AUDIO FORMAT:

WIRE RECORDINGS

I NF 3

9 2 L – A

U D I O P

R E S E R V A T I ON &

RE F O R M A T T I N

G

S U S A N FLOY D |

FA L L 20 1 3

WIRE RECORDINGS

WIRE RECORDINGS: THEIR INVENTORValdemar Poulsen

1869 – 1942Danish engineerPatented the

Telegraphone in 1898

WIRE RECORDINGS: HOW THEY WORK• Captures sound by passing a length of

magnetized steel wire by a recording head (or vice versa).

• An electrical signal fed through the recording head creates magnetization of the sound signal.

• To play back, a playback head (which might be the same as the recording head, without an electric current) picks up the changes in the magnetic field from the along the wire and converts them into an electrical signal.

• Can be listened to through a headset or amplifier.

Poulsen’s 1898 patent drawing.

WIRE RECORDINGS: THE EARLIEST VERSIONS

This is the magnetic wire recorder invented by Poulsen in 1898.

It is preserved at the Brede Works Industrial Museum in Lingby, Denmark.

WIRE RECORDINGS:

THE EARLIE

ST EXAMPLE

Poulse

n reco

rded Austrian

Empero

r

Franz Jo

seph I a

t the W

orld’s F

air in

Paris,

1900.

Empero

r Franz Jo

seph, 1900

WIRE RECORDINGS: THE TELEGRAPHONE

• Poulsen’s first Telegraphone comprised a short length of wire wrapped around a metal cylinder.

• It was hand-cranked. • He also demonstrated a steel "ribbon" or tape recorder, and then a

machine to record magnetically on a steel disk. All three were promoted as alternatives to phonograph-type dictating machines.

• Poulsen saw the Telegraphone’s ability to record directly from telephone lines – a form of remote dictation - as a major advantage.

• The Telegraphone generated a lot of excitement and was hailed as a scientific breakthrough, but was not a smash commercial success.

• It was manufactured in at least two versions, one by Poulsen's workers in Denmark, and another by the American Telegraphone Company of Wheeling, West Virginia, and later Springfield, Massachusetts.

Adapted from recordinghistory.com: http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/wire2.php

WIRE RECORDINGS: THE TELEGRAPHONE

Photo from aes.org:http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/

recording.technology.history/telegraphone.html

Ca. 1919

American Telegraphone Co.

Manufactured in Springfield, Massachusetts

WIRE RECORDINGS:

LATER DEVELO

PMENTS

Despite some success in office dictation, magnetic wire recording did not take off as a consumer product in the early part of the 20th century.

Events of the late 1930s spurred several inventors, university and corporate laboratories, as well as the United States military, to invest in the technology.

WIRE RECORDINGS: THE 1930S AND 40S

• In the 1930s, inventors and engineers at AT&T and Bell Labs improved upon Poulsen’s technology, using loops of steel tape in machines that could provide immediate playback.

• Along with Western Electric, these companies tried to launch a renewed marketing campaign in the late 30s aimed at business managers, but the campaign failed.

• As the United States government geared up to enter World War II, the military began to sponsor innovative research into new uses of wire recording technology.

WIRE RECORDINGS: WORLD WAR IIT H E H E A T E R + T O R P E D OBell Laboratories developed a

torpedo equipped with a recording device that could be fired from a ship or submarine toward enemy territory. Upon nearing the shore, it would automatically drop anchor, float along the top of the water, and pop its top, whereupon a loudspeaker would emerge. A wire recorder would then play back sounds of a fake invasion to confuse the enemy.

R A D A R R E C O R D I N GGerman-born engineer Semi J.

Begun worked for the Brush Development Company of Cleveland, Ohio, where he was instrumental in making major advancements in wire recording, including experimental recorders used by the U.S. Navy during the war that were capable of recording what operators saw on radar screens – in a sense, the first video recording technology.

WIRE RECORDINGS: WORLD WAR II

W A R R E P O R T I N GThe Signal Corps utilized the

portable wire recorder developed and manufactured by Armour Research Foundation (the laboratory arm of the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago). These wire recorders had an advantage over disc or optical recorders insofar as they were immune to most changes in temperature, humidity, or shocks and bumps, which were not uncommon in the field.

Armour developed a battery-operated version for field reporting and sold $500,000-worth to the military. They hoped to market the device to domestic consumers after the war, and did so successfully for a few years (roughly 1946-1954), but the Americans’ seizure of Germans’ tape technology would, by 1955, end the heyday of magnetic wire recordings.

Consumers used home wire recorders to capture and replay their own diaries, music, greetings, and audio ephemera

WIRE RECORDINGS: HEYDAY 1946-1954

WIRE RECORDING MACHINESG E R M A N R E I C H H A L T E R R E P O R T E R W 1 0 2 W I R E R E C O R D E R , C A . 1 9 5 0

A P E I R C E 5 5 - B D I C T A T I O N W I R E R E C O R D E R , 1 9 4 5

WIRE RECORDING MACHINESW E B S T E R - C H I C A G O 2 2 8 -1 W I R E R E C O R D E R , 1 9 5 1

M I N I F O N M I 5 1 P O R T A B L E R E C O R D E R , G E R M A N Y , 1 9 5 1

Image (l) via CryptoMachine.com

WIRE RECORDINGS:

AN EXAMPLE

Edward R. M

urrow’s H

ear it

Now on

CBS – the

first re

gularly s

chedule

d network

radio p

rogram

produced

and ed

ited on

wire (1950-51)

Hear I

t Now

, 1951

WIRE RECORDINGS:

AN EXAMPLE

Family

Christmas

greetin

gs, 1951

Christm

as, 1

951 - Nick

Gent

WIRE RECORDINGS: PROS AND CONSP R O S• Immediate playback• Sturdiness,

imperviousness to temperature, humidity, knocking about

• Home recording • Comparative

affordability

C O N S• Snarled lengths of fine wire• Wire breakages• Comparatively low quality

audio• Few pre-recorded wires for

purchase, especially after introduction of LP in 1948

• Inferior to magnetic tape, which was being developed simultaneously and eventually superseded wire recording

WIRE RECORDINGS: THEIR REPLACEMENT

MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDING

BIBLIOGRAPHYGent, Nick. "Wire Recorder Project." Wire Recorder Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 23

Sept. 2013."The Hear It Now Radio Program." The Definitive Hear It Now Radio Log with

Edward R. Murrow. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2013."Lemelson-MIT Program." Lemelson-MIT Program. N.p., Aug. 2003. Web. 23

Sept. 2013.Morton, David. Sound Recording: The Life Story of a Technology. Westport, CT:

Greenwood, 2004. 73; 106-116. "Telegraphone." Telegraphone. Audio Engineering Society, n.d. Web. 23 Sept.

2013."Wire Recording." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 May 2013. Web. 23

Sept. 2013."The Wire Recorder." History of the Wire Recorder. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Sept.

2013.All images courtesy WikiCommons, except as otherwise noted.

THANKS!