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Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
III. Biologically Important Molecules
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
C. Proteins
1. Structure
monomer = amino acid
C. Proteins
1. Structure
monomer = amino acid
C. Proteins
1. Structure
monomer = amino acid
polymer = polypeptide - chain 100-300 amino acids long linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions
C. Proteins
1. Structure
monomer = amino acid
polymer = polypeptide - chain 100-300 amino acids long linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions
VARIABLE... 20 "letters" can make a very diverse "language" of words...
C. Proteins
1. Structure
2. Functions
a. energy storage... but since they probably do other things, these are metabolized last...
b. structure
- after water, animals are mostly protein
collagen, elastin, actin, myosin, etc...
c. metabolic - enzymes
d. transport
- in the cell membrane
- hemoglobin and other transport proteins
e. immunity: antibodies are proteins
Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
III. Biologically Important Molecules
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
D. Lipids
1. Structure
monomer = fatty acid
D. Lipids
1. Structure
monomer = fatty acid
Mammal, bird, reptile fats - saturated - solid at room temp
Plants, fish - often unsaturated - liquid at room temp.
Unsaturated fats can be 'hydrogenated' (peanut butter)
D. Lipids
1. Structure
transfats associated with atherosclerosis
D. Lipids
1. Structure
polymer = fat (triglyceride)
D. Lipids
1. Structure
polymer = fat (triglyceride)
phospholipid
D. Lipids
1. Structure
2. Function
a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds
b. Cell membranes
c. insulation
d. homones and cholesterol derivatives
Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
III. Biologically Important Molecules
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic Acids
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
a. Monomer = nucleotide
- sugar:
Ribose in RNA
Deoxyribose in DNA
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
a. Monomer = nucleotide
- sugar:
:
Ribose in RNA
Deoxyribose in DNA
- Phosphate group (PO4)
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
a. Monomer = nucleotide
- sugar:
Ribose in RNA
Deoxyribose in DNA
- Phosphate group (PO4)
- Nitrogenous Base
DNA = (A, C, G, T)
RNA = (A, C, G, U)
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
a. Monomer = nucleotide
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
2. DNA and RNA Function
a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein.
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
2. DNA and RNA Function
a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein.
b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions; they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes)
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
2. DNA and RNA Function
a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein.
b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions; they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes)
c. Some RNA molecules bind to RNA or RNA and regulate the expression of these molecules, turning them off.
Cell Biology
Robert Hooke, and his drawing of cells
Van Leeuwenhoek and his microscope
Schleiden and Schwann
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells(eubacteria and archaea)
- no nucleus - no organelles
- binary fission- small (0.2 – 2.0 um)
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
- biofilms
Staphyloccocus aureus biofilm
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells(protists, plants, fungi, animals)
- nucleus - organelles - mitosis - larger (10-100 um)
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live - take stuff in
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed)
ADP +P ATP
mitochondria
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed)
and - transform radiant energy to chemical energy
ADP +P ATP
mitochondria
ADP +P ATP
chloroplast
Cell BiologyI.Overview A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed) - use energy to make stuff (like enzymes and other
proteins,and lipids,
polysaccharides, and nucleic acids)
- DNA determines sequence of amino acids in enzymes and other proteins
ADP +P ATPribosome
ADP +P ATPribosome
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure
1. phospholipids
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure
2. proteins and carbohydrates
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
Aqueous Solution (inside cell)
dissolved ions
dissolved polar molecules
suspended non-polar(lipid soluble)
Aqueous Solution (outside cell)
dissolved ions
dissolved polar molecules
suspended non-polar(lipid soluble)
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport
Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibrium
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport - diffusion
Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibriumNet diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium
Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport - osmosis
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport – facilitated diffusion
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport – active transport
Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds tothe sodium-potassium pump
Na+ binding stimulatesphosphorylation by ATP.
Phosphorylation causesthe protein to change itsconformation, expelling Na+
to the outside.
Extracellular K+ bindsto the protein, triggeringrelease of the phosphategroup.
Loss of the phosphaterestores the protein’soriginal conformation.
K+ is released and Na+
sites are receptive again;the cycle repeats.
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane)4. signal transduction
Cell BiologyI.OverviewII. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier2. transport3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane)4. signal transduction5. cell-cell binding6. cell recognition7. cytoskeleton attachment
Cellular Respiration
CATABOLISM
“ENTROPY”ENERGY FOR:
ANABOLISM WORK
Chemical Potential Energy
Energy+
Energy+
Coupled Reaction
Energy+
Energy+
ATP ADP + P + Energy
Coupled Reaction
Coupled Reaction
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:
MATTER and ENERGY in FOOD
MONOMERS and WASTE
DIGESTION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ADP + P ATP
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:
Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:
Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?Aerobic Resp. Anaerobic Resp.
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:
Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?
Fermentation
A little ATP
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:
Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?
Fermentation
A little ATP
GatewayCACETC
LOTS OF ATP
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis:
- Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas. - All cells do this! (very primitive pathway) - Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis:
C6H12O6 2 C3 and energy released
some of the energy is trapped in weak bonds between ADP + P…. Making ATP.
Some is trapped in bonds made between NAD + H…. Making NADH
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Aerobic Respiration
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
LE 9-10
Pyruvate
NAD+
Transport protein
NADH + H+
Coenzyme ACO2
Acetyl Co A
energy harvested as NADH
Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
The C3 molecules produced in the cytoplasm cross into the mitochondria, and one C is broken off (as CO2), and the energy released from breaking this bond is trapped in NAD + H NADH.
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!
4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!
4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.
5. In summary, the C2 acetyl is split and the energy released is trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3 NADH. (this occurs for EACH of the 2 pyruvates from the initial glucose).
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
a - Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
b - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
LE 9-13
ATP ATP ATP
GlycolysisOxidative
phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
Citricacidcycle
NADH
50
FADH2
40 FMN
Fe•S
I FAD
Fe•S II
IIIQ
Fe•S
Cyt b
30
20
Cyt c
Cyt c1
Cyt a
Cyt a3
IV
10
0
Multiproteincomplexes
Fre
e en
erg
y (G
) re
lati
ve t
o O
2 (k
cal/m
ol)
H2O
O22 H+ + 1/2
electron
ADP + P
ATP
RELEASES ENERGY
STORES ENERGY
LE 9-13
ATP ATP ATP
GlycolysisOxidative
phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
Citricacidcycle
NADH
50
FADH2
40 FMN
Fe•S
I FAD
Fe•S II
IIIQ
Fe•S
Cyt b
30
20
Cyt c
Cyt c1
Cyt a
Cyt a3
IV
10
0
Multiproteincomplexes
Fre
e en
erg
y (G
) re
lati
ve t
o O
2 (k
cal/m
ol)
H2O
O22 H+ + 1/2
electron
ADP + P
ATP
RELEASES ENERGY
STORES ENERGY
HEY!!! Here’s the first time O2 shows up!!! It is the final electron acceptor, and water is produced as a waste product!
NADH gives up the high-energy electron (and the H+ ion) to the proteins in the mitochondrial membrane.
as the electron is passed down the chain, energy is released that is trapped by adding P to ADP, making ATP.
Oxygen gas splits, and each oxygen atom accepts two electrons, and two H+ ions to balance its charge, producing water as a waste product.
VII. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
- OXYGEN is just an electron ACCEPTOR - WATER is produced as a metabolic waste - All carbons in glucose have been separated, and are expelled as the waste gas, CO2. - Energy has been harvested and stored in bonds in ATP.
AND SO THIS IS HOW THE ENERGY IN YOUR FOOD IS HARVESTED BY EACH CELL IN YOUR BODY, AND EACH CELL IN MOST OTHER LIVING THINGS . CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE WASTE PRODUCT FROM FOOD DIGESTION AT A CELLULAR LEVEL, AND THE OXYGEN YOU BREATHE IN IS CONVERTED TO WATER.
FOOD CO2, water, and waste
ADP + PATP
ANABOLISM WORK
Phosphorylation of myosin causes it to toggle and bond to actin; release of phosphate causes it to return to low energy state and pull actin…contraction.
FOOD CO2, water, and waste
ADP + PATP
ANABOLISM WORK