Attitudes Ppt

7/31/2019 Attitudes Ppt

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ATTITUDES

Things are the way you think

they are, because you thinkthey are that way


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The rose within Man planted a rose watered faithfully examined

before it blossomed. Later saw a bud but alsothorns thought how can a beautiful flower comefrom a plant with so many thorns.? saddenedneglected to water just to bloom but died.

So it is with us. Within every soul there is a rose.

God like qualities are planted in us at birth, amidstthe thorns of faults.

We see thorns despair neglect our own selvesnever realise our potentials.

Lack positive attitude.

We can help through love, know their true faultsand accept them as they are. If we show them therose within them, they will conquer their thorns.Only then, they will blossom many times over.


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DEFINITIONS

P.R.LAWRENCE

Attitude represent the cluster of beliefs,assessed feelings and behaviouralintentions towards an object.

GORDON ALLPORT Attitude is a mental and neural state of

readiness, organised through experience,exerting a directive or dynamic influenceupon the individuals response to all objectsand situations with which it is related.

Attitudes are evaluative statements eitherfavourable or unfavourable concerningobjects, people, or events. They reflect howone feels about something. When I say Ilike my job, I am expressing my attitudeabout work.


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Attitudes can be thus referred to asevaluative statements regarding people,objects or events which may be either

favourable or unfavourable.

Attitudes may be further defined asrelatively lasting feelings, beliefs andbehavioural tendencies directed towardsspecific people, groups, ideas, issues orobjects.

Attitudes reflect an individuals background

and experiences. It is formed due to stronginfluence of significant people in a person'slife like parents, elders, friends, teachers,and members of social and work groups.


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SOURCES OF ATTITUDES

Attitudes and values are acquired from parents,

family members (especially elders), teachers andpeer groups.

It is generally derived and developed from twoimportant sources viz.,

a) our own experiences,b) our perception towards the object,

person or events.

In contrast to values, attitudes are lessstable, and in organisations attitudes arevery important because they affect job

behaviour or performance.


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Lord Rama in Ramayana - sadaikapriyadarshanah always a dear person

mitabhaashi talking in measured tonesand with economy of words.

Therefore, first impression is the last

impression.

Vidya dadaati vinayam humility marksan educated man.

Manners maketh a man


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Nature of attitudes 1. Attitude is a continuous tendency to feel

and behave in a specific way towards someobject.

For e.g. Munna hates working overtime. Thismeans that he has a negative attitude towardsOT.

2. Every person holds attitudes towards anobject/person, irrespective of their statusand intelligence.

3. Attitudes tend to continue unlesssomething is done to change them.

Ex. Incase of extra wages for OT, one may

work.


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4. Attitudes can fall anywhere doing acontinuum between extremelyfavourable to extremely unfavourable.

Ex. If c/off is given, attitude may changeto be extremely positive.

5. Attitudes are aimed at some objectabout which the person has someassociated feelings.

6. Attitudes are unique to the individualand also affect their behaviour.


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CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTITUDES It is important to know the characteristics

of attitudes in understanding attitudechange. Some of them are :

1. Multiplicity

2. Consistency 3. Interconnectedness 4. Cognitive dissonance 5. Number of needs

6. Strength of the needs 7. Centrality of the related values 8. Extremeness of the attitude 9. Simplicity.


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COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDES

The ABC model

AFFECTIVECOGNITIVE

BEHAVIOURAL

ATTITUDES


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AFFECTIVE - Feelings, sentiments,moods and emotions about

some idea, person, event orobject.

COGNITIVE - The beliefs, opinion,

knowledge or informationheld by the individual.

BEHAVIOURAL- The predispositions to get

a favourable or unfavourableevaluation of something.


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FUNCTIONS OF ATTITUDES

A T T I T U D E

ADJUSTMENT

EGO DEFENCEKNOWLEGE

VALUE EXPRESSION


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ADJUSTMENT FUNCTION

Attitudes help employees to adjust totheir work environment. Whenpeople are well treated, they mostlikely develop a positive attitudetowards management andoganisation


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EGO DEFENCE FUNCTION

People often form and maintain certainattitudes to protect their own self images

meaning attitudes help individuals indefending their self image.

Ex. Prakash- manager working since longgets support of Mr. Rakesh (asst. Mgr) newly

employed. Mr. Prakash feels threatened byRakesh because of his high potentialities.Rakesh sometimes challenges the decision ofPrakash. In such a case, Prakash may feelRakesh to arrogant, immature and impolite.

So, Prakash may not accept his decisions andstart blaming him.

Outcome - Further negative attitude of

Rakesh towards Prakash and viceversa.


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VALUE EXPRESSION FUNCTION

Attitude provides the basis for people toexpress their values. This function contains three main aspects : 1. It helps express the individuals

central values and self identity. Ex. Consumer express their values in the

products they buy, the shops theypatronise and the life style they exhibit.Example of society Tea.

2. It helps the individuals define their

self concept and it facilitates theadoption of sub culture values. Ex. Teenagers dress and behave in a

certain way to faster their status in agroup.


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3. It helps the individuals adopt andinternalise the values of a groupthey have joined and thus are ableto relate to the group.

Ex. Individual joined an ecology groupmay manifest purchase and use of acycle instead of a scooter/bike. Or

recycling of bottles to make a betterenvironment. Etc.


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KNOWLEDGE FUNCTION

This attitude provides standards andframes for reference by which people areable to organise and make meaning orexplanation of the world around them.

Ex. The trade union leaders ,who oftenhave negative attitudes towards thecompany, may not want to believe in whatmanagement wants to communicate with

the workers and so may manipulate ordistant facts, This is done only to prevent chaos.


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WAYS OF CHANGING ATTITUDES

OFFERING NEW INFORMATION

BY USING FEAR

BY RESOLVING DISCREPANCIES

THROUGH PEER PRESSURE

BY USING CO-OPTING APPROACH

BY USING ROLE MODEL

BY IMPROVING WORKING CONDITIONS


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1. OFFERING NEW INFORMATION

When new information his provided to a

person it may help him/her to change his/herbeliefs and eventually change attitude. Veryoften lack of insufficient information may bethe cause of negative attitude.

2. BY USING FEAR

By using right measure of fear, ear can alsoforce a person to change his attitude.

Ex. If late coming three times is considered a day leave, then the worker may change hisattitude and avoid late comings in the future.


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3. BY RESOLVING DISCREPANCIES

Attitudes can be changed by resolving

discrepancies between attitudes andbehaviour.

Ex. A fresh graduate may select one job of3 to 4 jobs offered to him. But sometime

later he may feel to have made a wrongchoice and thus develops negative attitudetowards his selected job and if he feelsthat it was only a temporary feeling thenhe may have negative attitude towardsother jobs offered to him.


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4. THROUGH PEER PRESSURE

Attitudes can also be changes throughpersuasion and influence of peer group.Peers/friends with high credibility are ableto exercise pressure and change theattitude of an individual.

Ex. If one manager is into bad habits, iscorrected by a senior manager, canconsider to change the attitude and solelydiscontinue his habit.


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5. BY USING CO-OPTING APPROACH

Co-opting means to try to change the

attitude of an individual by makingpersons who complain to becomepersonally involved in changing thesituation o0r improving things.

Ex. A person complains about problems inAccounts department. So his boss assignsthat person some specific jobs in the

Accounts department so that the personcan see for himself /herself how hard thedepartment works.


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There are several ways of changing attitudesof ones own self by the following ways :

1. Be aware of ones attitude

2. Think for self

3. Realise that negative attitude aredisadvantageous

4. Keep an open mind

5. Get into continuous education programme

6. Build a positive self esteem

7. Stay away from negative influences suchas smoking, drinking, pornography, bad

company etc.


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TYPES OF ATTITUDES

There are many types of attitudes. But herewe limit to only to the work related issues.

The job related attitudes are classified as :

a) Job involvementb) Organisational Commitment

c) Job Satisfaction.


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a) Job involvement

Measures the degree to which a personidentifies himself psychologically with hisjob and considers his perceivedperformance level important to self worth.

Performance of the employees is directly

related to the amount of job involvement.


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b) Organisational Commitment

Its a state in which an employee identifieshimself with a particular organisation andits goals and wishes to maintainmembership in the organisation.

It depicts the level of attachment of the

individual towards the organisation.


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c) Job Satisfaction.

This is the individuals attitude towardsones job.

The level of the satisfaction differs fromone job to another and also from oneindividual to other.


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How can we develop our

personality and attitude ? We can do this through :

Self image and self reformation

Education and hard work

Discipline and organisation

Belief in goodnesses and truth andmany more.


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VALUES Individuals have a basic set of general

beliefs passed on from one generation toanother.

These stable, long-lasting beliefsrepresent values.

They are evaluative standards that help us

define what is right or wrong / good orbad.

Ex. Some value money while others moralsas more important.


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DEFINITION

Values can be defined as a specificmode of conduct or end state of

existence, which is personally orsocially preferable to an opposite orconverse mode of conduct or end

state of existence.


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VALUES & ATTITUDES

Values differ from attitudes, though thereare certain similarities.

The similarities are that they both can beacquired essentially from the same

sources and both endure and are resistantto change.


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TYPES OF VALUESTwo Types - Acc. To M. Rokeach

TERMINAL These are relate to

the ends toachieved. For ex.

Family, security,self-respect, aneasy life etc.

These are desired

states of existencethat we think areworth striving for.

INSTRUMENTAL These relate to

means forachieving desired

ends such asambition, courage,self-control etc.

These are desirable

modes ofbehaviour that helppeople to reach theobjectives ofterminal values.


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TYPES OF VALUES

According to G.W.ALLPORT and hisassociates have identified six typesof values:-

i) Theoretical

ii) Economic

iii) Aesthetic

iv)

Socialv) Political

vi) Religious


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1. Theoretical :Persons involve themselvesin the use of rational, critical and empirical

processes. They like to discover truththrough reasoning and systematic thinking.

2. Economic :Persons who attachimportance to what is useful. They areinterested in usefulness and being practicalincluding the accumulation of wealth.

3. Aesthetic :People who put emphasis onartistic values and harmony. They remaininterested in beauty, art, poetry etc.


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4. Social :People who attach importance tolove and affection. They are ofteninterested in people, show love and

affection and believe in humanrelationships.

5. Political :People who place greatemphasis on power. They are interested ingaining power and influencing them.

6. Religious :People who attach moreimportance to unity and service. They areinterested in maintaining unity and inunderstanding the cosmos as a whole.


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In an organisational set up, there may be

personal as well as organisational values.

An individual enters an organisation withhis or her values which often clash withorganisational values.

Therefore, Managers in organisations need

to understand values.


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Managers need to understandvalues because:

i) Values are important to the study oforganisational behaviour as they lay thefoundation for the understanding ofattitudes, motivation and perception.

ii) Values generally influence attitude and

behaviour. If values do not fall in linewith attitudes and behaviour, thepersons may be disappointed.


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iii) The understanding of values is

challenging as it challenges andinfluences the management all over theworld.

iv) Values differ across cultures. So theyshould take into consideration culturalvalues when trying to understand the

behaviour of people in differentcountries.

IMPORTANCE OF VALUES


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IMPORTANCE OF VALUES

1) They essentially lay the foundation of ourunderstanding of other individual determinants

such as attitudes, motivation and perception.

2) They influence attitudes and behaviour.

3) Understanding of values is all the morenecessary to have re-exam9nation of theestablished work values which are referred asthe corner stones of current managementrevolutions existing across the world.

4) Cultural differences in values are morevisible today since the world has become aglobal village with individuals willing to work

anywhere and with anyone.


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Case study Hemlatha as an entrepreneur, wants to

find out how she can make her employeeswork harder. Right after completing hergraduation she had taken this job. Herfather passed away suddenly due to anattack and she was left with limitedresources to take her fathers business.She changed the philosophy of theorganisation. She wanted her employeesto work on their own to come out with

innovative ideas in solving their problems.On the other hand, the employeesdeveloped an attitude towards Hemlathabeing very rude in her approach towardsthem.


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There was lot of commotion. Her instructionto the supervisors to increase the productionwent in vain. Though the employees were

paid well, their absenteeism increased.Finally Hemlatha called on her employees indesperation. She announced that thoseemployees who are failing to give theexpected productivity might have to undergoa cut in their salary.

1. If you were the entrepreneur, what

would you do in this situation ?2. Suggest a possible solution in this case.

3. Explain the different attitudes you

fi d i h

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Attitudes Ppt

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