eastward, increasing rain Pushes warm water eastward, increasing rain

in Southern US and Central Americain Southern US and Central America Winds push warm water eastward in the Winds push warm water eastward in the

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

La NinaLa Nina

The second half of the El Nino-Southern The second half of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycleOscillation (ENSO) cycle

Water is cooler than usual in the Water is cooler than usual in the eastern Pacific Oceaneastern Pacific Ocean

The second half of the El Nino-Southern The second half of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycleOscillation (ENSO) cycle

Water is cooler than usual in the Water is cooler than usual in the eastern Pacific Oceaneastern Pacific Ocean

TopographyTopography

Mount Kilimanjaro is located at 4 Mount Kilimanjaro is located at 4 latitudelatitude

How does it have snow on the top?How does it have snow on the top?

Mount Kilimanjaro is located at 4 Mount Kilimanjaro is located at 4 latitudelatitude

How does it have snow on the top?How does it have snow on the top?

VolcanoesVolcanoes

How can volcanoes impact the How can volcanoes impact the atmosphere?atmosphere?

How can volcanoes impact the How can volcanoes impact the atmosphere?atmosphere?

Ozone LayerOzone Layer

An area in the stratosphere where An area in the stratosphere where ozone is highly concentratedozone is highly concentrated

Molecule made of 3 Oxygen atomsMolecule made of 3 Oxygen atomsAbsorbs ultraviolet lightAbsorbs ultraviolet light

An area in the stratosphere where An area in the stratosphere where ozone is highly concentratedozone is highly concentrated

Molecule made of 3 Oxygen atomsMolecule made of 3 Oxygen atomsAbsorbs ultraviolet lightAbsorbs ultraviolet light

DNA DamageDNA Damage

Result of high UV radiation at Earth’s Result of high UV radiation at Earth’s surfacesurface

Result of high UV radiation at Earth’s Result of high UV radiation at Earth’s surfacesurface

CFC’sCFC’s

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)Chemically unstable in stratosphereChemically unstable in stratosphereOne chlorine can destroy 10,000 ozone One chlorine can destroy 10,000 ozone

moleculesmolecules

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)Chemically unstable in stratosphereChemically unstable in stratosphereOne chlorine can destroy 10,000 ozone One chlorine can destroy 10,000 ozone

moleculesmolecules

Ozone HoleOzone Hole

A thinning stratospheric ozone that A thinning stratospheric ozone that occurs over the poles in the springoccurs over the poles in the spring

50 - 98% disappears50 - 98% disappearsDuring Spring, warm winds bring heat to During Spring, warm winds bring heat to

polespolesSplits chlorine molecules and creates Splits chlorine molecules and creates

holehole

A thinning stratospheric ozone that A thinning stratospheric ozone that occurs over the poles in the springoccurs over the poles in the spring

50 - 98% disappears50 - 98% disappearsDuring Spring, warm winds bring heat to During Spring, warm winds bring heat to

polespolesSplits chlorine molecules and creates Splits chlorine molecules and creates

holehole

Ozone MoleculesOzone Molecules

Decomposed by chlorine atomsDecomposed by chlorine atomsDecomposed by chlorine atomsDecomposed by chlorine atoms

Effects on HumansEffects on Humans

Skin CancerSkin CancerPremature AgingPremature Aging Increased CataractsIncreased CataractsWeakened Immune SystemWeakened Immune System

Skin CancerSkin CancerPremature AgingPremature Aging Increased CataractsIncreased CataractsWeakened Immune SystemWeakened Immune System

Effects on Animals and PlantsEffects on Animals and Plants

Death of eggsDeath of eggsGenetic mutationsGenetic mutationsReduction of populationsReduction of populationsDeath of phytoplanktonDeath of phytoplanktonDisruption of food chainDisruption of food chainReduction in photosynthesizesReduction in photosynthesizes Interference with photosynthesisInterference with photosynthesisReduced crop yieldsReduced crop yields

Death of eggsDeath of eggsGenetic mutationsGenetic mutationsReduction of populationsReduction of populationsDeath of phytoplanktonDeath of phytoplanktonDisruption of food chainDisruption of food chainReduction in photosynthesizesReduction in photosynthesizes Interference with photosynthesisInterference with photosynthesisReduced crop yieldsReduced crop yields

Montreal ProtocolMontreal Protocol

An agreement to sharply reduce CFC’sAn agreement to sharply reduce CFC’s International limits on CFC production to International limits on CFC production to

protect the ozone layerprotect the ozone layer US pledged to ban all substances by US pledged to ban all substances by

2000…..Its 20092000…..Its 2009 CFC’s remain in atmosphere for 60 - 120 CFC’s remain in atmosphere for 60 - 120

years, still destroying the ozoneyears, still destroying the ozone

An agreement to sharply reduce CFC’sAn agreement to sharply reduce CFC’s International limits on CFC production to International limits on CFC production to

protect the ozone layerprotect the ozone layer US pledged to ban all substances by US pledged to ban all substances by

2000…..Its 20092000…..Its 2009 CFC’s remain in atmosphere for 60 - 120 CFC’s remain in atmosphere for 60 - 120

years, still destroying the ozoneyears, still destroying the ozone

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Think about your car during the summerThink about your car during the summer Light energy gets into your car through Light energy gets into your car through

windows, heating it upwindows, heating it up Greenhouse use this principle, trapping the Greenhouse use this principle, trapping the

sun’s energysun’s energy A process by which the atmosphere traps A process by which the atmosphere traps

heat radiate up from the Earth’s surfaceheat radiate up from the Earth’s surface

Think about your car during the summerThink about your car during the summer Light energy gets into your car through Light energy gets into your car through

windows, heating it upwindows, heating it up Greenhouse use this principle, trapping the Greenhouse use this principle, trapping the

sun’s energysun’s energy A process by which the atmosphere traps A process by which the atmosphere traps

heat radiate up from the Earth’s surfaceheat radiate up from the Earth’s surface

Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases

Gases in the troposphere that can Gases in the troposphere that can absorb and radiate heatabsorb and radiate heat

Water, Carbon Dioxide, Water, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxidenitrous oxide

Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide account for the majorityaccount for the majority

Gases in the troposphere that can Gases in the troposphere that can absorb and radiate heatabsorb and radiate heat

Water, Carbon Dioxide, Water, Carbon Dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxidenitrous oxide

Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide account for the majorityaccount for the majority

What if we release more CO2?What if we release more CO2?

We release carbon dioxide every time we We release carbon dioxide every time we burn fuel, either in our cars, power plants, burn fuel, either in our cars, power plants, generators, any timegenerators, any time

More CO2 in the atmosphere means that More CO2 in the atmosphere means that more heat can be trappedmore heat can be trapped

More trapped heat leads to greater global More trapped heat leads to greater global temperaturestemperatures

That’s just taking into consideration CO2That’s just taking into consideration CO2

We release carbon dioxide every time we We release carbon dioxide every time we burn fuel, either in our cars, power plants, burn fuel, either in our cars, power plants, generators, any timegenerators, any time

More CO2 in the atmosphere means that More CO2 in the atmosphere means that more heat can be trappedmore heat can be trapped

More trapped heat leads to greater global More trapped heat leads to greater global temperaturestemperatures

That’s just taking into consideration CO2That’s just taking into consideration CO2

CO2CO2

A greenhouse gas added to the A greenhouse gas added to the atmosphere when fossil fuels are atmosphere when fossil fuels are burnedburned

A greenhouse gas added to the A greenhouse gas added to the atmosphere when fossil fuels are atmosphere when fossil fuels are burnedburned

Is Global Warming a Reality?Is Global Warming a Reality?

Is this just a naturally occurring cycle?Is this just a naturally occurring cycle? Is this just a naturally occurring cycle?Is this just a naturally occurring cycle?

Consequences of a warmer Earth?Consequences of a warmer Earth?

Melting Ice and Rising Sea LevelsMelting Ice and Rising Sea LevelsGlobal Weather PatternsGlobal Weather PatternsHuman Health ProblemsHuman Health ProblemsAgricultureAgricultureEffects on Plants and AnimalsEffects on Plants and Animals

Melting Ice and Rising Sea LevelsMelting Ice and Rising Sea LevelsGlobal Weather PatternsGlobal Weather PatternsHuman Health ProblemsHuman Health ProblemsAgricultureAgricultureEffects on Plants and AnimalsEffects on Plants and Animals

Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol

Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5% Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5% by 2011by 2011

The US decided not to ratify the Kyoto The US decided not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001Protocol in 2001

Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5% Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 5% by 2011by 2011

The US decided not to ratify the Kyoto The US decided not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001Protocol in 2001

Slowing Global WarmingSlowing Global Warming

Requires global unified effortRequires global unified effortCompromised by economics, politics, Compromised by economics, politics,

and social factorsand social factorsBig difficulties between developed and Big difficulties between developed and

developing countriesdeveloping countries

Requires global unified effortRequires global unified effortCompromised by economics, politics, Compromised by economics, politics,

and social factorsand social factorsBig difficulties between developed and Big difficulties between developed and

developing countriesdeveloping countries

Weather is a region’s:Weather is a region’s:Atmospheric conditions on a given dayAtmospheric conditions on a given day

Weather is a region’s:Weather is a region’s:Atmospheric conditions on a given dayAtmospheric conditions on a given day

As cold air sinks:As cold air sinks: It compresses and warmsIt compresses and warms

As cold air sinks:As cold air sinks: It compresses and warmsIt compresses and warms

Elevation is a factor in climate because Elevation is a factor in climate because under most conditions:under most conditions:

Temperature falls as elevation Temperature falls as elevation increasesincreases

Elevation is a factor in climate because Elevation is a factor in climate because under most conditions:under most conditions:

Temperature falls as elevation Temperature falls as elevation increasesincreases

Seasonal changes in daylight hours and Seasonal changes in daylight hours and climatic conditions are caused by:climatic conditions are caused by:

The 23.5 tilt of Earth’s axisThe 23.5 tilt of Earth’s axis

Seasonal changes in daylight hours and Seasonal changes in daylight hours and climatic conditions are caused by:climatic conditions are caused by:

The 23.5 tilt of Earth’s axisThe 23.5 tilt of Earth’s axis

The ozone layer protects living The ozone layer protects living organisms on Earth by:organisms on Earth by:

Blocking solar ultraviolet (UV) radiationBlocking solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation

The ozone layer protects living The ozone layer protects living organisms on Earth by:organisms on Earth by:

Blocking solar ultraviolet (UV) radiationBlocking solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Ozone holes appear in polar regions Ozone holes appear in polar regions during springtime when ozone-during springtime when ozone-destroying:destroying:

Chlorine atoms are released from polar Chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric cloudsstratospheric clouds

Ozone holes appear in polar regions Ozone holes appear in polar regions during springtime when ozone-during springtime when ozone-destroying:destroying:

Chlorine atoms are released from polar Chlorine atoms are released from polar stratospheric cloudsstratospheric clouds

Though CFC production has been Though CFC production has been curtailed, the threat to upper curtailed, the threat to upper atmospheric ozone continues because atmospheric ozone continues because CFC’sCFC’s

Persist and continue to destroy ozone Persist and continue to destroy ozone for decadesfor decades

Though CFC production has been Though CFC production has been curtailed, the threat to upper curtailed, the threat to upper atmospheric ozone continues because atmospheric ozone continues because CFC’sCFC’s

Persist and continue to destroy ozone Persist and continue to destroy ozone for decadesfor decades

Which of the following does not reduce Which of the following does not reduce CO2 in the atmosphere?CO2 in the atmosphere?

Animal respirationAnimal respiration

Which of the following does not reduce Which of the following does not reduce CO2 in the atmosphere?CO2 in the atmosphere?

Animal respirationAnimal respiration

A continuous record of annual average A continuous record of annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations from atmospheric CO2 concentrations from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals:Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals:

A steady increase since 1958A steady increase since 1958

A continuous record of annual average A continuous record of annual average atmospheric CO2 concentrations from atmospheric CO2 concentrations from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals:Mauna Loa, Hawaii, reveals:

A steady increase since 1958A steady increase since 1958

Which of the following would not be a Which of the following would not be a consequence of a rise in global consequence of a rise in global temperature?temperature?

Increase polar ice massIncrease polar ice mass

Which of the following would not be a Which of the following would not be a consequence of a rise in global consequence of a rise in global temperature?temperature?

Increase polar ice massIncrease polar ice mass