Audio Visual Design GuidelinesTertiary Teaching Spaces
Copyright 2015 | aetm.org Second Edition
DisclaimerUse of these Design Guidelines by any institution or person is entirely voluntary. Users are solely responsible for the correct
application of these guidelines and AETM does not assume responsibility for any loss or dispute arising from any use or misuse of these Guidelines. Compliance with the provisions of the Design Guidelines in whole or part does not confer
certification or endorsement by AETM or any such complying specification, design, installation, or system.
Contents
1 Introduction.................................................................................................................4
Scope,Purpose,andApplication.................................................................................41.1
AbouttheAudiovisual&EducationalTechnologyManagement................................41.2
AETMDesignGuidelinesDevelopers...........................................................................51.3
Disclaimer....................................................................................................................51.4
PublishingandCopyright.............................................................................................51.5
2 Process........................................................................................................................6
InternationalStandardsforanAVDesignProcess......................................................62.1
AudioVisualDesigner..................................................................................................72.2
AVDesignstagesandsignoffs....................................................................................72.3
3 EngagementoftheInstitution’sA/VStaff....................................................................9
ProjectInitiation..........................................................................................................93.1
Consultation................................................................................................................93.2
Communication.........................................................................................................103.3
Approvals...................................................................................................................103.4
Documentation..........................................................................................................113.5
4 Screens,SpecificationsandSightlines........................................................................12
Introduction...............................................................................................................124.1
RulesforScreenSizeandSightlines..........................................................................134.2
RecommendationsforScreens..................................................................................184.3
ImageQualityandLighting........................................................................................194.4
5 LightingDesignforTeachingSpaces...........................................................................23
StandardsCompliance:..............................................................................................235.1
Introduction...............................................................................................................235.2
LightingZonesandCircuits........................................................................................245.3
RatioofProjectedVersusAmbientor“Spilled’Light................................................255.4
TargetLightLevels.....................................................................................................265.5
LightFittingSelection................................................................................................305.6
Lightfittingplacement..............................................................................................315.7
Controlofexternalambientlightfromwindowsandskylights.................................315.8
Dimming....................................................................................................................325.9
UserControls...........................................................................................................325.10
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HouseLights............................................................................................................325.11
BoardLights.............................................................................................................335.12
“Stage”AreaLights..................................................................................................345.13
PresenterSpotlights................................................................................................345.14
AisleLights...............................................................................................................345.15
Exitlights.................................................................................................................345.16
Bioboxlights...........................................................................................................355.17
SpecialrequirementsforVideoConferencespaces................................................355.18
OccupancySensing..................................................................................................355.19
IntegrationwithAVControlSystems......................................................................355.20
Fire,Emergency,MechanicalServices(A/C)andBMSintegration.....................................365.21
DimmerLocation.....................................................................................................365.22
6 AcousticsinTeachingSpaces......................................................................................37
7 AudioReplaysystemsandPublicAddress..................................................................40
StandardsandLegislation..........................................................................................407.1
SystemFunctionality.................................................................................................407.2
Design:.......................................................................................................................417.3
HearingAugmentation..............................................................................................437.4
EWIS...........................................................................................................................437.5
EquipmentInstallation..............................................................................................437.6
Grounding..................................................................................................................437.7
LectureRecordingSystems........................................................................................447.8
8 ControlSystemIntegration........................................................................................45
9 WhiteboardsandWritingSurfaces.............................................................................46
StandardType............................................................................................................469.1
Multipleslidingboards..............................................................................................469.2
FixingHeight..............................................................................................................469.3
StorageforWritingMaterialsandErasers................................................................469.4
BoardLighting............................................................................................................469.5
Boardreflections.......................................................................................................469.6
10 EquipmentHousingandCablingStandardsforTeachingSpaces...............................47
ProvisionforRackMountedEquipment..................................................................4710.1
AccessforMaintenance..........................................................................................4710.2
Ventilation...............................................................................................................4810.3
GeneralProvisionsforEquipment...........................................................................4810.4
CableManagementStandards................................................................................4910.5
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11 AudioVisualFit-Out:RecommendationsforSpecificRoomTypes............................52
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................5211.1
PresentationOptions...............................................................................................5411.2
CollaborationOptions..............................................................................................5611.3
SizeandCapacityClassifications..............................................................................5811.4
12 LargeLearningSpaces..............................................................................................59
TechnologyChecklistforLargeSpaces....................................................................5912.1
DetailedRequirementsinLargeSpaces..................................................................6012.2
13 MediumLearningSpaces.........................................................................................62
TechnologyChecklistforMediumSpaces...............................................................6213.1
DetailedRequirementsinMediumSpaces..............................................................6313.2
14 SmallLearningandMeetingSpaces.........................................................................65
TechnologyChecklistforMediumSpaces...............................................................6514.1
DetailedRequirementsinMediumSpaces..............................................................6614.2
15 TheClassificationSysteminUse...............................................................................68
16 Sources,ReferencedPublicationsandReading.........................................................73
17 DefinitionsandAbbreviations..................................................................................74
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1 Introduction
Scope, Purpose, and Application 1.1
The Design Guidelines assemble national and international benchmarks for audio visual
systemsinatertiaryeducationcontextanddrawuponthecollectiveexperienceofmembers
oftheassociationofAudiovisual&EducationalTechnologyManagement(AETM),theprime
industryassociationrepresentingaudiovisualprofessionalsinthetertiarysector.
TheDesignGuidelineshavetwoobjectives.
First, theyprovideusable advice forArchitects, Engineers andConsultants in theessential
requirementsforsuccessfullyintegratingaudiovisualsystemsinlearningspaces.
Second, to guide academic staff, project managers and administrative staff, in both best
practiceandminimumrequirementsforspecifictypesofAVfit-outinlearningspaces.These
sections have been developed by surveying themembership to bring together a national
consensusacrossmorethanthirtytertiaryinstitutions.
TheDesignGuidelinesdonotdefinearchitectural,electrical,oracoustic standards,nordo
theyreplacetheuseofapplicableAustralianandInternationalstandardsandbuildingcodes.
However audio visual presentation and communications facilities are essential tomodern
teaching and learning and the successful provision of AV functionality in tertiary learning
environments places specific requirements on the design of the space, the acoustic and
lightingenvironmentandtheprovisionofelectricalanddataservices.
By providing an underlying framework of design principles, the Design Guidelines
supplement the technology specific AV design guidelines and specifications developed by
individualinstitutions.
TheGuidelineswillbereviewedandupdatedregularlytoensuretheircontinuedrelevance.
The current and definitive copy will be stored online, accessible to all AETM members
.
About the Audiovisual & Educational Technology 1.2
Management
The AETM represents the Audio Visual professionals employed in the tertiary education
sector,oneofthe largestandmostactivesegmentsoftheAVindustry inAustralasia. Our
membersareresponsiblefortheAudioVisualtechnologyinteachingspaceswhichcaterfor
more than a million students. These comprise around 6,200 Lecture Theatres, Seminar
RoomsandspecialistteachingspaceswhichhavesignificantAudioVisualsystemsinstalled.
The association of AETM was formed in 2001 to develop cross-university links to share
expertise and provide opportunities for training and professional development. AETM
membersneed tobewidely skilled, for in addition to standardprojection, PAand control
systems, most Universities also manage Videoconference networks and more than half
operatesystemsforautomatedlecturerecordinganddelivery.
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The Association currently organizes a national conference each year at which members
present papers on important projects and new developments in their institutions. Major
suppliersare invited toparticipate topresent technical sessions relevant to theUniversity
market. The association maintains an active mailing list and discussion forum which
membersusetoshareexpertiseandinformation. Theassociationalsofunctionsasafocal
pointforlinkswithotherAVorganizationssuchastheICIA.In2008,AETMhasestablisheda
formal linkwith equivalentUKprofessional body SCHOMSandextended the relationships
between University AV specialists internationally. Members now field advice from
colleagues across Britain and provide reciprocal presentations at each other’s major
conferences.
TofindoutmoreabouttheAETM,visitthewebsiteatwww.aetm.org.
AETM Design Guidelines Developers 1.3
AETMWorkingParty–DesignStandardsforTeachingSpaces
CommitteeComposition:
FirstEdition
DerekPowell UniversityofQueensland–Chair
RobertBull UniversityofNewcastle
JasonWheatley UniversityofSydney
SelwynCathcart Massey University
RegCollins UniversityofTechnologySydney
SecondEdition
JasonWheatley UniversityofSydney–Chair
SelwynCathcart Massey University
JohnVikstrom QueenslandUniversityofTechnology
RobertCameron SwinburneUniversityofTechnology
Disclaimer 1.4
UseoftheseDesignGuidelinesbyany institutionorperson isentirelyvoluntary.Usersare
solelyresponsibleforthecorrectapplicationoftheseguidelinesandAETMdoesnotassume
responsibility for any loss or dispute arising from any use or misuse of these Guidelines.
Compliancewith theprovisionsof theDesignGuidelines inwholeorpartdoesnot confer
certification or endorsement by AETM of any such complying specification, design,
installationorsystem.
Publishing and Copyright 1.5
TheseDesignGuidelineswerefirstpublishedinNovember2010.
Thisedition©2012AETM.
NocopyingoftheseDesignGuidelinesispermitted(exceptforanypurposefallingwithinthe
fair dealing provisions of the Copyright Act 1968)without priorwritten permission of the
AETM.Forpermission,contactthePresident,AETMviathewebsiteatwww.aetm.org.
2 Process
The design of modern learning spaces with integrated educational technology requires a
coordinatedprojectteamandcollaborativeprocessfromtheearlieststagesofprojectdefinitionand
conceptdesign. Thesolutionsneededtomeettherequirementsofmodernteachingand learning
oftenincludedistributedAVsolutionswithsophisticatedmediaandcommunicationstechnology.
The educational technology solution chosen for each venue can substantially change the spacial
requirementsandbudgetforlearningspaces.ThereforeitiscriticaltoconsiderAVsolutionsatthe
early feasibility stages of the project. To formulate a project preliminary budget or architectural
conceptwithouttheearlyinputofAVexpertisewillputtheprojectatriskunnecessarily.Themost
costeffectivetimetomakechangesisearlyintheprojectlifecycle.
AVexpertiseisrequiredattheearliestfeasibilitystagesto:
• documentthetechnologyfunctionalityrequirementsofthosewhowillusethespaces
• discusstechnologyoptionswithclientsandstakeholdersincludingtheinstitution’sAVstaff
• develop a technology concept that can then be incorporated into the project feasibility
assessment,preliminarybudgetestimateandthedesignbriefthatgoestomarket.
Anysuccessfulprojectwhichincludesaprofessionalaudiovisualinstallationmustprovideforclear
definitionandmanagementofgoals,processes,resources,andresponsibilitiesbetweenthedesign
andinstallationprojectteamsandtheclient.Thisbecomesevenmorevitalinthetertiaryeducation
environmentwherenewinstallationsmustfunctioninthecontextofexistingintegratedAVSystems
andtheneedsofadiverseendusergroup.
AETMsupportsthecontentionoftheInternationalCommunicationsIndustryAssociation(ICIA)that:
Aproperlydocumentedaudiovisualsystemprovidestheinformationnecessarytounderstandand
implement the system goals and project requirements in a logical and efficient manner. The
documentation should complement and coordinate related architectural, engineering, and
constructiondocumentation1.
Whethertheparticularprojectinvolvesaconsultant,adesignandconstruct(D&C)contract,oranin-
housefit-outsuppliedbythe institution, it isvitalthatthedesignandconstructionteamsnotonly
documentproperly,butalsoconsultadequately(andinatimelyfashion)withtheinstitution’saudio
visualservicesstaff.
Thissectionprovidesguidanceastohowthismaybestbeachieved.
International Standards for an AV Design Process 2.1
AETM supports industry wide initiatives to define professional practice in Audio Visual Systems
design and in particular the ANSI/INFOCOMM 2M-2010: Standard Guide for Audiovisual Systems
DesignandCoordinationProcesses.
TocomplywiththeAETMDesignGuidelinesthedesignprocessforAVsystemsandthecoordination
ofAVdesigninbuildingprojectsmustfollowtheANSI/INFOCOMM2M-2010standard(asamended).
One or more copies of the standard shall be purchased by the project and used to define the
services required and process to be followed. The standard is available for purchase from:
http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ANSI%2FINFOCOMM+2M-2010
1ANSI/INFOCOMM2M-2010:StandardGuideforAudiovisualSystemsDesignandCoordinationProcesses.
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Audio Visual Designer 2.2
Theroleoftheaudiovisual“Designer”asdefinedbytheANSI/INFOCOMM2M-2010standardmust
be performed by a specialist experienced in tertiary audio visual design. The designer may be
sourcedfromaservicesconsultingfirmwithadedicatedAVspecialistteam,orfromtheAVdesign
staffofthetertiaryinstitution.OneormoreAVdesignersmaybeinvolvedatvariousstagesofthe
project. Theminimumqualifications and experience criteria for the key project personnel of any
proposedAVDesignershallbe:
AnInfocommCTS-Dqualificationwithminimum1yearofrelevantexperience,aportfolioof
AV schematics and built designs created by that individual that are assessed by the
institution’sAVstaffassatisfactoryandtwopositiveclientreferees
OR
3yearsofintensiveandrelevantexperienceasanAVdesigner,aportfolioofAVschematics
forbuiltdesignscreatedbythatindividualthatareassessedbytheinstitution’sAVstaffas
satisfactoryandtwopositiveclientreferees
Unless they include a dedicated specialist AV teamwith the above experience and qualifications,
generalistelectricalengineeringconsulting firmsdonothave the requiredskillsandexperience to
designAVsolutionsforthetertiarysector.
AV Design stages and sign offs 2.3
TheAVdesignermustactivelyparticipate,bothpriorto,andattheconsultationand“signoff”points
intheprojectdefinitionanddetaileddesignprocesses2.
I.ProjectPlanningandCoordination
Input from the Institution’s own AV Design team or from an AV Consultant ismost useful in the
planningstage toproperlyestablish thescope for theproject.Bestpractice is tousespecialistAV
adviceatthefollowingstages:
• Initialandsubsequentclientconsultationmeetingstodefinetheprojectbrief
• Signoffontheprojectdesignbriefforbiddingarchitecturaldesignteams.
• SignoffontheAVsectionsofthepreliminarybudgetestimate
II.Briefing/ConceptDesign
It is important toavoidoverorunder-resourcing theAV fitoutby conductingadiscipline specific
“NeedsAnalysis”.ThisshouldinvolvetheAVDesignerorConsultantworkingwiththeprojectteam
andmayincludeinterviewswiththewiderusergrouptoseparate“needs”from“wants”.
AproperlyexecutedAudioVisualReturnBrief&ConceptDesignisinvaluableatSDstagetocorrectly
identify budget requirements and design strategies for teaching spaces. Standard Quantity
2Thelistcontainsonlyheadings.RefertotheANSI/INFOCOMM2M-2010standardforadetaileddescription
oftheAVdesignservicesanddeliverablesrequiredfromtheAVDesigner
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Surveyingmethodologyoftenfailstoaccuratelycapturerequirementsforteachingspacesandthis
canleadtopoorbudgetaryoutcomesifAVisleftuntilDetailedDesignstage.
BestpracticeinvolvementbytheAVDesignerorconsultantisatthefollowingstages:
• Atprojectkick-offconsultationmeeting(s)
• SignoffonSketchorConceptDesign
III.DetailedDesign
Architecture and Infrastructure requirements related to teaching spaces will be clearly defined
throughtheAVDesigner’sinputandthroughthevariousdocumentationtheywillproduce.
AtDD Stage, theDesigner should sign-off on sightlines and viewing conditions aswell as defining
neededelectricalanddatainfrastructureinteaching,learningandmeetingspaces.
The AV Designer or Consultant will produce the AV specific tender package documentation (or
overseethein-housedesignestimation)andmustsign-offpriortotenderissue.
TheDesignerorConsultantwillnormallyrecommend(orapprove,dependingontheinstitutionand
thecontract)theselectionoftheAudioVisualSystemsIntegratorwhowillmanagethefit-out.
IV.Constructionphase
During construction, the AV Designer or Consultantmust provide advice and help to resolve any
issuesthatariseconcerningAVinfrastructure.Theymustalsosignoffonacceptancetestingofthe
completedsystemandprovidetheiroverallsignoffonprojectcompletion.
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3 Engagement of the Institution’s A/V Staff
Sincetheprojectwillalmostcertainlyhavetofitwithinthe institution’sexistingAV infrastructure,
theAETMmandatesthattheinstitution’saudiovisualservicesstaffbeinvolvedintheprocessfrom
theConceptDesignphase.Oftentheinstitution’sAVstaffhaveyearsofpracticalexperiencespecific
toeducationaltechnologyinthatinstitutionandareavaluableresourcetotheproject.Longafter
theprojectteamhasforgottenabouttheproject,theinstitution’sAVstaffwillbesupportingwhat
wasbuilt,sotheyareineverysenseastakeholder.
The followingguidelines for theengagementof the institution’sAV staffhavebeenadapted from
the Design Guidelines of the University of Technology Sydney. With thewritten approval of the
institution’sAVservicesmanagement,someoftheprocesseslistedbelowmaybedelegatedtothe
appointedAVdesigner.
Project Initiation 3.1
In addition to the AV designer, the institution’s AV Services staff should be involved in briefings
during the project definition/development phase. AV solutions in modern learning spaces have
changed dramatically in recent years and AV presentation and communications technology for
meeting spaces is often a critical facility for research collaboration. The knowledge that academic
staffhaveofpresentationandcommunicationstechnologyisoftenbasedonwhattheyhavehadin
thepast.TheAVservicesstaffcanusetheirexperienceofmoderneducationaltechnologyandthe
institutiontoassistclientsandprojectstafftoidentifyaffordabletechnologyoptionsthatbestfitthe
currentandfutureeducationalneeds
ToallowAVServicestoparticipateeffectivelytheyshouldbeadvisedinwritingoftheproposed:
• Criticaldatesandmilestones
• ProjectStakeholders
• ExternalConsultants
In preparation of budgets, the existing Audio Visual Infrastructure and the level of support from
UniversityAVServicesmustbetakenintoaccount.
Where a project proposes a modification of any existing audio visual facilities or where building
workswill directly or indirectly affect existing systems, theProject Planner /Managermust advise
theinstitution’saudiovisualservicesmanagementinwritingduringtheprojectdefinitionstage.
Consultation 3.2
Consultationwiththeinstitution’sAVServicesstaffisessentialforanyprojectwheretheproposed
functionalityofthespacerequirespresentationtechnology.
Inparticular,AVservicesstaffmustbemustbegivenadequatenoticeoftheproposedtenderissue
datesto:
• AllowforthepreparationofAVspecifications;or(whereanexternalconsultantisinvolved)
• Allowforthereviewofsuchspecificationspriortoissue
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Onecalendarmonthshouldbe regardedas theminimumnotification toUniversityAVServicesof
thepostingoftenderdocumentation.
Theinstitution’saudiovisualservicesstaffmustbeconsultedto:
• specifybrandsandmodelsof certainequipment toensure commonality andeaseof fleet
maintenance
• specify access requirements to equipment, housings and cabling to ensuremaintainability
andsafeworkingconditions
• specify electrical interconnection standards to ensure compatibility with portable or user
suppliedequipment
Communication 3.3
The institution’s AV services management must be informed of all project related site meeting
schedulesandconsultantmeetingswhereappropriate.
Specific documentation for each project is to be forwarded to the AV Services management
including:
• FloorPlans
• Elevations
• Reflectedceilingdrawings
• Electricaldrawings
• Audiovisual,LightingandAcousticsConsultantsReports
• WorksSchedule
• Listofrelevantsub-contractors
Notethatdrawingsshouldbesuppliedinelectronicformformark-up.
Approvals 3.4
SupplyofSamplesforApproval
ComponentsdetailedinAVspecificationssuppliedeitherbyinstitution’sAVservicesstafforaspart
of approved tender documentation provided by consultants cannot be substituted without the
expresswrittenconsentoftheinstitution.Forverificationofspecifiedcomponents,sub-contractors
must produce samples for inspection by a representative of institution’s AV services staff. This
particularly applies to those components that form the infrastructure of the installation including
cables,connectors,conduit,cabletrays,ductingandmountingbrackets.
FinalPositioning
Unless specificallynoted,drawingscontained inAVSpecificationspreparedby the institution’sAV
services staff that show installed positions are indicative only. Final positions for installed
componentsmustbeapprovedon-sitebytheappropriateUniversityAVServicesmanagerorhis/her
delegate.
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AcceptanceTesting
The institution’sAV services staffwill inspect the installation to confirm that it complieswith the
tenderspecification.
Documentation 3.5
BriefDevelopment
The institution’sAVservices staffwillbeavailable toassistwithbriefdevelopmentand shouldbe
involvedinthefirstroundofconsultation.
As-BuiltDrawings
Copiesofallshopdrawingsandasbuiltdrawingsaretobeprovidedtotheinstitution’sAVservices
staffatpracticalcompletion.
Asuitablyprotectedsetofdocumentationshouldbeprovidedonsite,preferablylocatedinaholder
locatedintheequipmentrack.Alldrawingsaretocomplywiththeinstitution’sdrawingstandards
orwiththeANSIStandardreferencedabove.
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4 Screens, Specifications and Sightlines
Introduction 4.1
DesignGoals
Screenbasedpresentationsarecrucialpartofmodernteachingandlearningpractice.Thecontent
displayedcanvarybetween:
• PowerPointpresentations
• videosandcinema,
• websitesofallkinds
• spreadsheets
• detailed,graphs,chartsplansandillustrations
• finetextfrombooks,magazinesandwebsites
• scientificdataandvisualisations
• andmuchmore
SpecifyingPresentationScreensandCeilingHeights
To enable the detailed content to be read by all the audience the display screen(s) must be of
sufficientsizeinproportiontothedistanceofthefurthestaudiencemember.
Consequently thedeterminationof thescreensizemustnotbeanarbitrarydecision,but rathera
result of the strict application of the viewing distance rules below. Stated as a simple “rule of
thumb”,theaimistomakethescreenlargeenoughforthoseinthebackrowtoreadthe10ptbody
textofastandardwebsite,butnotsolargeastooverwhelmtheclosestviewer.
Unless designed to be fit for purpose, the ceiling heights the presentation spaces of modern
buildingscanbeinsufficienttoallowappropriatelysizedscreens.Suchlowheightspacesputtheir
originalpurposeatriskbymakingpresentationshardtoseeorbylimitingclasssize.Asimpleruleto
rememberisthatiftheroomislongerthan7.5mthentheceilingheightmustbegreaterthan2.7m
toprovideacceptablescreenviewing.
AudienceAreaandAnglesofView
Theacceptableareaforaudienceplacementinfrontofascreenisdeterminedbythehorizontaland
vertical angle of view as well as the distance to the display for the closest and furthest viewers.
Thesefactorsmustalsobedeterminedbytheapplicationofthefollowingrulesandnotbedefined
inanad-hocmanner.
MultipleScreens
Inmanyeducationalorganisations thepresentationof two independent images isnowastandard
requirement for medium to large presentation spaces. Independent dual screens/displays allow
educatorstopresentcomplementaryinformation.Forexample:aPowerPointpresentationonone
screenandlivenotationonavisualiserontheother.
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ScreenAspectRatio
Wide screen and high definition has been the standard for video and television in Australia since
2001andmostmodernlaptopshaveawidescreendisplay.
AETMrecommendsprojectionineitherthe16:9or16:10ratioasthisbettermatchesmodernfilm
andtelevisionprogrammingandcomplimentstheoutputofwidescreenlaptopsandmaterialsuch
asspreadsheets.
PartialConformity
The AETM recognises that site conditions, Heritage considerations, and other factors sometimes
cause difficulty with full compliance to all of the rules for screens listed below, especially during
refurbishmentprojects.
Compliance is often most difficult for those audience members seated closest to the screens.
Teachingspacestypicallyfillfromtheback,withfrontrowsmorelikelytobeempty.Consequentlyif
compromiseregardingaruleisunavoidable,thenitispreferablethattherulescompromisedrelate
toviewingangles(whichwillprimarilyaffecttheclosestviewers)ratherthanthemaximumviewing
distance versus display size rule (Rule 1). Agreement in writing for any compromise must be
obtainedfromtheAVdesignerandtheAVstaffrepresentativeoftheinstitution.
To remain in compliancewith theAETMDesignGuidelinesnomore than10%of the seats in any
teachingspacecanfalloutsideanyrule.
Rules for Screen Size and Sightlines 4.2
Rule1:ScreenHeightandMaximumViewingDistance
Theheightoftheprojectionscreenorflatpaneldisplayshallbenolessthanthedistance
fromthecentreofthescreentofurthestaudiencememberdividedby5.3
BackgroundtoRule1
The calculation of the minimum allowable screen height or conversely the maximum allowable
viewingdistanceforagivenscreenheight,dependsonthenatureofthematerialdisplayedandthe
intent of the viewer. The AETM recognises two applicable standards and provide guidelines that
takeaccountofboth.
Internationally, the ICIA standards specify three types of viewing tasks. In the context of tertiary
instruction,where students are required topay closeattention to screen imagesand (often) take
notes,twoofthesearegenerallyapplicable:
• DetailedViewingTasks(e.g.notetakingfromtextbasedslides)
• Inspection Viewing Tasks (e.g. viewing graphic material such as complex mathematical
equations,engineeringdrawingsormedicalslidescontainingspecificdetailsuchasx-rays)
ICIArecommendationsforDetailedViewingTasks(textbased)are:
Theheightoftheprojectionscreenorflatpaneldisplayshallbenolessthanthedistanceto
furthestaudiencememberdividedby6.
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ICIArecommendationsforInspectionViewingTasks(detailedgraphics)are:
Theheightoftheprojectionscreenorflatpaneldisplayshallbenolessthanthedistanceto
furthestaudiencememberdividedby4.
Individual institutions sometimes provide in-house standards that provide for some spaces to
conformtotheICIArecommendationsforDetailedViewingTasksanddefineaviewingratioof6:1
for appropriate spaces. Sometimes a ratio of 4:1 as per the stricter ICIA recommendations for
detailedgraphicswillbedefinedforspecialistclassrooms(especiallyindisciplinessuchasMedicine
andEngineering).
The resolution of the projector or display must also be considered when determining the
appropriatesizing ratio tobeused. ForexampleahighdefinitionWUXGAprojector (1920x1200
pixels) requires a screen substantially larger than one used with XGA orWXGA projectors if the
readabilityoftextanddetailedimagesistobemaintained. Whenusinghighdefinitiondisplaysor
projectors with a vertical resolution of 1080 pixels ormore, the use of the AETM recommended
screensizingratiobelowshouldbetreatedasanabsoluteminimumand considerationshouldbe
giventomorestringentratios.
Recognisingthatmostclassroomsandlecturetheatresare
general purpose and may cater for both kinds of tasks,
AETMrecommendsthat:
The height of the projection screen or flat panel display
shall beno less than thedistance from the centreof the
screentofurthestaudiencememberdividedby5.3
ApplicationofRule1
Where“H” isequal to theheightof theprojectionscreen, the furthestviewermustbe seatedno
morethanadistanceequalto5.3xHfromthecentreofthescreen.
Conversely, foragivendistancefromthecentreofthescreentothefurthestseatingposition,the
screen height must be at least equal to that distance divided by 5.3.
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The tablebelow indicates examplesofmaximumdistances servicedby standard, commonly available 16:10
screen sizes. “Maximum Viewing Distance” is the distance to the furthest audiencemembermeasured in
metres(tonearest10cm).Notestandardsizesareoftenspecifiedinimperialmeasure.
Maximum Viewing Distances
16:10 Screens
Diagonal Inches (mm)
Width (viewable
area in mm)
Height (viewable
area in mm)
ICIA Detailed Viewing
H x 6
ICIA Inspection
Viewing H x 4
AETM
Recommended H x 5.3
84(2130) 1810 1131 6.8m 4.5m 6.0m
96(2440) 2070 1294 7.8m 5.2m 6.9m
100(2540) 2155 1347 8.1m 5.4m 7.1m
120(3050) 2585 1616 9.7m 6.5m 8.6m
130(3300) 2880 1800 10.8m 7.2m 9.5m
150(3810) 3230 2019 12.1m 8.1m 10.7m
200(5000) 4300 2700 16.2m 10.8m 14.3m
300(7600) 6450 4000 24.0m 16.0m 21.2m
Thefigurebelowisprovidedasa“quickreference”toillustratetheincreasingheightrequirements
asthefloorspacebecomeslarger.Theceilingheightatthepointwherethescreenisfixedmust
benolessthaninthetablebelow.
Notes:Ifbulkheads,airconditioningducts,beamsorotherceilingobstructionsarepresentatthepointwhere
the screen is to be fixed, the clear space under the obstruction is to be considered as the ceiling height
available.Ceiling fansor suspended lightsmustalsobe taken intoaccountwhencalculating theclear space
available for thescreen. It is recommendedthatsuchobstructionsbeavoidedwhereverpossibleduring the
developmentofthearchitecturaldesign.
Ceiling height calculations based on 5.3 ratio, 1.2m off floor
and projection screen case under the ceiling
Distance to Furthest Audience Member Required Ceiling
Height (m)
<7.5m 2.7
7.6-8m 2.8
8.1-8.5m 2.9
8.6-9.1m 3.0
9.2-9.6m 3.1
9.7m-10.1m 3.2
10.8-11.2m 3.4
11.8-12.2 3.6
12.9-13.3m 3.8
13.9-14.4m 4.0
Forevery475mmextradistanceadd100mmceilingheight
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Rule2:MaximumHorizontalViewingAngle
The maximum horizontal viewing angle shall be 45 degrees angle from the centre line of the
screen.
Notes:Thelegibilityoftextandimageswillbetoocompromisedatgreaterangles.Forwidespaces
repeaterscreensmaybeanoption.
Rule3:MaximumVerticalViewingAngle
Themaximum vertical viewing angle shall be nomore than (plus or minus) 15 degrees to the
centreoftheimage,measuredfromperpendicularatseatedeyeheight(1270mmAFFL)fromthe
front row centre seat. For tight spaces, this rule may be relaxed to a maximum angle of 35
degreestotheTOPofscreen.
Notes:Theruleaimstopreventneckandeyestrainforaudiencemembers.
Rule4:ScreenBottomEdgeMinimumDistancefromtheFloor
Forflatfloorvenueswithanunobstructedviewthescreenshallbepositionedsothatthebottom
edgeoftheviewableareaisnolessthan1.2mabovethefloor.
Notes: The preferred height is 1.35m or more. In tiered venues the height may be lowered
marginallytosuit,howeverthedecisiononthescreenpositionmusttakeintoaccountthepotential
issueofglare in thepresenter’seyes fromtheprojector. In labsorother spaceswhere thereare
obstructions,thescreenmustbepositionedtoallowforaclearviewoveroraroundtheobstructions
whileatthesametimestayingtakingintoaccountthemaximumviewingangles.
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Illustrations
Showsthefloorplanofarectangularlecturetheatrewhichmeetstherequirementsfor
viewinganglesanddistances.H=screenheight.
Showsthefloorplanofanauditoriumstylelecturetheatrewhichmeetstherequirements
forviewinganglesanddistances.H=screenheight.
450
Farthestviewer≤5.3xH
Farthestviewer
≤5.3xH
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Recommendations for Screens 4.3
ViewingConditionsforDualorMultipleScreens
Wherea teaching space is fittedwithmore thanonescreen, the rules shouldbeapplied foreach
screen toensure that,wheredifferent information is tobedisplayedoneach screen, theviewing
areafallswithinthemaximumdistancesandwithinacceptableangleofviewforbothscreens.This
involvescalculatingdistancesandanglesforviewerto“worstcase”screen.
On the advice of the institution and in the case where identical information is displayed on all
screens,thecalculationsmaybemadefor“bestcase”.
RecommendationsforDualProjection/Display
DualprojectionisrecommendedbyAETMasbestpracticeforpresentingeducationalmaterialon
screen.Dualprojectionisadoptedbymosteducationalinstitutionsforlecturetheatresandlarger
presentationspaces.Thebenefitsare:
• Abilitytopresentcomplimentaryand/orcomparativematerialsimultaneously
• Theabilityformostpresentationstocontinueshouldalamporprojectorfail
• Improvedsightlinesforaudiencemembersonthesides(whenshowingthesameimageon
bothprojectors)
• Bettersupportforvideoconferenceapplications
RecommendationsforScreenAspectRatio
Aprojectionareaorscreenwitha16:10(widthtoheight)ratioisrecommendedforlecturetheatres.
ThisisidealforthetypicaldisplayratioadoptedbymostwidescreenPCsandlaptopsandalsosuits
modernfilmandtelevisionprogrammingpresentedin16:9ratio.
Whendirectviewmonitorsareused,AETMrecommends theuseofmonitorswitha16:10aspect
ratiowhereavailable;however16:9(typicallythestandardaspectratiofor largermonitors) isalso
acceptable.
RecommendationsforProjectorPlacement
VerticalPosition
Theheightthataprojector ispositioned isdependentonanumberoffactors. Eachprojectorhas
differentopticalcharacteristicsandamanufacturersrecommendedverticalpositioninrelationtoa
given screen size. To ensure a high quality image the projector must be installed in the
manufacturer’s recommended vertical position. Higher quality installation grade projectors often
include a lens shift function that allows a range of vertical positions to be used. In all cases the
projectormustbeinstalledhorizontallylevel.Commonlythehighestpositionthataprojectorwith
lensshiftcanachieveislevelwiththetopofthescreenimagearea.Theuseofelectronickeystone
correction to correct the optical aberrations caused by the incorrect placement of a projector is
generallyunacceptablesinceevensmallamountsorelectronickeystonedegradestheclarityofthe
image.
HorizontalPosition
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Thedecisionontheplacementoftheprojectorisalsoinfluencedbyanumberofconsiderations:
• Easeofmaintenance,
• Projectornoiseintrusion
• Thepresenter’sworkableareainfrontofthescreenfreefromprojectorglare.
• Theadditionalcostoftelephotoorshortthrow(wideanglelenses)
• Securityconcerns
Wherethevenueisequippedwithaprojectionbooth,themaintenance,securityandnoisebenefits
ofplacingtheprojector(s)thereareconsiderable.
Theabilityofthepresenterstowalkinfrontofthescreenwithoutcontendingwiththeglarefrom
the projector in their faces is also an important factor to be considered with possible OH&S
implications.Thecloseraprojectoristothescreenthesteepertheangleoflightandthemoreglare
freeworkareaiscreated.Seetheillustrationbelow:
Thisissuebecomesevenmorecriticalforinteractivewhiteboardapplications.Consequentlyarange
ofultra-shortthrowprojectorsareavailablethatovercometheproblem.
Howevershortthrowtechnologyisonlysuitableforascreenwithagainof1orless.Wheregainisa
factor (for example in rear projection) screen manufacturers3 recommend that the projector be
placedatadistanceofgreaterthan1.6xscreenwidth(16:10)toavoidexcessiveanglesofincidence
whichwillcausebrightnessissuesattheedgesofthepicture.
Image Quality and Lighting 4.4
3April2007Da-LiteScreenCompanyAnglesofreflectionV1Issue2
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ContrastRatioStandardforProjectedImages
(Seealsosection5.4RatioofProjectedVersusAmbientor“Spilled’Light)
StandardsCompliance
To provide acceptable legibility for projected images, the contrast ratio (the difference between
peak white and “black” in the projected picture) must fall within defined minimum limits. The
contrast ratioachievable ina teachingspacedependsupon thebrightnessof theprojected image
(the“peakwhite”)andcruciallyupontheamountofambientlightfallingontheprojectionsurface
(whichdeterminesthe“black”orminimumlevel).
AETMendorsestheANSI/ICIApublishedspecificationregardingcontrastratiosinprojectedimages:
ANSI/INFOCOMM3M-2011:ProjectedImageSystemContrastRatio
TocomplywiththeAETMDesignGuidelines, inspacesthatuseprojectedimagestheAVDesigner
andLightingDesignermustdesignAVsystemsandlightingsystemstomeettheANSI/INFOCOMM
3M-2011ProjectedImageSystemContrastRatiostandard.Copiesofthestandardareavailablefor
purchasefrom:
http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ANSI/INFOCOMM+3M-2011
ApplicationoftheANSI/INFOCOMM3M-2011standardinlearningenvironments.
Inteachingspacedesign,andinparticularinlightingdesign,ambientlightfromallsourcesmustbe
controlledsothatthefollowingminimumrecommendationsregardingcontrastratioareachievable
attheanypointontheimagearea.Measurementmustbeaccordingtotheprocedureoutlinedin
theANSI/Infocommstandardreferredtoabove.
Projection Type Examples Minimum Contrast Ratio
TextandNumerals Bullet point text, documents, spread
sheets,chartsandgraphs
7:1
Pictorial Black and white or colour
photographs,artwork,illustrations
15:1
MotionPictures Film,video,ortelevisionprograms 80:1(bestpractice)
50:1(minimumacceptable
forclassroomviewing)
Table4-1:ProjectedContrastRatios
Inlecturetheatresandothertertiaryeducationpresentationspacesthestandardlightingpre-setfor
projectedpresentationsalsoprovidesworkable levelsof light forstudentnote taking.Thispre-set
wouldcorrespondwiththe7:1contrastratiotarget.Commonlythenextlightingpre-setinalecture
theatreprovides lower light levels in the space.Thepurposeof thispre-set is toprovide thebest
qualityofimagepossiblewhilestillaccommodatingnotetakingbystudents.The15:1contrastratio
target is appropriate for this pre-set. The final pre-set in a theatre is usually reserved for the
presentation of cinema or similar material. A 50:1 contrast ratio target is appropriate for these
purposesinaneducationalenvironment.
TheANSI/INFOCOMMstandardforcontrastratiosmayonoccasionsbedifficulttoachievewhileat
the same time providing sufficient light to illuminate the presenter and the students’ writing
surfaces,howeveritisessentialthatitisachieved.Alluncontrolledlightthatreflectsoffsurfacescan
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bedetrimental.Lightcoloured floorcoveringsand furniturenear theprojectionscreensshouldbe
avoided asmuch as possible since theywill reflect significant amounts of light from the spot and
stagelightsontothescreens.
RecommendationsforMinimumProjectorBrightness
Large venues require large screens,which in turn requirepowerful projectors. For example,using
the inverse square law we know that a screen twice the width requires a projector 4 times as
powerfultoachievethesamebrightnessonthescreen.ANSIlumensisameasureoflightemitted
byaprojectorandLuxisameasureoflightfallingonagivenarea.Acommontargetforprojectionis
500 Lux for anygiven screen size. This target isusually achievable for small tomid-sizedvenues;
howeverthisisprogressivelymoredifficulttoachieveinlargevenueswithouttheuseofexpensive
cinemagradeprojectors.Forlargevenuesamoreachievableandaffordabletargetforlargevenues
is300Lux,howeverthisreducedtargetwillonlycomplywiththeANSIcontrastratiostandardifthe
lightingiscarefullydesignedtosignificantlyrestrictambientorspilledlightfallingontheprojection
screen(s).
The AETM recommends that for all spaces ofmore than 100 seat capacity the following process
occuratthecommencementofthedetaileddesignphase:
• TheAVDesignerprovidestotheLightingDesignerforsignoffthecalculatedLUXvaluesfor
theproposedprojectionscreenandprojectorssolution.
• The Lighting Designer provides for sign off by the AV designer the results of a computer
lightingmodel of the proposed lighting design that confirms the achievement of the 7:1,
15:1and50:1contrasttargetsmandatedbytheANSIstandardforcontrastratios.
Asageneral reference the tablebelowprovidesaguide to the recommendedminimumprojector
lightoutput.
Screen Size (Diagonal)
Screen Width
Screen Height
Projector ANSI
Lumens
100”(250cm) 2.15m 1.35m 3000
120”(330cm) 2.6m 1.6m 4000
150”(380cm) 3.2m 2.0m 5000
200”(500cm) 4.3m 2.7m 7000
>200”(500cm) >4.3m >4.3mSpecialistHi
Power
Notes: Based on standard (imperial measure) screen sizes – metric equivalents are approximate
ProjectionSurfaces
Projectionshouldideallybeontomattwhite,purposemanufacturedprojectionscreenmaterialwith
againof1.0.(Gainisameasureofscreensurfacereflectivity).Screensmaybefixedorretractable.
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Wherehigh gainor rear projection screenmaterial is used, themanufacturer’s recommendations
regardingoptimumviewinganglemustbefollowed.
WallsasScreens
Walls are acceptable as projection surfaces so long as they are painted flat (matt)white and are
uniformly flat and perpendicular to the projector and the audience. Special paint is available for
projectionwallsandmaybespecifiedbythestandardsofindividualinstitutions.
WhiteboardandWritableSurfaces
Whiteboards are generally not suitable for use as projection screen surfaces as the shiny surface
causes unacceptable glare and hot-spotting. Where whiteboard surfaces are used in special
circumstances(forexamplein interactivewhiteboardinstallations)theprojectorusedshouldbeof
theultra-shortthrowtypesothatmostglareisreflectedawayfromtheaudiencearea.
Glasswritingsurfacesarenotsuitableasprojectionscreens.
RecommendationsforFlatScreenTechnology
The cost of flat screen display technology has reduced significantly and for small venues and
especiallysmallvideoconferencevenues,itisnowtherecommendeddisplaytechnology.
The selection andplacementof flat screendisplaysmustbe governedby the same size and sight
lines rules as for projection screens (refer Section Error! Reference source not found. Error!
Reference sourcenot found.). Thereforeadisplayof around165cm (65”)diagonalwill service a
roomofaround4.5minlength.
RecommendationsforVideoConferenceVenues
Thedisplaytechnologyinvideoconferencevenuesisoftenrequiredtoperformthedualfunctionof
bothvideoconferencecallsandpresentationsandshouldbesizedusingtheguidelinesabove.
Thecamerasused to capturevideoconference images requirehigher lighting levels thangenerally
neededfornote-takinginlecturetheatresandseminarrooms.Generallyflatpaneldisplays(suchas
LCDpanels)aremuchbetteratcopingwithhighlevelsofambientlight.Accordingly,largeflatpanel
displaysaretherecommendedtechnologyforsmallandmediumsizedvideoconferencevenues.
Further information on videoconferencing may be found in later sections of these guidelines
includingSection5.18.
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5 Lighting Design for Teaching Spaces
Standards Compliance: 5.1
Lightingmustmeet the requirementsofAustralianandNewZealandStandards -AS/NZS1680 for
Lighting (as amended) and the relevant government building codes. In particular lighting must
conformtotherelevantsectionsof:
AS/NZS1680.2.1:2008(asamended)Interiorandworkplacelighting-Specificapplications-
Circulationspacesandothergeneralareas
AS/NZS1680.2.2:2008(asamended)
Interiorandworkplacelighting-Specificapplications-Officeandscreen-basedtasks
AS/NZS1680.2.3:2008(asamended)
Interiorandworkplacelighting-Specificapplications-Educationalandtrainingfacilities
Note that it is common for individual Universities to have their own specifications in conjunction
withthesestandardsandadviceshouldbesoughtfromrelevantpersonnel.
Introduction 5.2
The presentation of PowerPoint slides, websites and other visual material is an essential part of
modernteachingandlearningandtheclarityoftheseimagesiscriticaltothesuccessfuluseofthe
venue. Poor lighting design can ruin the effectiveness of projected presentations making them
“washedout”andhardtoread.Consequently,theimportanceoflightingdesigninallpresentation
andteachingspacescannotbeover-emphasized.
DesignGoals
Inthemajorityofteachingspaces,thelightingdesignmusthavethefollowingobjectives:
• Controlallambientlighttoallowtherequiredcontrastinprojectedimages
• Providenotetakinglightandifrequiredtasklightingforstudents
• Properlyilluminatethepresenterwherevertheyareinthepresentationarea
• Properlyilluminateanydemonstrationandpresenterworkspaces
SelectionofLightFittings
The legibility of projected images is totally dependent on the careful selection, arrangement and
control of light fittings. It is essential to select fittingswhichprovideahighdegreeofdirectional
control. Lighting divided into zones; dimming (or at least selective switching); directional ambient
and task lighting; spot lights; and easy to use control systems are the tools required to achieve
effectivelightinginpresentationandteachingspaces.
Duringapresentationdifferent lightingsettingsmayberequired inrapidsuccession. It isessential
that the lightsusedbecapableofbeing switchedonandoff (ordimmed)quickly. Lightingwhich
requires long delays between extinguishment and re-strike, or fittings which take more than 10
secondstoachievemaximumbrightnessarenotsuitableforgeneralpurposeteachingspaces.
Control
Presenters need access to flexible but easy-to-use lighting controls located at the presentation
position. Bestpractice involves the integrationof lighting controlwith theAVcontrol system. In
largerspacesthisisanessentialrequirement.
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Lighting Zones and Circuits 5.3
Smalltomid-sizedteachingandpresentationspaceswithprojection
Forsmalltomid-sizedteachingandpresentationspaceswithprojectionthreelightingcircuits*are
theminimumthatshallbeprovidedtoallowsufficientzonecontroloflighting.Eachofthecircuits
shouldpreferablybecontrolledbyaseparatedimmerorbyarelaycontrolledcontactorifthisisnot
possible.
Provideseparatelightfittingsandswitchingcircuitsfor:
1. Frontlightsthatspilldirectlyonthescreen(includingboardlights)
2. Directionaltask/spot lightingto illuminatethepresenteratthe lecternorpresentation
positionwithoutspillonthescreen.
3. Audiencearearoomlights
*Otherzones/circuitsmaybeusedifrequired,andtheseshouldbeswitchedordimmedseparately.
Directional lighting of the presentation area is a strongly recommended feature for even small
venues.Withoutit,thepresenterwilleitherbeinthedarkwhilepresentingorwilltheywillturnon
theboardlightsthereby"washingout"theprojectedpresentation.
Figure1belowillustratesatypicalthreecircuitlayoutconsistingofseparatelightinginstrumentsand
controlcircuitsforBoardlights,Presenterilluminationandaudience(notetaking)lights.Notethat
insmallrooms,evenifspecificboardlightsarenotused,itmaybenecessarytoisolatethelighting
nearest the screen surface so that itmay be switched off during projectionwithout affecting the
note taking lightsover thegeneralaudiencearea.Presenter lightingshouldbeangledhorizontally
andorverticallybybetween45and60degreestoavoiddazzlingthepresenterandtoenablethem
tomaintaineyecontactwiththeaudience.
Figure1:TypicalThreeCircuitLightingScheme
Lecturetheatresandlargerpresentationspaceswithprojection
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For lecture theatres and larger presentation spacesmultiple lighting circuits shall be provided to
allow sufficient zone control of lighting. In addition to the three zone scheme used in smaller
teaching spaces it is usual to providemore sophisticated control over the audience area and the
presentation area. All zones must be under the control of the presenter via dimmers with the
exceptionofExit,stairtreadandsafetylights(whichmayberequiredtobealwayson).
Provideseparatelightfittingsandswitchingcircuitsfor:
• Boardlights(asrequired)
• Directionalfrontstagearealighting,eitherspotlightingwithcutters/barndoorsorother
formsofdirectionallightingthatdonotspillontothescreen(s).Thestagelightingshall
bebrokenintomultiplezonesforlargevenues(e.g.StageLeft,CentreandRight).
• Lectern/presentationpointfocusedspotlightswithcutters/barndoorstoensurenospill
ontothescreen(s).
• Aminimumof3audiencelightingzones(e.g.front,middle,back)
• Aislelights
• Safetylights
• Otherzones/circuitsasrequired(e.g.fordemonstrationorperformancespaces)
Ratio of Projected Versus Ambient or “Spilled’ Light 5.4
(Seealso0ContrastRatioabove)
Asdiscussedalready,theclarityofprojectedimagesreliesonasufficientcontrastratiobetweenthe
light from the projector and the ambient or spilled light falling on the projection screen. AETM
endorses the ANSI/ICIA published specification regarding contrast ratios in projected images
(ANSI/INFOCOMM3M-2011:Projected ImageSystemContrastRatio). Asthesestandardsapplyto
thetertiaryenvironment,wecanidentifythreesituations:
a. ProjectionofTextandGraphics(e.g.PowerPointSlidesorVisualiser)whereitisexpectedthat
reasonableambientlightlevelsareprovidedfornotetaking
b. Projectionofdetailedphotographicimages(includingmedicalimagesandx-rays)wherenote
takingissecondarytoafullcontrastratioprojectedimagewhichallowsforthereproduction
ofdetailinthedarkestareasofthepicture.
c. Projectionofmovingimages(FilmandVideo)wherenotetakingissecondarytoafullcontrast
ratioprojected imagewhichallowsfor theappreciationofdetail inboththebrightestand
darkestscenesinthepresentation.
It is the responsibility of the lighting designer,workingwith the audiovisual design consultant, to
ensure that ambient light from all sources is sufficiently controlled so that the minimum
recommendationsregardingcontrastratioareachievableattheanypointontheimagearea.(See
Table4-1:ProjectedContrastRatios(page20)).Measurementmustbeaccordingtotheprocedure
outlined in the ANSI/Infocomm standard 3M-2011. If this is not achieved the imaged will be
“washedout”andbehardtoread.)
Control of ambient and spilled light falling on the projection screen is essential in all spaceswith
projection,butit isabsolutelycritical in largervenues.Largevenuesrequirelargescreenswhichin
turnrequirepowerfulprojectors.Forexample,usingtheinversesquarelawweknowthatascreen
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twice the width requires a projector 4 times as powerful to achieve the same brightness on the
screen.Ingeneral,theaudiovisualdesignerwilldeclarethetargetilluminationtheprojectorisable
toachievegiventhescreensize.
Comparedwith classroom situations described above, the projected light reflected off the screen
willoftenbesubstantiallyreducedintheselargervenues. Thereforetoretainasufficientcontrast
ratio between projected and ambient light the ambient light falling on the screen the lighting
designermust take particular carewith the directional control of light fittings and the control of
externalambientlightsourcessuchasdaylight.
Lightcolouredfloorcoveringsandfurnitureneartheprojectionscreensshouldbeavoidedasmuch
aspossiblesincetheywillreflectsignificantamountsoflightfromthespotandstagelightsontothe
screens.
Target Light Levels 5.5
Actual lighting levels in practice will be set by reference to: first Australian Standards (where
appropriate) and secondly to the requirements and standards set by the individual institution
concerned. Whereno institutional standardsexist, this sectionwillprovideguidanceas to typical
situationsfoundinundertakingthelightingdesignforalargermulti-purposelecturetheatre.
Foratypicallecturetheatre,fourlightingexamplesaredefined:
a) BoardLightingorDemonstrations(alsousedasEntry/Exitlightingwithoutboardlights).This
isoftendefinedasPreset1orFulllighting.Boardlightstobeseparatelycontrollable.
b) TextandGraphicsProjection.OftenPreset2,thisisthemostcommonlyusedstate.
c) PictorialorDetailedProjection.Preset3,thisisasfor2butwithreducedaudiencelight
d) CinemaProjection. Preset 4, Projection takes precedence, plus safety lighting,with note-
takinglightonlyimplementedifachievablewithoutexcessivespill.
Inaddition,thefollowingmeasurementpointsaredefined:
• Atthesurfaceofeachstudentwritingsurface(horizontalplane)
• Inthepresentationarea(horizontalandverticalplanes)
• Onthewhiteboardwritingsurfacewherefitted(verticalplane)
• Spillandambientlightontheprojectionsurface(verticalplane)
• Stairtreadsandsafetylighting
Definitions:
“ANSILumens”–measureoflightoutputofaprojector
“LUX”isameasureofthelightfallingonagivenarea.
“ScreenGain”ishowmuchlightasurfacereflects(1=100%)
Assumptions:
TargetProjectedLux=500+
ScreenGain=1
Example A: Whiteboard / Blackboard or Demonstration Mode
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Intent:
Thelighting(andexternallightcontrol)mustbecapableofprovidingsuitablelightlevelsatstudent
writing surfaces to facilitate detailed note takingwhile simultaneously providing good visibility of
notations being made on the whiteboard and/or of the presenter undertaking a physical
demonstration in the presentation area together with a safe level of access light. Projection is
generallynotrequiredinthismodesothereisnospecificationforcontrastratioonthescreen.
DesignLightingLevels
• Notetakinglightinstudentseatingareashallbecapableofproducingbetween150(minimum)
and320maintainedlux(preferred)measuredonthehorizontalsurfaceofeachstudentwriting
bench.
• Separately controllable illumination of presenter to a minimum of 150 lux measured in a
horizontalplaneandaminimumof50luxintheverticalplanewithinthedefinedpresentation
area. Where frontal lighting is used it should be placed as close as practical to 45 degrees
elevation and45horizontally degrees froma lineperpendicular to the screen to avoidundue
glareinthepresenter’sfieldofview.
• Separately controllable illumination of the whiteboard or blackboard area. Lighting to be as
even as possible across the surface and should not vary by more than a ratio of 3:1 from
brightest to darkest point within the board area with board lights, presenter lights and note
taking lights all ON at nominal levels. Lighting must not produce glare or hot spots on the
surfaceofthewhiteboard.Theaveragelevelofilluminationontheboardwiththeboardlights
ONshouldbe300lux.
• Whiletheamountofspilllightonthescreenfromallsourcesisnotdefinedinthismode,ifthere
isa requirement forprojectiontobesimultaneouswithboardordemonstration lighting, then
spill lightonthescreenshallbe limitedsothatacontrastratioof7:1 isachievedbetweenthe
levelofwhite illuminationproducedby theprojectoracross theentire screensurfaceand the
levelofambientlightincidentonthescreen.
• Stairtreads:refertoapplicableAustralianstandardorlocalspecification
Example B: Text and Graphics Projection Mode (with note taking)
Intent:
Thelighting(andexternallightcontrol)mustbecapableofprovidingsuitablelightlevelsatstudent
writingsurfacestofacilitatedetailednotetakingwhilesimultaneouslyprovidinggoodvisibilityofthe
presenter,asafelevelofaccesslightandadequate(7:1)contrastratioonthescreen.
DesignLightingLevels
• Note taking light in student seating area shall be capable of producing 150 maintained lux
measured on the horizontal surface of each student writing bench and shall have dimming
control allowing adjustment down to 10% of full brightness with no noticeable flicker. This
lightingsourcemustbecontrolledtominimisespillontotheprojectionsurface(seebelow).
• Separatelycontrollableilluminationofpresentertoaminimumof150maintainedluxmeasured
in a horizontal plane and a minimum of 50 maintained lux in the vertical plane within the
defined presentation area. Where frontal lighting is used it should be placed at angles of
between 45 and 60 degrees elevation and 45 and 60 degrees horizontally from a line
perpendiculartothescreentoavoidundueglareinthepresenter’sfieldofview.
• Whiteboardsurfaceilluminationisnotrequiredinthismode.
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• Spill lightfromallsourcestobelimitedsothatwhennotetakinglightof150luxisachievedin
the audience area, a contrast ratio of 7:1 is achieved between the level ofwhite illumination
produced by the projector across the entire screen surface and the level of ambient light
incidentonthescreen.
The specific expected white level from the projector should be confirmed prior to lighting
design.However,asanexample,where500 lux isachievedasprojectedpeakwhite,spill light
fromallsourcesmustbe<72luxatanypointwithintheimageareaofthescreen.
• Stairtreads:refertoapplicableAustralianstandardorlocalspecification
Example C: Pictorial Content or Detailed Projection Mode (with note taking)
Intent:
Thelighting(andexternallightcontrol)mustbecapableofprovidingsuitablelightlevelsatstudent
writing surfaces to facilitate note taking while simultaneously providing good visibility of the
presenter,asafelevelofaccesslightandadequate(15:1)contrastratioonthescreen.
DesignLightingLevels
• Note taking light in student seating area shall be capable of producing 50 maintained lux
measured on the horizontal surface of each student writing bench and shall have dimming
control allowing adjustment down to 10% of full brightness with no noticeable flicker. This
lightingsourcemustbecontrolledtominimisespillontotheprojectionsurface(seebelow).
• Separatelycontrollableilluminationofpresentertoaminimumof50maintainedluxmeasured
in a horizontal plane and a minimum of 25 maintained lux in the vertical plane within the
defined presentation area. Where frontal lighting is used it should be placed at angles of
between 45 and 60 degrees elevation and 45 and 60 degrees horizontally from a line
perpendiculartothescreentoavoidundueglareinthepresenter’sfieldofview.
• Whiteboardsurfaceilluminationisnotrequiredinthismode.
• Spilllightfromallsourcestobelimitedsothatwhennotetakinglightof50luxisachievedinthe
audience area, a contrast ratio of 15:1 is achieved between the level of white illumination
produced by the projector across the entire screen surface and the level of ambient light
incidentonthescreen.
The specific expected white level from the projector should be confirmed prior to lighting
design.However,asanexample,where500 lux isachievedasprojectedpeakwhite,spill light
fromallsourcesmustbe<35luxatanypointwithintheimageareaofthescreen.
• Stair treads: refer to applicable Australian standard or local specification
Example D: Cinema Projection Mode
Intent:
Thelighting(andexternallightcontrol)mustbecapableofprovidingadequate(50:1)contrastratio
onthescreen,alongwithasafelevelofaccesslightand(ifpossible)suitablelightlevelsatstudent
writingsurfacestofacilitatelesscomprehensivenotetaking.
DesignLightingLevels
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• Spilllightfromallsourcestobelimitedsothatacontrastratioof50:1isachievedbetweenthe
levelofwhite illuminationproducedby theprojectoracross theentire screensurfaceand the
levelofambientlightincidentonthescreen.
• The specific expected white level from the projector should be confirmed prior to lighting
design.However,asanexample,where500 lux isachievedasprojectedpeakwhite,spill light
fromallsourcesmustbe<10luxatanypointwithintheimageareaofthescreen.
• Wherepractical,notetakinglightinstudentseatingareashallbecapableofproducingupto50
luxmeasuredonthehorizontalsurfaceofeachstudentwritingbenchandshallhavedimming
control allowing adjustment down to 0% of full brightnesswith no noticeable flicker. Where
note taking light cannot be achievedwithout compromise to the amount of spill light on the
screen,thennotetakinglightistobereducedoreliminated
• Presenterilluminationisnotrequiredinthismode.
• Whiteboardsurfaceilluminationisnotrequiredinthismode.
• Stairtreads:refertoapplicableAustralianstandardorlocalspecification
The table below provides an example of the indicative maximum ambient/spilled light limits for
differentscreensizes.Inallcases,theactualcontrastratioshalltakeprecedence.
Some common scenarios
Room
Type
Screen
Size
Projector
ANSI
Lumens
Non-Std
Lens
Typical
Projected
LUX
Max Ambient
Light on Screen
(lux) Text Photo Movie
Meeting room
100" 3000 no 600 85 40 12
Small
Seminar room
115" 3000 no 450 65 30 9
Large
Seminar room < 11m
130" 4000 no 575 82 38 11
Lecture Theatre
>11m
150" 5000 yes 465 66 31 9
Auditorium 200" 7500 yes 385 55 26 8
This is a guide only – actual figures may vary depending lens type, illumination source and other factors.
DesignModelling
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All lightingdesigns shouldbe computermodelledduring thedesign stage toensure that the light
fallingon theprojection screendoesnotexceed these limits. If thedesigndoesnotmeet these
standardsthenthespecificationofnewlightfittingsandlightplacementwillberequiredpriortothe
issueofthetender.
Light Fitting Selection 5.6
Lightfittingswithgooddirectionalcontrolarerequiredtoeliminateglareandunwantedlightingspill
onprojectionsscreens.Thecloserthe lightsaretotheprojectionscreensthemore importantthis
requirementbecomes.
Lightfittingswithouthorizontalshieldingandlouvers,orlightfittingsthatbouncelightoffceilingsor
other surfaces do not provide sufficient directional control and are not suitable for spaces with
projection.Lowbrightnessnon-reflectivelouversarepreferred.
Duringapresentationdifferent lightingsettingsmayberequired inrapidsuccession. It isessential
that the lightsusedbecapableofbeing switchedonandoff (ordimmed)quickly. Lightingwhich
requires long delays between extinguishment and re-strike, or fittings which take more than 10
secondstoachievemaximumbrightnessarenotsuitableforgeneralpurposeteachingspaces
GeneralLightFittingsCompatiblewithProjection
Toachievelowlevelsofambientlightspillontoprojectionsurfaces,lightfittingsmustofaglarefree
designwithdirectlightdistributiononly(i.e.noupwardincidentlight)andhavereflectorswithcut-
offorshieldinganglesof50degreesor less inthedirectionofthescreen(s). Recessedlightswith
non-reflectivelouversorsuspendedlightswithsufficientsideshieldingreflectorsandnon-reflective
louversareusuallysuitable.
Examplesoflightfittingswithsufficientlightcutofforshielding:
Shown above is a louvered fluorescent fitting suitable for use in roomswith projection alongwith a
typicaldispersionpattern
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In addition to the requirements for general room lighting, fluorescent light fittings that are not
turned off during projectionmust be equippedwith low spill reflectors/louvers. Highly reflective
louversarenotsuitableastheyreflectlighthorizontally.
Task lights and spotlights that are not turnedoff duringprojectionmust alsohave either internal
cutters or external barndoors to enable illuminationof people near the screen,while preventing
directlightfallingonthescreen.
ThisPhilips SeleconPL1 LEDLuminaire, is amodern
LED Spotlight light fitting which provides the beam
control needed for presenter lighting without
excessivespillwhilesignificantlyreducingtheimpact
ofouractivitiesontheenvironment.Imagesupplied
courtesyofPhilipsSelecon.
Light fitting placement 5.7
Theplacementof lights in relation to theprojection screen(s) is another critical aspectof lighting
designforteachingandpresentationspaces.
Near the projection screens, house lights, stage lights and lectern spotlightsmust all be carefully
positionedtoavoidspillonthescreentakingintoaccounttheirbeamcut-off/shieldingangles.This
shouldbeconfirmedinthecomputermodellingduringthedesignstageandnotleftuntilthelights
areinstalled.Caremustalsobetakenwhenplacingspotlightstothatthebodyofthespotlightdoes
impedethedataprojector’sbeam.
The vertical positioning of stage lights and lectern spotlights is often a difficult balance between
sufficient light on the presenter’s face and glare in their eyes. A commonly agreed balance is to
positiontheselightsbetweenapproximately45degreesand60degreesabovehorizontalfromthe
presenter’seye-line.
Boardlightsshouldbesetbackfromtheboardsasufficientdistancetoallowevencoverage.
Control of external ambient light from windows and skylights 5.8
Inthearchitecturaldesignofteachingspaceswithprojectionsystems,specialconsiderationshould
be given to the control of natural ambient light by limiting use of windows or skylights. Where
windowsorskylightsarepresent,useofcurtainsorblindsorlouverstocontrolambientlightwillbe
required.MotorisedblindsorlouverscontrolledbytheAVsystemarepreferable.
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Forvideoconferenceroomscompletecontrolofsunlightisessential.Evensmallgapsincurtainscan
severely reduce the quality of the image captured by the camera. (See also 5.18 Special
requirementsforVideoConferencespaces)
NOTE: Light from all external sources should be excluded or controlled such as to allow the
attainmentofthestandardsabovewithrespecttospillontheprojectionscreenatanytimeofday
andatanytimeoftheyear.
Dimming 5.9
Any space where the basic functionality involves presentation technology should have lighting
dimmers installed. Dimming provides a finer control of the presentation environment and can
optimise theperformanceofothercomponents. In largespaces,dimmingcanalsoresult inmore
efficient use of energy. The space should have functionally different areas allocated to discrete
circuits on the dimming system. In some instances a rough dimming effect can be achieved by
selective switching of fluorescent tubes in light fittings, however proper dimming remains the
preferredmethod.
Dimmingmust only be achieved using appropriate dimming technology to suit the installed light
fittings. Care should be taken to ensure that no flicker, audible noise, electronic interference or
otherundesirableartefactisevidentthroughoutthedimmingrange.
User Controls 5.10
Lightingsystemshouldbeabletobeoperatedineitheroftwomodes:
• Standalone-usinglightingwallpanel(s)
• Controlled-bytheAVcontrolsystem
Wall mounted lighting control panels (or “Entry/Exit” switches which bring up the appropriate
lighting mode) must be placed near entrances in accordance with applicable regulatory
requirements and building standards.When the venue has a Bio box additional lighting controls
shouldbeinstalledthereaswell.
Presenters need quick access to lighting controls located at the lectern/presentation position,
consequentlylightingcontrolmustalsobeavailableviatheAVcontrolsystem.Inlargerspacesthis
isanessentialrequirement.
House Lights 5.11
House lighting shall be directional in nature, dimmable, low spill, low glare, even and reasonably
shadow-freeprovidingapproximately320 lux fallingonaudiencehorizontal readingsurfaceswhen
operated at 100%. Currently fluorescent lighting is the most suitable for this purpose when
combinedwithsuitablelowglare/spillfittings.
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Lighting shall be arranged in enough zones to enable sufficient control of lighting for various
projectionneedsandevennesslightingoftheaudienceareasintieredvenueswheretherearlights
aremuchclosertotheaudiencethanatthefront.
Fluorescentlightfittingsshallbeof‘rapid-start’energyefficienttypewithaminimumofflickerand
audible noise. They shall met the stringent low glare and spill requirements described in the
previoussection-5.6LightFittingSelection
Lights shall be spaced so there is significantoverlapofbeampatterns (soa lamp failuredoesnot
createanunusabledarkzone).
Board Lights 5.12
Whiteboardlightsareessentialforthevisibilityofthewhiteboard.Lightlevelsfallingontheboard
mustatleastmatchthelevelsonthereadingsurfacesoftheaudiencesection.Fluorescentlighting
provides the most even source, however effective fittings with louvers will be required if the
intentionistolightbanksofboardsseparately.
A commonmistake is tomount the light directly above the board. This approachwill result in a
hotspot at the top of the board and ineffective lighting towards the bottom. Amore successful
approachistopositionanasymmetric“wallwasher”lightfittingsomedistanceoutfromtheboards
andtohaveitslightangledacrossthefullheightoftheboard.Thereisarangeofspecificfixtures
forthispurpose.
Lightingmustbeasevenaspossibleacrossthesurfaceandshouldnotvarybymorethanaratioof
3:1frombrightesttodarkestpointwithintheboardareawithboardlights,presenterlightsandnote
takinglightsallONatnominallevels.Theaveragelevelofilluminationontheboardwiththeboard
lightsONshouldbe300lux.Boardlightingmustbeseparatelycontrollable.
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Recessedasymmetricwallwasher
“Stage” Area Lights 5.13
Whether to illuminate presenters as theymove around the room or for a table of speakers at a
conference, ‘StageLighting’providesameansof illuminating therequiredpresentationareawhile
avoidingwashingouttheprojectedimages.Goodstagelightingcanhelptoreducetheoccurrence
ofpresentersturningontheboardlightssimplytogetenoughlightwhileprojecting.
“Stage”lightsmustbedimmablenarrow-beamdirectionallightswithexcellentcontrolofspill.They
shouldincludedevicessuchasbarndoorsorcutterstoaccuratelyshapethelightbeamtoavoidspill
ontheprojectionscreenwhileatthesametimelightingasmuchoftheareainfrontofthescreenas
possible. For smaller venues the principle of providing lightingwith strong spill control near the
screen is just as valid. In this context it may be achieved with a series of small down lights or
directionalfluorescentlightswithhighlyeffectivelouvers.
Presenter Spotlights 5.14
In lecture theatresand largevenuesaminimumof twonarrow-beamfocussingspotlights shallbe
installed to light the presenter at the lectern. The spotlights shall have full beam control (zoom,
focus and cuttersorbarndoors) to adjust the light coverageandminimise spill onto the screens.
Care shall be taken to avoid reflections off the lectern surfaces. For large venues theatrical
spotlightsaresuitable.
Insmallervenuesarangeofcosteffectivelowvoltagefittingscanbeused.Acompactfluorescent
asymmetric wall washer recessed in the ceiling can also be effective as long as care is taken to
positionitwellanddirectitsbeamwellclearoftheprojectionscreen.
Aisle Lights 5.15
When installed, aisle lighting must meet the relevant building codes in terms of edge and step
definition.Theselectedaislelightfittingsmustemitno,orminimalspillontoprojectionscreens.A
rangeofLEDbasedlightsareavailablethatprovidebothedgedefinitionandtreadillumination.
Exit lights 5.16
Specialconsiderationshouldbegiventothetypeandlocationofexit lightsinlecturetheatresand
performancevenues.Exitlightscanhaveadetrimentaleffectonprojectionqualitybyproducingan
unacceptablelevelofambientlight.
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Bio box lights 5.17
Manylargelecturetheatresareequippedwithabioboxorprojectionbooth.Abioboxshouldhave
dimmable general room lighting and another circuit with highly directional down lights operable
independentlyorthevenueslightingcontrolsystem.
Special requirements for Video Conference spaces 5.18
Video conference venues are in effect small television studios and require additional care and
considerationinlightingdesign.Itisimportanttominimizeshadows,eliminateglare,avoidreflective
surfacesandtocreateanevenlylitenvironment.
The best general lighting for videoconferencing is diffuse fluorescent. However even fluorescent
lightswill causeunattractive shadowsaround theeyesof participants if placeddirectlyoverhead.
Whencarefullyplacedfluorescentasymmetricalwallwasherlightfittingscanprovideanevenlight
at a 45 degree angle that reduces eye shadowing. Small spotlights carefully applied can provide
pleasantshapingandhighlights to theparticipant’s faces. Forconsistencyofcolourandskin tone
reproductionbythecamerauselightsofthesamecolourtemperature(e.g.4000Kelvin)andensure
illuminationofparticipants'facesataround500lux.
Ideally,theroomshouldnothaveanyexteriorwindows.Ifitdoes,theyneedtobefullycovered
withcurtainsorblinds.Evenasmallchinkofsunlightinthebackgroundcancauseproblemsforthe
camera.Backgroundsandtabletopsshouldnotbetoodarkortoolightasthiscancausedifficulty
withcameraauto-iriscontrol.Midtonesandmoderatelightinglevelsonbackgroundwallswillgive
thebestresults.Avoidpatternedorwovenfabricsandfinishesonwallsasthesecanproducemoiré
patternsorstrobingeffectswhenthecameraismoved.
Occupancy Sensing 5.19
Occupancyormotionsensingisacommonfeatureofmodernlightingsystems.Itenablessignificant
energysavingsbyshuttingdownserviceswhenthespaceisunoccupiedfordefinedperiodsoftime.
Occupancy sensors should be installed as part of all new lighting systems. The output of the
occupancy sensors should be available to the control system and inmany caseswill also provide
inputtotheBMSsystem.ThiscanallowforenergymanagementofbothAVequipmentandlighting
inthespace.
ToavoidunwantedAVsystemshutdownsduringlongersessionswherepeoplemaybestationaryfor
extendedperiodsoftime(forexampleduringexaminations),thesensortechnologymustbecapable
ofdetectingthepresenceofstationaryoccupantsandnotjustthosetraversingthespace.
Integration with AV Control Systems 5.20
Thedimmernetworkmusthaveeitheraserialor IP interfaceandbeconnectedtotheAVcontrol
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systemviaeitherserialorIPnetworkcabling.
TheAV control systemmust be programmed to provide quick access to lighting presets and user
accessibleslider/fadercontrolsforspotandstagelights.TheAVcontrolsystemcanalsoautomate
some functions, such as dimming board lights or closing motorised blinds when projection is
selected.
Lighting levelsshallbe fullyandcontinuouslycontrollable from100% lightoutput to less than2%.
Controlfunction(i.e.controlinputversuslightoutput)shallbeapproximatelylinear.
No occupancy time out and user initiated lighting and AV system shut down routines must be
programmed. The desired lighting andAV systemactions at each stage of the routine should be
documentedandagreeduponbystakeholders.
Fire, Emergency, Mechanical Services (A/C) and BMS integration 5.21
WhererequiredtheAVandlightingsystemshallbeinstalledandprogrammedtoacceptsignalsfrom
thebuildingsemergencywarningsystem(EWIS).Anemergencysignaltothesystemshouldtrigger
theactionsdeterminedby regulatione.g.: turningon the lights,mutingsoundsystemsother than
warningannouncementsetc.
In many cases it is desirable to connect the room control system to the Building Management
System (BMS). This allows the room automation to send signals to the air conditioning regarding
lightingstatesandroomoccupancy.
Dimmer Location 5.22
Dimmers should be located in positions that facilitate easy access. They should not be located in
ceilingcavitiesorinfalsefloors.Withinthecupboarddimmersmustbemountedataheightwhich
allows readyaccess fora standing technician,withoutusinga ladderorhaving tocrouchorkneel
down. The operation of the dimmers must not cause electronic magnetic or any other kind of
interferencewithothersystemswithintheroomorinthevicinity.
Invenueswithabioboxthedimmer(s)shallbeinstalledinornearthebioboxtofacilitatecontrol
wiringandadjustment.
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6 Acoustics in Teaching Spaces Section7AudioReplaysystemsandPublicAddressshouldreadinconjunctionwiththissection.
Standards:
Australianstandardsreferencedinthissectionare:
- AS/NZS2107:2000Acoustics–Recommendeddesignsound levelsandreverberationtimes
forbuildinginteriors;
- AS/NZS ISO717.1:2004Acoustics – Rating of sound insulation in buildings andof building
elements.Part1:Airbornesoundinsulation
Overview:
Acousticsthatsupportintelligiblecommunicationwithallparticipantsarefundamentaltosuccessful
teaching in any room. “Technology cannot (on its own) solve the problems of reverberation,
background noise and echo, which detrimentally effect so many cognitive environments. It is
therefore important to ensure that the technology investment is complimented by sympathetic
building and space preparation. The best technology in the world cannot deliver on its potential
withoutappropriatesupportfromthebuiltenvironment”4.
Special consideration must be given to the design of teaching spaces with regards to acoustic
performance. The ultimate measure of acoustics in a teaching space must be the Speech
Transmission Index (STI). Bestpractice teaching spaces shouldachievea ratingof “excellent” (STI
between0.75and1.05)andAETMrecommendsaminimumstandardofSTInolessthan“good”(0.6
–0.75).
To achieve high speech intelligibility the teaching spacemust be constructed in such away as to
control the reverberation and echo internally and provide isolation from all noises sources. The
signal (amplified or un-amplified speech) to noise (all other sound) ratios at the listener position
should be better than 25 dB to optimise intelligibility. Rear and side wall reflections should be
minimised by appropriate acoustic treatment. The overall acoustic treatment should ensure short
reverberationtimes.
AETM recommends that professional advice from an Acoustic Consultant should be sought to
designanddetailtheacoustictreatmentrequiredtoachievetherequiredacousticperformanceof
teaching venues. The information in this chapter is provided only as guide to the design
considerationsneeded.
4AndrewCalovPresentation&TeachingFacilities2009:AVSEngineeringBriefpp1
5 There are two scales in common use tomeasure Speech intelligibility: STI and CIS (Common Intelligibility
Scale).ValuesinthischapterarespecifiedusingtheSTIscale
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AmbientSoundLevels&ReverberationTimes:
Theultimateutilityandfunctionofteachingareasishighlydependentonthecontrolofexternaland
internalnoise.Choiceoflayout,construction,materialsandfinishshouldbecarefullyguidedbythe
needtoprovidespaceswithacceptableacousticperformancefortherequireduse.Particularcare
should be given to the selection and detailing of walls, windows, doors and ceilings. Special
treatmentmayberequired in thevicinityofhighnoisezonessuchasplant rooms. Ingeneral, the
recommendedDesignSoundLevelsandReverberationTimesforBuildingInteriorssetoutinAS2107
mustbeadopted.
The level of ambient sound from air-conditioning, ventilating and other mechanical equipment,
trafficnoiseandanyotherintrusivenoise,mustbeneithersohighthatitisobjectionablenorsolow
that the resulting quiet causes intruding speech and other activity noise to be objectionable. The
levelofnoiseandrecommendedreverberationtimesaredescribedherebytheNoiseRating&RT60,
asdefinedbyAustralianStandardAS2107-2000.
Type of Space:
Educational Buildings
Ambient Noise Level
Typical Reverb Time
(*RT60 varies with room volume) Best Practice
Minimum Standard
Lectureroomsupto50seats 30dB(A) 35dB(A) 0.7–1.0*
Lecturetheatres-without
speechreinforcement30dB(A) 35dB(A) 0.7–1.0*
Lecturetheatres-withspeech
reinforcement35dB(A) 45dB(A) 0.7–1.0*
ComputerRooms-Teaching 40dB(A) 45dB(A) 0.4–0.6
ConferenceRooms 35dB(A) 40dB(A) 0.6–0.7
PermissibleNoiseLevels&RecommendedReverberationTimes
Ambientnoiseandroomreverberationtimesaretwoimportantmeasuresofacousticperformance
andkeyindicatorsoftheintelligibilityofspeechcommunicationinaroom.However,thereareother
potential acoustic performance issues that should be reviewed and addressed by the Acoustic
Consultant.Theconsultantwillconsiderroomsize,shapeandlocationoffixturesasaspectsofthe
design that may give rise to issues of: echoes or late arriving reflections; standing waves with
resultantnodesandantinodesinthelowerfrequencies;andfocussedreflections.
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Intelligibility
SpeechIntelligibility isquantifiedbythe‘SpeechTransmissionIndex’6orSTI.AnSTIvaluebetween
0.6–0.75isconsideredgood,whileavaluebetween0.75–1.0isratedasexcellent.Teachingspacesin
generalshouldachievearatinginthe“excellent”range,howeverforlargemulti-purposeauditoria,
orforotheropenplanteachingspacessuchascollaborativeteachingandlearningspacesanSTIthat
measuresinthe“good”(>0.60)rangeisacceptable.
Choice and positioning of microphones (and hence teaching lecterns) in rooms is assisted by an
understandingoftheacousticenergylevelsthroughoutthespace.Theselectionofspeakertypeand
installedpositionwillgoverntheachievableSPLlevelsatthelistenerposition.Anumberofsoftware
packageareavailabletoacousticallymodelspacesanddeterminelikelysoundpressurelevelsatkey
pointswithinthespace.Basedonthisanalysis,microphone/speakerrequirementscanbereviewed
and,ifrequired,changedtoimproveperformance.
Refurbishment of existing teaching spaces poses significant challenges as towhat can be done to
improveacousticperformance,particularly inolderbuildingswherespacesmaybeheritage listed,
limiting the scope for structural change. In particularly challenging circumstances, consideration
shouldbegiventosteerablelinearrayspeakerstoenableamoredirectional,focussedsoundfield
over the listening area. Steerable beam arrays provide fine electronic control of the energy
distribution which assists in reducing the reverberant field by minimising reflections from
surroundinghardsurfaces.
MechanicalServices&AirDelivery
Noise from mechanical services is one of the most common causes of degraded function in
presentationandlearningspaces.Keypointsare:
- LectureTheatresrequirehighcapacityairhandlingsystems,whichshouldtypicallyoperate
atlowvelocitytominimisenoise.
- Lowvelocitymodesinvariablyrequirelargerandlongerdiffusers,biggerductsetc.Thiscan
presentanacousticalandarchitecturalchallengeifnotcarefullyplannedatanearlystage.
- AirhandlingsystemswithlocalFanCoilUnits(FCU)mountedwithintheroomceilingspace
areapotentialrisktoachievingtherequiredNoiseRating(NR).Suchunitsarebestrelocated
ifpracticaltooutsidetheroomenvelopeorotherwisefullyenclosedinanacousticallyrated
compartmentdesignedtoachieveareductioninFCUnoisetobelowtheroomNoiseRating.
- Projectengineersneedtotakeall stepstoeliminate lowfrequencynoise frommechanical
plant compressors, and to minimise the wide band noise generated by faster air flow in
ducts and through diffusers.Vibration transmitted into the building from FCUs and other
installedmechanicalequipmentmustnotcausesoundlevelstoexceedtherequirementsfor
LectureTheatresNR30andSeminarRoomsNR30withintheband(63to8000Hz).
Cinema
Spacesdesignedforcinemapresentationsshouldaimtosatisfyacousticdesigncriteriaprovidedand
licensedbyDolby andTHX companies. Refer also to INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO22234:2005
Cinematography - Relative and absolute sound pressure levels for motion-picture multi-channel
sound systems -Measurementmethods and levels applicable to analog photographic film audio,
digitalphotographicfilmaudioandD-cinemaaudio.
6DonDavis&EugenePatronis,Jr:SoundSystemEngineering3
rdEd:p213MeasuringIntelligibility
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7 Audio Replay systems and Public Address
Standards and Legislation 7.1
Audiosystemsandequipmentshallcomplywithperformanceandinstallationstandardsdefinedby:
- AS/NZS60065:2003&AmendmentNo.1(January2008)Audio,videoandsimilarelectronic
apparatus—Safetyrequirements;
- ANSI/INFOCOMM1M-2009AudioCoverageUniformityinEnclosedListenerAreas
- AS60118.4-2007Hearingaids -Magnetic fieldstrength inaudio-frequency induction loops
forhearingaidpurposes.
In Australia, requirements for the fitment of Hearing Augmentation systems are covered by the
Disability(AccesstoPremises—Buildings)Standards2010.
http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/943923505EFF5F51C
A2576E40008FFF9/$file/F2010L00668.pdf
System Functionality 7.2
Apurposedesignedaudio system for teaching spaces shouldbe installed toprovide the following
functionality:
- Voice reinforcement (Public Address): as a guideline LTSMG Report (UK) suggest rooms
above50seatingcapacityshouldbeconsideredforvoicereinforcement;
- Highfidelityreplayofprogramsources
- Assistivelistening/hearingaugmentation
- Recording(whererequired)
Overviewofkeycomponents:
Audiosystemcomponentsforateachingroomof50+studentswill,asaminimum,comprise:
- Oneormorehighqualityspeakersinstalledsoastoprovideuniformsoundcoverageofthe
listenerarea;
- Lecternmicrophoneandprovisionforadditionalmicrophonestobeconnected;
- Radiomicrophone(wherespecified);
- Audiomixertoenablesignalrouting,levelcontrol,limiting/compressionandequalisationof
signals from microphones and line level audio replay equipment. The audio mixer will
providephantompowertomicrophones,interfacetothelecturetheatrecontrolsystemand
providesufficientoutputsforpoweramplifiersandrecordingdevices;
- Highqualityaudiopoweramplifierswithoverloadprotection;
- Fit forpurpose induction loopamplifierandroomcoil (AS60118.4-2007)orothersuitable
assistivehearingtechnology:consistentwiththepractices/policiesoftheUniversity’sspecial
needsprogram.OtherhearingaugmentationtechnologiesincludeinfraredandRFsystems
Large(>150seats)orspecialpurposevenueswillhaveadditionalrequirements,particularwherethe
venue isused for cinemastudies, remote lecture telecasts/webcasts,orother theatrical activities.
AudioVisualrepresentativesoftheUniversityaretobeconsultedonspecialpurposerequirements
aswellasthegeneralclassroomrequirements.
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Design: 7.3
The audio design shall ensure an electro acoustical system that is capable of producing adequate
sound level with high intelligibility at the listener position, is stable under normal operating
conditions,andisfreefromnoiseanddistortion.
Effective design of the audio system and its componentswill be require an understanding of the
expectedbehaviourofsoundintheroom(referAcousticsinTeachingSpaces).Acousticmodellingof
theproposedspaceshouldbeconsideredatanearlystageoftheprojecttoprovidevaluabledata
fordeterminingspeakertypeandquantity,placement,amplifierpower,andexpectedperformance
against the guidelines. Computer modelling may be arranged through the Architectural Design
Team, independent Acoustic Consultants, or Sound System Designers associated with major
suppliersofprofessionalspeakersystems.
Speakersystemoptionsforteachingvenuesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:
- SinglesourceLineArray
- FrontofHouse(FOH)Left-Rightstereopair
- Distributedsystem(ceilingorwall)
- CombinationofFOHanddistributed
- Dolby/THXSurroundsystem
LoudspeakerSelectionandPlacement
Loudspeaker type and position shall be based on achieving an effective coverage of the listening
areawhile optimising the ‘gain before feedback’ of themicrophone / loudspeaker system for the
nominated presentation area. A practical electro-acoustical system design for teaching spaces
shouldbecapableofdeliveringanSPLof65dBA-Slowatanylistenerpositionforamplifiedvoiceand
anSPLof85dBA-Slowforprogrammaterial.
The uniformity of audio coverage shall be determined by measurement and validation standard
ANSI/INFOCOMM1M-2009:AudioCoverageUniformity in Enclosed ListenerAreas to “ensure that
every listener perceives approximately the same direct sound from the sound system, nomatter
where the listener is positioned within the specified listening area of the sound system” . A
conformingsystemshallachieveatolerancewindowof6dBwithineachofsixISOoctavebands250
Hzto8kHzwhenmeasuredattherequiredtestlocations.
AcombinationofFOHanddistributedspeakersshouldbeconsideredformediumtolargevenuesto
ensure all areas receive voice reinforcement which is direct, uniform in level and has high
intelligibility. Electronic delay and speaker zoning should be consideredwhere the delay between
the sound arriving at the listener from the primary source and distributed speakers interact to
significantlyaffecttheintelligibility(STI)orspatialimageofthesoundsource.
Smallervenueswillrequireaminimumoftwo‘frontofhouse’(FOH)speakersconfiguredasaLeft-
Right pair for stereo imaging of program material in the primary listening area. Alternatively, a
distributed ceiling speakers array may be used to provide a uniform coverage for both voice
reinforcementandprogramcontent,albeitmono.Factors suchasceilingheightandstructurewill
determinethechoiceofspeakersystem.
AudioMixer
Considerationshouldbegiven tousingDSP technology foraudiomixingandprocessingdue to its
inherentflexibility,cost/performancebenefitandeaseofexternalcontrol.
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The mixer shall accommodate a combination of microphone and line level sources, either as
balancedorunbalancedconnections.The increaseduseofdomesticdigitalequipment in teaching
venuesrequiresreviewofpracticalityofconnectingdigitalaudiotoaudiomixersusingHDMI,optical
(TOSLINK) or coaxial (S/PDIF) for transfer of multichannel signals as an alternative to multiple
analogueinputs.
Mixersizeshallbedeterminedbythespecificrequirementsformicrophonesandreplayequipment
relatedtotheuseofthevenue,butatleasttwoadditionalinputsandoutputsshouldbeconsidered
toenablefutureexpansionduringtheoperationallifeofthesystem.
AudioInputs:
- Lecternmicrophones
- RadioMicrophones
- Conferencemicrophones
- AuxiliaryinputforLaptopComputers
- Residentcomputers
- CD/DVDplayers
- Blu-rayplayers
- HD/SD‘Settopbox’
- VideoconferenceCODECs
- Externalfeeds
AudioOutputs:
- ProgramaudioLEFT/RIGHT
- Speechreinforcement*
- Speechreinforcementdelaychannel/s*
- Recordingoutput
- Externalfeeds*Largervenuesmayrequiremultiplechannelsofdelay fordistributedspeakers toachieveuniformcoverage,particular
wherebalconiesarepresent.
Audioequipmentchainperformance:
Systemdesignandgainsettingsprovideforanominaloperatinglevelsuchthat:
- PeakorMaximumoperatinglevel(headroom)is10dBabovenominaloperatinglevel
- SystemNoise (S/N) with all inputs assigned is at least -65 dB unweighted below nominal
operatinglevel
- TotalHarmonicDistortion<0.5%atpeakoperatinglevel
- Systemfrequencyresponse50Hz–18kHz+/-2dBatnominaloperatinglevel
- Nominaloperatingleveloftheelectronicchainshouldbe+4dBm
PowerAmplifiers
High quality power amplifiers, matched to the power requirements of the loudspeakers, are
requiredtoachieveappropriatesoundleveltolistenerpositions.Powerratingshouldbesuchthatat
least10dBheadroomisavailabletohandlepeaksoverthe levelrequiredtoachievetargetSPLfor
programcontent.Consideration shouldbegiven to the locationof theamplifier in relation to the
heat generated and ventilation requirements as well as the likelihood of temperature impact on
surrounding equipment. Speaker cabling should be run well clear of low level signal cabling to
minimisetheriskofinterferenceandcrosstalk.
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Hearing Augmentation 7.4
In Australia, hearing augmentation/assistive listening systems are a requirement in all Class 9b
buildingsincluding(butnotlimitedto)allspaceswhereapublicaddresssystemisfitted.
TherequirementsaresummarisedintheDisability(AccesstoPremises—Buildings)Standards2010
whichformpartofsubsection31(1)oftheDisabilityDiscriminationAct1992.
Otherrelevantstandardsandcodesinclude:
• BCA - SECTION D - Part D3 - Access for People with Disabilities
• AS1428.5-2010 Design for access and mobility – Communication for people who are deaf or hearing impaired
• AS60118-4. – performance requirements for hearing loops
Ingeneral,a“safe”assumptionisthathearingaugmentationsystemsarerequiredinanyUniversity
spacewhichincludesanaudioreproductionsystem.
While a number of systems are permissible under the act, including Induction Loop, IR and RF
systems, individual University Audio/Visual staff and Student Disability support staff should be
consultedtodetermine localpoliciesbeforedeterminingtheappropriatetechnology forparticular
spaces.
In University situations, classrooms are often closely adjacent and special caremust be taken to
ensurethatthecoveragefieldsofhearingaugmentationsystemsdonotoverlap.
EWIS 7.5
Emergencyevacuations systemsmay require roomsoundsystems tobemuted in theeventofan
alarm.AdviceshouldbesoughtfromaFire/ElectricalEngineerastowhat isrequiredofthesound
systeminrelationtoevacuationalarms/announcements.
Equipment Installation 7.6
Audiosystemsshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithsections2.9,2.10,currentindustrybestpractice
models (refer Infocomm AV Installation Handbook ‘The Best Practices for Quality Audiovisual
Systems’)andrelatedAustralianStandards.
Grounding 7.7
Audio system noise performance may be compromised by poor management of equipment
earthing.A singlephase, star powerearthing arrangement to theAVequipment rackor technical
earth for all AV equipment within the room should be explored with the Electrical Consultant.
Appropriate consultation and earthing design will minimise the potential for issues from ground
loopsandmultiplephaseconnectionofAVequipment.Balancedaudiosystemswithhighcommon
moderejectionratio(CMRR)providemaximumprotectionagainstgroundloopsandothersources
ofinterferenceandarethepreferredaudiodesign.
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Lecture Recording Systems 7.8
Lecture recording systems are fitted to lecture theatres and teaching spaces in a majority of
UniversitiesinAustraliaandNewZealand.Thesestandardsdonotrecommendaparticularsystem,
butsetoutgeneralguidelinessothatspacescanbeadequatelyprovisioned,eitherimmediatelyorin
thefuture,withcapturesystems.
AudioRecording
Whereaudiorecordingispossibleunderthelecturerecordingsysteminusebytheinstitution,aline
leveloutputcontainingapostfadermixofallmicrophoneandlinesourcesshouldbeavailableunder
theaudioswitchingandmixingspecification. Thisoutputshallbecapableofsupplyingabalanced
feed at +4dbm. If requested, an unbalanced output at -10dBm may be supplied for direct
connectiontotherecordingappliance.
ScreenCapture
Wherescreencapture ispossibleunder the lecturerecordingsystem inuseby the institution, the
video switching system shall be capable of providing an extra scaled output at XGA or WXGA
resolutionforeachdisplay(projectororscreen)feed.
Dependingon thesystem inuse, theoutputmayberequired tobeanalogue (typicallyRGBHV)or
digital(e.g.DVIorHDMI)asappropriatetotheCaptureDevice.
CameraProvision
Where video recording is possible under the lecture recording system in use by the institution, a
suitablecameramountingpositionshallbeidentifiedandprovisionedwithpower,dataandvideotie
lines.Thechosenpositionwillhaveanunobstructedviewoftheentireteachingpresentationarea
atanangleofviewnogreaterthan15degreesverticallyand30degreeshorizontally.
Suitableprovisionshouldbemadeforlightingofthepresenterareawithoutspillontotheprojection
screen.(SeeLightingSection5.13,5.14)
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8 Control System Integration
AETM fully supports and recommends the use of integrated control systems for all spaceswhere
AudioVisualsystemsaredeployed.
ThecontrolsystemusedshouldalwaysbespecifiedbytheUniversityAudioVisualstaffandmustbe
fully compatible with existing reporting and management systems, network standards and
programmingrequirements.
BestPracticestandardswillrequirethecontrolsystemperformthefollowingfunctions:
• Functionalcontrolofalllocalaudiovisualequipmentincluding(whererelevant)
o Poweron/off
o Functions(inputswitching,volumeetc.)
o Statusreporting
o Transportcontrols
o Warnings(e.g.lamphours)
• ControlofremoteAVsystems(lecturerecording,videoconferencing)
• Controlofelectromechanicaldevices(e.g.screens,stagecurtains)
• Controloflightingdimmingand/orswitching
• Controloflightingcontroldevices(blinds,curtains)
• EWISIntegration
• Intelligentpowermanagement
• Automatedshutdownofequipmentafterhoursoron“nosignal”
• Controlofair-conditioning
• Remotestatusreportinganderrorlogging
• CapabilityforRemoteassistance
Minimumstandardrequiresthecontrolsystemtoperformthefollowingfunctions
• Functionalcontrolofalllocalaudiovisualequipmentincluding(whererelevant)
o Poweron/off
o Functions(inputswitching,volumeetc.)
o Statusreporting
• Controlofelectromechanicaldevices(e.g.screens,stagecurtains)
• Intelligentpowermanagement
• EWISIntegration
Functionsshouldbeautomatedsuchthatasinglebuttonpress toselectaprojection inputshould
starttheprojector(andtheselectedsource),selectaudio,deployscreensandblindsandadjustthe
lighting. Full manual over-ride should also be available, should the user wish to alter the pre-
programmedlightingforexample.
Best practice requires all control systems to be networked, preferably on a separate sub-net to
provideenhancedsecurity.
All touch screen designs should conform to University-wide standards to maximise usability and
minimise the need for specific user training. Automation codemust provide for integrationwith
appropriatecampuswideAVcontrolmanagementsystems.
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9 Whiteboards and Writing Surfaces (AdaptedfromUQStandardPF50)
Standard Type 9.1
Allwritingboardinstallations inspaceswithAVandITtechnologymustbedustfree.Whiteboards
andwriting surfaces using dry erase pens are suitable, however the dust from chalkboards is not
compatiblewithelectronictechnologyandmayalsohavenegativeOH&Simpacts.Forthesereasons
chalkboards/blackboardsdonotcomplywiththeAETMdesignguidelines.
Whilearangeofsurfaces, includingglassarenowbecomingpopular, thestandardsurface isstill
vitreousenamelonsteel,unlessotherwisespecified.
Multiple sliding boards 9.2
Multipleslidingboardsystemsshallbeconstructedsothatwiththebottomedgeoftherearboard
ataheightof1.0m,thefullareaofallboardsshallbecapableofbeingdisplayedabove. Multiple
slidingboardsystemsshallconsistofnomorethanthreeboards.
Fixing Height 9.3
Thebottomedgeof thewritingarea shallnotexceed900mm,orbe lower than850mmfromthe
finishedfloorlevel.
Storage for Writing Materials and Erasers 9.4
Temporarystorage forboardwritingmaterialsanderasersshallbeprovided. Thisshallbeashelf
along thebottomedgeof a fixedboardor along thebottomedgeof theouter board inmultiple
boardsystemsorasmallshelforboxtoonesideoftheboardsystemor lecternwhereabottom-
edge shelf is not appropriate. Care shall be taken to avoid sharp edges or corners on the shelf
system.
Anyshelfattached to thebottomedgeofboardsmustnotobstruct theuserwhenwritingon the
boardatthelostpossiblelevel.
Board Lighting 9.5
(seealso5.12BoardLights)
Board lighting shall be designed so that boards are clearly legible at all audience angles of view.
Board lighting shouldbeona separately controlledcircuit. Wherepossible,board lighting should
notspillontotheprojectionareainawaywhichwilldegradetheminimumavailablecontrastratio.
Boardlightingshallprovide300luxontheverticalplaneoftheboardsurfacewithoutcreatingglare
fortheviewersandwithoutcreatingreflectionsthatcouldobscuretheinformationthereon.
Board reflections 9.6
Roomlightingandwindowcurtainsshallbearrangedsothatlightreflectedfromthesurfaceofthe
boardsdoesnotreachtheaudienceandobscuretheinformationthereon.
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10 Equipment Housing and Cabling Standards
for Teaching Spaces
Provision for Rack Mounted Equipment 10.1
In all spaces where audio visual equipment is to be fitted lockable, ventilated, purpose designed
spacemustbe reserved for theequipmentwhich comprises theaudio, video, control and lighting
subsystems.Provisionmustbemadeforpoweranddataaccesstothisspaceandforfitmentand
maintenanceofinterconnectingsignalcables.
Adequate bench spacemust be allowed for the fitment of control panels, previewmonitors, and
microphonesinadditiontouseroperatedequipmentsuchasVisualisersandgraphicstablets. This
spaceallowanceshouldbeinadditiontospaceforlecturerstoplacealaptoporportablePC,lecture
notesandpresentationaids.
Whilesomeequipment(suchaspoweramplifiers)aredesirablylocatedawayfromtheteachingarea
becauseofconsiderationsoffannoiseandheat,spacemustbereservedclosetothepresentation
areafortheaccommodationofequipmentwhichneedstobeaccessedtoinsertmedia(disks,USB
keys,tapesetc.)atthestartofateachingsession.ThismayincludePCs,diskplayers,tapeplayers
andrecordingdevices.
Provisionmustbemadetosecurethisequipmentinawaywhichallowsaccesstoloadingslots,trays
andconnectors.
Access for Maintenance 10.2
AudioVisualequipmentinprofessionaluseneedstobeaccessibleforroutinemaintenance(suchas
filtercleaning)andalsoforemergencymaintenanceshouldfailureormis-operationoccurduringa
teachingsession.
Professionalequipment typicallyhasoperational controlsandmountingscrewsat the front,while
power and signal interconnection is made at the rear. It is important therefore that provision is
madeforreadyaccesstoboththefrontandrearofequipmentracks.
Whererackframesaremounted in joinery, frontandrearaccessdoorsshouldbefittedwhichare
lockableandwideenoughtoallowremovaloftherackwithoutdisassemblyoftherackorremoval
ofthedoor.
WhereracksarefittedinroomssuchasCommsrooms,spacemustbelargeenoughforprovisionto
bemadetoaccessthefrontandrearoftherack.Commsroomaccessdoorsshouldbelockableand
wideenoughtoallowremovaloftherackwithoutdisassemblyoftherackorremovalofthedoor.
If audio visual equipment such as projectors and speakers are to be fitted to a space with flush
plasterboardceilings,AudioVisualmaintenancestafffromtheInstitutionshouldbeconsultedatDD
stage to determine the type and location of access hatches required to mount and service this
equipment.
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Ventilation 10.3
Activeequipment(includingPCbasedequipment)generatessignificantheatwheninoperationand
excessiveoperatingtemperaturesdramaticallyaffectsystemreliabilityandservicelife.
RacksinJoineryUnits
Whereactiveequipmentisfittedtorackscontainedinjoineryunits,thespacecontainingthejoinery
mustbeair-conditioned.
Therackspacewithinthejoinerymustbeventilatedwithprovisiontosuckinfreshairatthebottom
andexhausthotairatthetop.Ventsshallbefittedwithappropriatemeshtorenderthemvermin
proof.Often,forcedairventilationisrequired,typicallyusinglowvoltagefanswhichcanoperateat
very low levels of noise. Two or more fans should be fitted if the active equipment power
consumptionexceeds100watts.
Ventilation provision should be such that the air temperature in the interior of the equipment
enclosure(worstcase)doesnotrisebymorethan10degreesCelsiusaboveambient.
RacksinCommunicationsRooms
Where active equipment is fitted to racks contained in Communications Rooms, the space
containingtheracksmustbeair-conditioned.
Itisessentialthatanyjoinery,cupboardsorrackenclosuresareprovidedwithventilationslotsatthe
bottom(todrawinfreshair)andatthetop(toexhausthotair).Ventilationslotsshouldbecovered
withexpandedmetalmeshtorenderthemverminproof.
Ventilation provision should be such that the air temperature in the interior of the equipment
enclosure(worstcase)doesnotrisebymorethan10degreesCelsiusaboveambient.
General Provisions for Equipment 10.4
Unlessrequiredtobeportablewhen inuse,allequipmentshallbefirmlysecuredtominimisethe
possibilityofunauthorisedremoval.Fasteningsandsupportsshallbeadequatetosupporttheload
appliedwithasafetyfactorofthreetimestheactualweight.
Allracks,housingsandinstalledorbench-topequipmentshallbelevel,plumbandsquare.
Consideration shall be given not only to access and operational efficiency but also to overall
aestheticfactorsinregardtoinstalledequipmentandhousings.
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Cable Management Standards 10.5
Standards
Wiringmaterialsandstandardsofworkmanshipshall fullycomplywith therelevantdocumentsof
Standards Australia and the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), including
subsequentamendmentsapplicabletoanypartoritemformingpartoftheinstallation.
Cabling works shall also comply with any relevant requirements of the Electric Supply Authority
Regulations, the Australian Communications andMedia Authority, the Building Code of Australia,
andtheInsuranceCouncilofAustralia.
DigitalVideo
ComputerchipmakersIntelandAMDandcomputermanufacturershavejointlyannouncedtheend
of life foranaloguecomputervideo (VGA). TheannouncedendforVGA is2015,however laptops
are already appearingwith only digital display outputs. Consequently all AV system designmust
nowincludedigitalvideoinfrastructure.
Digitalvideopotentiallyprovidesimprovedimagequality,howevertobesuccessfullyimplemented
itrequirescarefulattentiontocableandsignalprocessingdesignandmeticulousadherencetocable
quality,termination,andinstallationstandards.
Some DVI/HDMI installations have been plagued by issues related to the transmission or
managementof:
• EDID (Extended Display Identification Data)
• HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection)
EDID is an electronic handshaking processwhere the resolution capability of the display device is
communicated to the sending device. The successful transmission and management of EDID
informationisessential.
HDCPisacopyrightprotectionsystemthatisnowincorporatedintoDVDplayers,Blurayplayersand
protectedcomputerbasedmediacontentsuchaspurchasedmovies.ThebehaviourofeachHDCP
protecteddevicecanvarydependingon themediabeingviewedand theoperatingsystemof the
device.Insomecasesthedevicecanstopworkingifitdetectsanon-compliantdeviceattachedto
thesystem.
The AETM strongly recommends that HDCP and EDID management be incorporated into the
planning,designandinstallationofcablingandprocessinghardware.
CableLabelingandNumbering
All connectors, patch leads, audio/video leads, controls, equipment and components, terminal
blocksandequipmentracksshallbepermanently labelled ina formatapprovedbytheUniversity.
Abbreviationsareacceptableonlywhenshownondrawings.
Allfixedlabels,otherthanthoseaffixedtocables,shallbepermanentlyengravedinmetalorplastic
laminate.
All cable numbering and/or identification shall be performed using labels approved by the
University.Labelsshallbeaffixedatbothendsofeachcable.Thereshallbenounmarkedcablesat
anyplaceinthesystem.
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TheproposedcablenumberingsystemshallbesubmittedtotheUniversity forapproval toensure
consistencyandcoordinationwiththerestoftheCampusinstallations.
CableLayoutandDressing
Allinter-rackandintra-rackcablingshallbeneatlylaced,dressedandadequatelysupported.
Allexposedcableshallbedressedwithheavydutyneopreneheat-shrinktubing
NylonCableManagementJacket:TheAVContractorshallorganiseallsignalandpowercableswhich
connectequipmentrackstoadjacentelectricaldevices.Thesecablesshallbebundledandinstalled
withinblacknylonwovenmesh fabric. This fabric jacket shall bemanufactured for suchpurposes
andshallbesizedappropriatelytothequantitiesandsizesofcablescontainedwithin.
All cables shall be grouped according to the signals being carried to reduce signal contamination.
Separategroupsshallbeformedforthefollowing:
• Power
• ControlCables
• ComputerDataCables
• VideoCables
• AudioCablescarryingsignalslessthan-20dbm
• AudioCablescarryingsignalsbetween-20dbmand+20dbm
• AudioCablescarryingsignalsmorethan+20dbm
Eachgroupshallbespacedataminimumsegregationof50mmorthatspecifiedbythethencurrent
wiringregulationsforthatsignaltype(whicheverisgreater).Inallcases,segregationwillbesuchas
to ensure nomeasurable induced current shall flow in the lower voltage cable as a result of its
proximitytoahighervoltagecable.Wherecablesofdifferentsignallevelmustcrosstheyshalldoso
atanangleof90degreesforatleast500mmfromthecrossingpoint.
Route all cable and wiring within equipment racks and joinery according to function, separating
wires of different signal levels (microphone, line level, amplifier output, AC, intercom, etc.) by as
muchdistanceaspossible.NeatlyarrangeandbundleallcablewithplasticorVelcrotiesaccording
totherequirementsoftheUniversity.
Asageneralpractice,allpowercables,controlcablesandhighlevelcablesshallberunontheright
sideofanequipmentrackasviewedfromtherear.Allothercablesshallberunontheleftsideas
viewedfromtherear.
Where there aremultiple adjacent equipment racks, the looming shall alternate. For example, as
viewedfromtherear,allpowercables,controlcablesandhighlevelcablesshallberunontheright
side. For the next rack, these shall be on the left side and the low level cables on the right. This
schemewillalternatefromracktorack,ensuringmaximumspacing.
CableTermination
Allcables,excepthighfrequencycableswhichmustbecuttoanelectricallength,shallbecuttothe
length dictated by the run. Terminal blocks, boards, strips or connectors, shall be supplied for all
cableswhichinterfacewithracks,cabinets,consolesorequipmentmodules.
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Cablesmustbeofthecorrecttypeandmanufacturerprovidedforinthedrawingsandspecifications
unlessequivalentsareapprovedinwritingbytheUniversity.
Propercircuitpolarityandloudspeakerwiringpolaritymustbeobservedatalltimes.Patchpanels
andconnectorsshallbewiredasfollows:
Wire Connector Signal
RedorWhite Pin#2 HotorPositive
BlackorBlue Pin#3 ColdorNegative
Shield Pin#1 Groundorcommon
Nocablesshallbewiredwithapolarityreversalbetweenconnectorsateitherend.
All circuits shouldbebalancedand floating,exceptasnoted in the specification. All systemwire,
except sparewire, after being cut and stripped, shall have thewire strands twisted back to their
originallayandbeterminatedbyapprovedsolderedormechanicalmeans.Nobarewireendswillbe
accepted.
Heatshrinktypetubingshallbeusedtoinsulateanddresstheendsofallwireandcablesincludinga
separatetubeforthegroundordrainwire.
Allsolderconnectionsshallbemadewithrosin-coresolder.Temperaturecontrolledsolderingirons
ratedatleast40wattsshallbeusedforallsolderingwork.Allmechanicalconnectionsshallbemade
with approved crimp plugs of the correct size and type for the connection. Wire nuts are not
permitted. Each connector shall be attachedwith the proper size controlled-duty-cycle ratcheting
crimptoolwhichhasbeenapprovedbythemanufactureroftheconnectors.
AlluseofdatacablingwhetherusedfornetworkdataorAVsignaltransmissionmustcomplywith
theinstitution’sdatacablingstandardsforquality,installationandtermination.Tobeacceptedthe
installedcablingmustpasstheinstitution’sapprovedtestingprocess.
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11 Audio Visual Fit-Out: Recommendations for
Specific Room Types
INTRODUCTION 11.1
To better reflect the use of AV systems in a growing variety of learning environments and
incorporate the range of modern presentation and collaboration technology now available, the
AETM has changed the approach to the description of room and system types. Instead of
attemptingtomatchatparticular technologytoaparticularroomuse, theAETMhasadoptedthe
followingsimpleoptionandclassificationsystem.
1. PresentationOptions–availableinanysizespace
Therearethreecategories:
• Centrallargescreendisplay(s)
• AV Cabled Distribution to Multiple Displays
• Network Streamed AV Distribution to Student PCs
2. CollaborationOptions–availabletouseinanumberofsettings
• User Supplied Laptops/Portable Electronic Devices
• Shared Collaboration Group Displays
• Individual Computers and Monitors
3. RoomSize(orCapacity)–theGeneralConsiderationsthatapplytoeachcategory
• Large Spaces – e.g. Halls, Auditoria, Large Lecture theatres, some labs
• Medium spaces – e.g. some Theatres, Collaboration spaces, seminar rooms and more
• Small spaces – e.g. Classrooms, tutorial rooms, some labs, meeting rooms and more
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Choosingtherightpresentationandcollaborationoptionstomeetthefunctionalandperformance
requirements is the role of the AV designer. Through consultation with stakeholders, the AV
designerwill choose theappropriateoptionsanddevelopanAVbriefandspecification foruseby
thearchitect,electricalandmechanicalconsultantsandtheaudiovisualintegrators.Whenitcomes
toAVonesizedoesdefinitelynot fitall. Althougheach institutionwillhavestandardsystems for
particularroomtypes,thedesignerneedsfitthestandardintoaspecificarchitecturalenvironment
andbereadytousedifferentoptionstomeetnewfunctionalrequirementsortodealwithdifficult
architecturalissues.
These sections are also intended to guide academic, administrative and building project staff by
providing an overview of equipment required to which institutions may add their own general
requirementsorspecificrequirementstomeettheneedsofaparticulardiscipline.
MinimumGeneralRequirementsRecommendations
TheMinimum and Best Practice recommendations have been developed by surveying the AETM
membershipofmorethanthirtytertiaryinstitutions.Theminimumrecommendationscomprisethe
essential equipment specifications and facilities without teaching would be significantly
compromised.
BestPracticeGeneralRequirementsRecommendations
TheBest Practice recommendationshavebeendevelopedby surveying theAETMmembership to
bring together a national consensus regarding the set of equipment specifications and facilities
whichempowerthewidestrangeofpedagogiesineachofthespecifictypesofteachingspaces.
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ImageCourtesyofSteelcase
Presentation Options 11.2
TherearethreecommonchoicesforPresentationofteachingmaterialinaneducationalsetting:
• Presentationtothefullaudiencefromoneormorecentrallargescreen/display(s)
• AVCabledDistributiontoMultipleDisplays
• NetworkStreamedAVDistributiontoStudentPCs
Thechoiceofwhichisbesttousecanbecomplexandisoftendeterminedbylocalfactorssuchas
thepreferencesoftheFacultyandthestudentcohort.
PresentationOption1CentralProjection,VideoWallorArray
Presentationtothefullaudiencefromoneormorecentrallargescreen/display(s).
Theuseofacentraldisplayrequiressufficientceilingheightandunobstructedsightlinesforallthe
audience.Seesection4.2fordetailsonscreens,screensizing,sightlinesandceilingheightsand
section4.4forlightinginspaceswithprojection.
Note:Forprojectioninlargespaceslargeprojectors(andthereforepossiblynoisy)mayberequired.
Forprojectorswithoperatingnoiseofgreaterthan40dBanair-
conditionedsoundproofenclosureisessential.
LARGE&MEDIUMSPACES
Theminimumrequirementisasinglehighpowerwidescreen
projectororvideowall/arraydisplay.
Recommended-Twoormoreinstalledhighpowerwidescreen
projectors&screensorvideowalldisplay/arraywithimage
processorformultipleimages
SMALLSPACES
Thebasicpurposemaybeservedbyasinglelarge
formatLCDflatscreendisplay,widescreenprojector,
orvideowalldisplay/array.Moreflexibilitymaybe
obtainedfromdualinstalledwidescreenprojectors&
screens,orlargeformatLCDflatscreens*,orvideo
walldisplay/array*
*Recommendedforvideoconferenceapplications.
Notes:Somespacesmaynotphysicallyallowmultiple
screensorcoursessuchascinemastudiesmaypreferasingle
screen.Somesystemsmayrequiremoreprojectors/displays
dependingonspacialrequirementsand/orfunctionalbrief.Aframestore/freezecapabilitycan
enhancedualscreenfunctionalitybyallowingimagesorlivenotationsuchasmathsformulaetobe
frozenononedisplaywhilecontinuingliveonanother.
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PresentationOption2:AVCabledDistributiontoMultipleDisplays
AV cabled distribution via matrix switchers and/or
distributionamplifiersandcablinginfrastructure.
SeeCollaborationOption2fordistributeddisplaychoices.
Distributioncanbevia:
a. Highqualitydigitalvideocabling(runlength
limitsapply)
b. AVproprietarysignalsoverIPnetworkcabling
infrastructureusingAVtransmittersandreceivers
toconverttoandfromstandardformats.
c. IP network compliantAVdata over standard network cabling and switching infrastructure
andTX/RXdevices.
PresentationOption3:NetworkStreamedAVDistributiontoStudentPCs
Network/softwarebasedAVdistributionvia
classroomcollaborationand/orscreensharing
softwaretostudentcomputers.
SeeCollaborationOption3forcommonusage.
Distributioncanbevia:
a. Classroommanagementsoftwaresuchas
NetSupportSchool,NetOpsetc.(limited
motionvideocapability)
b. Webcollaboration/screensharingsoftwaresuchasConnect,Lync,Teamspot,Webex,
Collaborate,GoToMeeting,JoinMeetc.
Alow-latencystreamingencodersolutionisrecommendedtocaptureanddistributenon-
residentPCsourcessuchaslaptops,visualisers,camerasetc.
Note:ManyclassroommanagementapplicationscansendcommandstostudentPCswiththe
softwareinstalledthatcanopenwidowstostreamingencoderoutputs.Streamingoverwireless
directlytostudentlaptopsmaybepossible,butthetechnologyisevolvingandthoroughtesting
ofanyproposedsolutionisrecommended.
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Collaboration Options 11.3
There are three common technology choices for facilitating collaboration amongst students in a
tertiarysetting:
• UserSuppliedLaptops/PortableElectronicDevices
• SharedCollaborationGroupDisplays
• IndividualComputersandMonitors
Asbefore,thechoiceisoftendeterminedbylocalfactorssuchasthepreferencesoftheFacultyand
thestudentcohort.
CollaborationOption1:UserSuppliedLaptops/PortableElectronicDevices
WirelessNetworkingOnlyforusewith
Laptops/PersonalDevices.
Unlesscomputersareprovidedfor
individualuse,alllearningspaces
shouldcaterforlaptopusewith
wirelessnetworkingprovidedbythe
institution.Howeverindividuallaptops
havelimitationsforuseingroupfaceto
facecollaboration.Asinglelaptop
screencanonlycomfortablybeshared
by2-3people.
Useofscreensharingsoftwareandmultiplelaptopsmaycaterforlargergroups;howeverthe
functionalityandeaseofusemaynotmatchadedicatedshareddisplay.Notethatlimitedscreen
sharingoptionsarecurrentlyavailablefrompersonaldevicessuchasiPadsandphones.
Highcapacitywirelessnetworksareessential.Considerationshouldbegiventotheprovisioningof
ACpowerforlaptopsinmannerthatavoidstriphazards.
Ifgroupcollaborationispartofthefunctionalbrief,furnitureshouldeitherbeconducivetogroup
collaborationorreconfigurable.
CollaborationOption2:SharedGroupDisplays
GroupCollaborationSharedDisplayand
DistributedPresentationChoices.
Sophisticatedswitchingsystemsmayberequiredif
thedisplaysaretoservebothapresentationand
collaborationpurpose.
Thismaybeprovidedasmultiplecomputersand
monitorsaroundacollaborationtable.Ifso,note
thatlowprofilePCanddisplayconfigurationsassist
crosstablediscussion.
AsecondoptionistheprovisionofsharedlargeformatLCD/LEDdisplays.Inthiscaseitis
recommendedthatasharedcollaborationcomputerbeprovided,connectedamulti-touchoverlay
onthedisplayformoredynamicinteraction.Screensharingsoftwareand/orcablestoallowlaptops
todisplayontheshareddisplay.Triphazardsmustbeconsideredforlaptopcableconnections.
PhotocourtesyWilsonArchitects
PhotocourtesyDarleneS.CardilloAlbanyLawSchool
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DisplayChoicesforvariousGroupSizes
NumberinGroup RecommendedDisplay*
3-6participants 32”-46”display
6-12participants 55”-65”display
8-20participants Interactivewhiteboardandultra-shortthrowprojector
8-20+participants Dedicatedcollaborationgroupprojectorandscreen
*UsetheAETMsizingratiosuitableforhighdefinitionresolutions(seeSection4)
FurnitureConsiderations
Manycollaborationfurnitureformsarepossible,howeverthemostsuitabletableshapeforboth
viewingashareddisplayandcrosstableconversationisahyperbolawithasquared-offendthat
partiallyorientsparticipantsatthesideofthetabletowardsthescreen,butstillmaintainssufficient
crosstableeye-lines.AllAETMsightlineguidelinesapplytosharedcollaborationdisplays.For
displayswithtouchfunctionality,accesstothedisplayneedstobeallowedfor.Coincidentally,the
compromisehyperbolicshapeimprovesthewebcamviewofthecollaborationgroupreceivedbya
remoteparticipant.
CollaborationOption3:IndividualComputersandMonitors
IndividualComputing
Individualcomputingisacommon
arrangementincomputerlabsorother
spaceswhereeachparticipantrequiresone-
to-oneaccesstoacomputer.
Individualcomputinggenerallyhasthesame
physicalthree-personcollaborationlimitas
laptops.Electronicgroupcollaborationis
feasibleusingscreensharingand/orweb
collaborationsoftware;howeverthe
solutionmaylackthedynamicsoffaceto
facecollaboration.Iftheeducationalbrief
requiresit,effectiveface-to-facegroupcollaborationisstillpossiblewiththoughtfularchitectural
design,carefulattentiontothephysicalformofthefurnitureandinnovativeintegrationoflow
profiletechnologyorotherbespoketechnologysolutions.
MatchingPresentationOptionstosuitCollaborativeLearning
PresentationOption1(CentralScreen)mayworkifsightlinesallow
PresentationOption2(CabledDistribution)ispossibleusingeitherthestudent’smonitor(ifseparate
tothecomputer)plusswitching,orasecondpresentationmonitor.
PresentationOption3(Streamingviathenetwork)canprovideacosteffectivesolutionthroughuse
oftheinstallednetworkandstudentcomputerhardware.ThismodeissuitableforusewithAll-in-
OnecomputersandBYOdevices.
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Size and Capacity Classifications 11.4
AETMrecommendstheuseofthreeclassificationsforteachingspacecapacity.Eachsizehasitsown
setofrecommendationsbasedonstyleofspace,volumeandtypicalcapacity.
TheClassificationsare:
• Large:e.g.Auditorium,LectureTheatre,LargeLearningStudio,LargeLaboratory
• Medium:Flexiblelearningspace,SeminarRoom,LearningStudio,Lab,ComputerLab
• Small:Classroom,SmallSeminar/TutorialRoom,CollaborationSpace,MeetingRoom,Lab
Asbefore,thechoiceisoftendeterminedbylocalfactorssuchasthepreferencesoftheFacultyand
thestudentcohort.
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12 Large Learning Spaces
Technology Checklist for Large Spaces 12.1
LargeLearningSpace(100+Seats)e.g.Auditorium,
LectureTheatre,LearningStudio,Labetc.
General Requirements
Minimum Requirement
Best Practice
Furniture AVdesk/lectern/console Yes Yes
AVControl AVcontrolsystem Yes Yes
Telephone AVsupport&emergencyhelptelephone Yes Yes
Audio Soundreproductioncapabilityforallsources Yes Yes
Speechreinforcementsystem Yes Yes
Presenterwirelessmicrophone Yes Yes
Audiencewirelessmicrophone Recommended Yes
Hearingaugmentationsystem BCArequired Yes
EWISmuteinterfacing BCArequired Yes
Audioinput/outputconnectionsforexpandability Yes Yes
Acoustics Roomsoundproofedandacousticallytreated Yes Yes
Vision
Sources
Digitallaptopinput(HDMIrecommended)
Yes Yes
VGA(analogue)laptopinput Optional Optional
ResidentPCwithDVDplayer*,wiredkeyboardandmouse
forteacher/presenteruse
Yes Yes
Visualiser/documentcamera Recommended Yes
MultiformatandmultiregionBlu-rayDVD/AudioCDplayer. Recommended Yes
Recording
and/or
Streaming
Hardware-basedaudioandimagecaptureand/orstreaming
ofanypresentedsourceasrequiredbytheinstitution’s
policies.
Optional Yes
Lighting AlightingsystemtomeetAustralianStandards Yes Yes
Forspaceswithprojection-Lightinginseparatezones Yes Yes
Forspaceswithprojection–directionallightingonthe
presenterareaswithoutspillonthescreens
Yes Yes
Occupancysensors Yes Yes
FullcontroloverlightingbyuserviaAVcontrolsystem Yes Yes
Laptops Powerforstudentlaptops&devices Recommended Yes
Conferences ForAuditorium&LargeLTSpaces-AdditionalLaptopand
MicInputs(typicallyinfloorboxes)
Recommended Yes
ForAuditoriumSpaces-tie-lines,workspacesformixing
desks,secureAVsystemI/Opatchpoints,etc.
Recommended Yes
ForAuditoriumSpaces-AVsystemI/Opatchpoints Recommended Yes
ForAuditoriumSpaces–powerandnetworkinthefoyer
fordisplays,attendeeregistrationsandcatering
Recommended Yes
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Detailed Requirements in Large Spaces 12.2
AVFurniture: AVdesk/lectern/consoletotheinstitution’srequirements,orapprovedcustom
designthatmeetsfunctionalrequirementsofspace,equipmentventilationandaccess.Note:
dependingontheAVsystemadditionalequipmentrackspacemayberequired
AVControl: seeSection8fordetails
AVcontrolsystemtomatchtheinstitution’sstandardswith:
• User control interface delivered by one or more of the following: o Touch panel or button panel o The institution’s standard user interface integrated with a PC screen (preferably touch
enabled) o Secure web interface to match the institution’s standards o Apps on portable devices
• Connected via IP for remote diagnostics, reporting, control of room by AV Help Desk
• Control of: display system(s), source control & switching; audio control and other functions as required.
Telephone AVsupport&emergencyhelptelephone
Audio –seeSection7fordetails
Soundreproductioncapabilityforallpresentationsources,includingHDMIdigitalandanalogue
audiosources
• Speech reinforcement system compliant with the AETM & ANSI requirements, typically including DSP/audio mixer, amplifier(s) and speakers
• Presenter wireless microphone
• Audience wireless microphone
• Hearing augmentation system (eg Hearing Loops, IR or Wireless systems for people with hearing impairment)
• EWIS mute interfacing
• Audio input and output connections for system expandability, e.g. audio output to a personal hearing augmentation device or audio input of a mixer for panel discussion with multiple microphones.
AcousticsseeSection6fordetails
RoomsoundproofedagainstexternalnoiseandacousticaltreatedinternallytomeetAustralian
Standard
VisionSources
• Digital laptop input (HDMI recommended) - with the following inclusions presented on the AV furniture with consideration to cable management:
o HDMI lead (with user selectable HDMI audio capability and HDCP system compliance)
o Analogue mini-jack audio lead with user selectable operation and enough length for different laptop configurations
o Network cable with RJ45 termination o Accessible power point (double recommended) o Optional - Wireless presentation interface and/or software – eg Intel WIDI adapter or
AppleTV or other device/software
• VGA (analogue) laptop input - (refer to the institution’s plan for the phase-out of VGA) If included, the VGA input normally shares the use of connection cables and the power point with digital laptop input.
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• Resident PC with DVD player, wired keyboard and mouse for teacher/presenter use. Additional options include:
o Monitor o Touchscreen monitor or interactive pen display for live annotation (recommended). o Wireless mouse or presenter remote for PowerPoint control (recommended) o Wireless keyboard o Interactive whiteboard interface (requires consideration of factors such as room size,
operational objectives and system integration) o Software/Network based presentation and/or collaboration software – see presentation
and collaboration options o Webcam (requires consideration of audio connections and communications software) o Presentation capture software (captures PC output only) o Personal Response Systems (PRS) voting software o Remote access software for user support
• Visualiser /document camera - in some environments options may include a microscope camera or a demonstration camera(s)
• Multi format and multi region Blu-ray DVD/Audio CD player. The number of digital keys the device provides needs to be investigated especially for multi screen systems.
Othersourcesmaybeaddeddependingonthespecificrequirementsofthespaceorinstitution’s
standards.Examplesofpossibleadditionalsourcesare:
• Video conferencing codec
• Wireless presentation hardware devices
• Distributed video endpoints – e.g. a building or enterprise video distribution system
• Room cameras
• Specialist equipment – e.g. medical simulation mannequin systems, scientific equipment
Recordingand/orStreaming
Hardware-basedaudioandimagecaptureand/orstreamingofanypresentedsourceasrequiredby
theinstitution’spolicies.Mayincludecameracaptureofthepresenterdependingonthe
institution’spreferredpractice.Whereavideoconferencingcodecispartofthesystemdesign,an
additionaloutputmayberequired.
Lighting
AlightingsystemdesignedtomeettherelevantAustralianStandardsandinspaceswithprojection
theANSI/InfoCommstandardforcontrastratios–seesection5fordetails.Thelightingsystem
shouldincludethefollowing:
• For spaces with projection - Lighting in separate zones (board lights, presenter spot lights, audience area etc.)
• For spaces with projection – Theatrical grade directional lighting on the presenter areas without spill on the screens
• Occupancy sensors capable of detecting stationary occupants, e.g. dual technology IR+ Ultrasonic
• Full control over lighting levels by user via AV control system
LaptopProvisions GPOsforstudentlaptops&devicesprovidedinamannerthatavoidstrip
hazardsandwirelessnetworkingdesignedfortheexpectedcapacity
Conferences
ForAuditorium&LargeLTSpaces-AdditionalLaptopandMicInputsforpaneldiscussiontables
and/oradditionallecterns(typicallyinfloorboxes)
ForAuditoriumSpaces–
• Tie-lines, workspaces for mixing desks, secure AV system I/O patch points, etc. for conference staging companies
• secure AV system I/O patch points For News cameras
• power and wireless and wired network points in the foyer areas for exhibit displays, attendee registrations and catering
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13 Medium Learning Spaces
Technology Checklist for Medium Spaces 13.1
MediumSizedSpace(30-100seats)e.g.Flexiblelearningspace,SeminarRoom,LearningStudio,Lab,Computerlab,etc
General Requirements
Minimum Requirement
Best Practice
Furniture AVdesk/lectern/console Yes Yes
AVControl AVcontrolsystem Yes Yes
Telephone AVsupport&emergencyhelptelephone Yes Yes
Audio Soundreproductioncapability Yes Yes
Speechreinforcementsystem (>40) Yes
Presenterwirelessmicrophone Yes(>40) Yes
Audiencewirelessmicrophone Optional Yes
Hearingaugmentationsystem ToBCAregs Yes
EWISmuteinterfacing ToBCAregs Yes
Audioinputandoutputconnectionsforexpandability Optional Yes
Acoustics Roomsoundproofedandacousticallytreated Yes Yes
Vision
Sources
Digitallaptopinput(HDMIrecommended Yes Yes
VGA(analogue)laptopinput Optional Optional
ResidentPCwithDVDplayer Yes Yes
Visualiser/documentcamera Optional Yes
MultiformatandmultiregionDVD/AudioCDplayer Optional Yes
Recording
and/or
Streaming
Hardware-basedaudioandimagecaptureand/orstreaming
ofanypresentedsourceasrequiredbytheinstitution’s
policies.
Optional Optional
Lighting AlightingsystemtomeettheAustralianStandards Yes Yes
Forspaceswithprojection-Lightinginseparatezones
(boardlights,presenterspotlights,audienceareaetc.)
Yes Yes
Forspaceswithprojection-Commercialgradedirectional
lightingonthepresenterareaswithoutspillonthescreens
Yes Yes
Occupancysensorscapableofdetectingstationary
occupants,e.g.dualtechnologyIR+Ultrasonic
Optional Yes
FullcontroloverlightinglevelsbyuserviaAVcontrolsystem Optional Yes
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Detailed Requirements in Medium Spaces 13.2
AVFurniture:AVdesk/lectern/consoletotheinstitution’srequirements,orapprovedcustom
designthatmeetsfunctionalrequirementsofspace,equipmentventilationandaccess.
Note:dependingontheAVsystemadditionalequipmentrackspacemayberequired
AVControl:SeeSection8fordetails
AVcontrolsystemtomatchtheinstitution’sstandardswith:
• User control interface delivered by one or more of the following: o Touch panel or button panel o The institution’s standard user interface integrated with a PC screen (preferably touch
enabled) o Secure web interface to match the institution’s standards o Apps on portable devices
• Connected via IP network for remote diagnostics, reporting, control of room by AV Help Desk
• Control of: display system(s), source control & switching; audio control and other functions as required.
Telephone AVsupport&emergencyhelptelephone
Audio: SeeSection7fordetails
Soundreproductioncapabilityforallpresentationsources,includingHDMIdigitalandanalogue
audiosources
o Speech reinforcement system compliant with the AETM & ANSI requirements, typically including DSP/audio mixer, amplifier(s) and speakers
o Presenter wireless microphone o Audience wireless microphone o Hearing augmentation system (eg Hearing Loops, IR or Wireless systems for people
with hearing impairment) o EWIS mute interfacing o Audio input and output connections for system expandability, e.g. audio output to a
personal hearing augmentation device or audio input of a mixer for panel discussion with multiple microphones.
Acoustics:SeeSection6fordetails
RoomsoundproofedagainstexternalnoiseandacousticaltreatedinternallytomeetAustralian
Standards
VisionSources
• Digital laptop input (HDMI recommended) - with the following inclusions presented on the AV furniture with consideration to cable management:
o HDMI lead (with user selectable HDMI audio capability and HDCP system compliance)
o Analogue mini-jack audio lead with user selectable operation and enough length for different laptop configurations
o Network cable with RJ45 termination o Accessible power point (double recommended)
• VGA (analogue) laptop input - (refer to the institution’s plan for the phase-out of VGA) If included, the VGA input normally shares the use of connection cables and the power point with digital laptop input.
• Resident PC with DVD player*, wired keyboard and mouse for teacher/presenter use
.Additionaloptionsinclude:
o Monitor o Touchscreen monitor or interactive pen display for live annotation (recommended).
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o Wireless mouse or presenter remote for PowerPoint control (recommended) o Wireless keyboard o Interactive whiteboard interface (requires consideration of factors such as room size,
operational objectives and system integration) o Software/Network based presentation and/or collaboration software – see presentation
and collaboration options o Webcam (requires consideration of audio connections and communications software) o Presentation capture software (captures PC output only) o Personal Response Systems (PRS) voting software o Remote access software for user support
*Themulti-regioncapabilityofthecomputer’sDVDdriveneedstobeconsidered.Note:TheVLC
playersoftwarecanplayDVDsfromallregions.
• Visualiser /document camera - in some environments options may include a microscope camera or a demonstration camera(s)
• Multi format and multi region DVD/Audio CD player. The number of digital keys the device provides needs to be investigated especially for multi-screen systems. Blu-ray players are also an option, however their multi-region capability needs to be considered.
• Other optional sources may be required depending on the specific requirements of the space or institution’s standards.
Examplesofpossibleadditionalsourcesare:o Video conferencing codec o Wireless presentation hardware devices o Distributed video endpoints – e.g. a building or enterprise video distribution system o Room cameras o Specialist equipment – e.g. medical simulation mannequin systems, scientific
equipment, etc.
Recordingand/orStreaming
Hardware-basedaudioandimagecaptureand/orstreamingofanypresentedsourceasrequiredby
theinstitution’spolicies.Thesystemmayincludecameracaptureofthepresenterdependingonthe
institution’spreferredpractice.Whereavideoconferencingcodecispartofthesystemdesign,an
additionaloutputmayberequired.
Lighting
AlightingsystemdesignedtomeettherelevantAustralianStandardsandinspaceswithprojection
theANSI/InfoCommstandardforcontrastratios–seesection5fordetails.Thelightingsystem
shouldincludethefollowing:
• For spaces with projection - Lighting in separate zones (board lights, presenter spot lights, audience area etc.)
• For spaces with projection – Theatrical grade directional lighting on the presenter areas without spill on the screens
• Occupancy sensors capable of detecting stationary occupants, e.g. dual technology IR+ Ultrasonic
• Full control over lighting levels by user via AV control system
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14 Small Learning and Meeting Spaces
Technology Checklist for Medium Spaces 14.1
SmallLearning/MeetingSpace(3-30Seats)SmallSeminar/TutorialRoom,CollaborationSpace,MeetingRoom,Lab
General Requirements Minimum Requirement
Best Practice
FurnitureMeetingtablebasedAVsystemwithseparateequipment
rackorAVdesk/lectern/consoleYes Yes
AVControl AVcontrolsystem Recommended Yes
Telephone AVsupport&emergencyhelptelephone Recommended Yes
Audio Soundreproductioncapability Yes Yes
Speechreinforcementsystem Optional Yes
Presenterwirelessmicrophone Optional Yes
Audiencewirelessmicrophone Optional Yes
Hearingaugmentationsystem ToBCAregs Yes
EWISmuteinterfacing ToBCAregs ToBCAregs
Audioinputandoutputconnectionsforexpandability Optional Optional
Acoustics Roomsoundproofedandacousticallytreated Yes Yes
Vision
Sources
DigitallaptopinputToavoidtriphazardsatmeetingtables
theinputforlaptopsmustpresentatthetable.
Yes Yes
VGA(analogue)laptop Optional Optional
ResidentPCwithDVDplayer*,keyboardandmouse Optional Yes
Visualiser/documentcamera Optional Optional
MultiformatandmultiregionDVD/AudioCDplayer Optional Optional
Recording/
Streaming
Hardware-basedaudioandimagecaptureorstreamingof
anypresentedsourceifrequiredbytheinstitution’spolicies.
Optional Optional
Lighting
AlightingsystemtomeetAustralianStandardsandinspaces
withprojectiontheANSI/InfoCommstandardforcontrast
ratios
Yes Yes
Forspaceswithprojection-Lightinginseparatezones
(boardlights,presenterspotlights,audienceareaetc.)
Yes Yes
Forspaceswithprojection-directionallightingonthe
presenterareaswithoutspillonthescreens
Optional Yes
Occupancysensorscapableofdetectingstationary
occupants,e.g.dualtechnologyIR+Ultrasonic
Optional Yes
UsercontroloverlightinglevelsviaAVcontrolsystem Optional Yes
Laptops
Powerforstudentlaptops&devicesprovidedinamanner
thatavoidstriphazardsandwirelessnetworkingdesigned
fortheexpectedcapacity
Recommended Yes
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Detailed Requirements in Medium Spaces 14.2
AVFurniture:MeetingtablebasedAVsystemwithseparateequipmentrackorAV
desk/lectern/consoletotheinstitution’srequirements,orapprovedcustomdesignthatmeets
functionalrequirementsofspace,equipmentventilationandaccess.
Note:dependingontheAVsystemadditionalequipmentrackspacemayberequired
AVControl:SeeSection8fordetails.
AVcontrolsystemtomatchtheinstitution’sstandardswith:
• User control interface delivered by one or more of the following: o Touch panel or button panel o The institution’s standard user interface integrated with a PC screen (preferably touch
enabled) o Secure web interface to match the institution’s standards o Apps on portable devices
• Connected via IP network for remote diagnostics, reporting, control of room by AV Help Desk
• Control of: display system(s), source control & switching; audio control and other functions as required.
Telephone AVsupport&emergencyhelptelephone
Audio: SeeSection7fordetails.
Soundreproductioncapabilityforallpresentationsources,includingHDMIdigitalandanalogue
Soundreproductioncapabilityforallpresentationsources,includingHDMIdigitalandanalogue
audiosources
o Speech reinforcement system compliant with the AETM & ANSI requirements, typically including DSP/audio mixer, amplifier(s) and speakers
o Presenter wireless microphone o Audience wireless microphone o Hearing augmentation system (eg Hearing Loops, IR or Wireless systems for people
with hearing impairment) o EWIS mute interfacing o Audio input and output connections for system expandability, e.g. audio output to a
personal hearing augmentation device or audio input of a mixer for panel discussion with multiple microphones.
Acoustics:SeeSection6fordetails.
RoomsoundproofedagainstexternalnoiseandacousticaltreatedinternallytomeetAustralian
Standards
VisionSources:
• Digital laptop input (HDMI recommended) - with the following inclusions presented on the AV furniture with consideration to cable management:
o HDMI lead (with user selectable HDMI audio capability and HDCP system compliance)
o Analogue mini-jack audio lead with user selectable operation and enough length for different laptop configurations
o Network cable with RJ45 termination o Accessible power point (double recommended) o Optional - Wireless presentation interface and/or software – eg Intel WIDI adapter or
AppleTV or other device/software
Toavoidtriphazardsatmeetingtablestheaboverequirementsforlaptopsmustpresentatthe
table.
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• VGA (analogue) laptop input - (refer to the institution’s plan for the phase-out of VGA) If included, the VGA input normally shares the use of connection cables and the power point with digital laptop input.
• Resident PC with DVD player*, wired keyboard and mouse for presenter use. Additional options include:
o Monitor o Touchscreen monitor or interactive pen display for live annotation (recommended). o Wireless mouse or presenter remote for PowerPoint control (recommended) o Wireless keyboard o Interactive whiteboard interface (requires consideration of factors such as room size,
operational objectives and system integration) o Software/Network based presentation and/or collaboration software – see
presentation and collaboration options o Webcam (requires consideration of audio connections and communications software) o Presentation capture software (captures PC output only) o Personal Response Systems (PRS) voting software o Remote access software for user support
*Themulti-regioncapabilityofthecomputer’sDVDdriveneedstobeconsidered.
• Visualiser /document camera - in some environments options may include a microscope camera or a demonstration camera(s)
• Multi format and multi region DVD/Audio CD player. The number of digital keys the device provides needs to be investigated especially for multi-screen systems. Blu-ray players are also an option, however their multi-region capability needs to be considered.
• Other optional sources may be required depending on the specific requirements of the space or institution’s standards.
Someexamplesofpossibleadditionalsourcesare:
o Video conferencing codec -– o Wireless presentation hardware devices o Distributed video endpoints – e.g. a building or enterprise video distribution system o Room cameras o Specialist equipment – e.g. medical simulation mannequin systems, scientific
equipment, etc.
Recordingand/orStreaming
Hardware-basedaudioandimagecaptureand/orstreamingofanypresentedsourceasrequiredby
theinstitution’spolicies.Thesystemmayincludecameracaptureofthepresenterdependingonthe
institution’spreferredpractice.Whereavideoconferencingcodecispartofthesystemdesign,an
additionaloutputmayberequired.
Lighting
AlightingsystemdesignedtomeettherelevantAustralianStandardsandinspaceswithprojection
theANSI/InfoCommstandardforcontrastratios–seesection5fordetails.Thelightingsystem
shouldincludethefollowing:
• For spaces with projection - Lighting in separate zones (board lights, presenter spot lights, audience area etc.)
• For spaces with projection – Theatrical grade directional lighting on the presenter areas without spill on the screens
• Occupancy sensors capable of detecting stationary occupants, e.g. dual technology IR+ Ultrasonic
• Full control over lighting levels by user via AV control system
Laptops:Powerforstudentlaptops&devicesprovidedinamannerthatavoidstriphazardsand
wirelessnetworkingdesignedfortheexpectedcapacity
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15 The Classification System in Use ThefollowingpagespresentrealworldexamplesoftertiaryteachingspacesusingtheAETMsystem.
ExampleRoomSystems PresentationOptionsUsed CollaborationOptionsUsed
Large Auditorium 1–TripleProjection 1-LaptopWirelessNetwork&Power
UniversityofNewSouth
Wales–SirJohnClancy
Auditorium
PhotoCourtesyofUNSW
Large Hall 1-LEDVideoWall 1-Laptopwirelessnetwork&Power
UniversityofTechnology
Sydney–GreatHall
PhotoCourtesyofUTS
Large LectureTheatre 1–DualProjection&LCDsDisplays 3–IndividualComputing
UniversityofQueensland
ACTSExperimental
CollaborativeLecture
Theatre
PhotoCourtesyofUQ
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ExampleRoomSystems PresentationOptionsUsed CollaborationOptionsUsed
Large LectureTheatre 1–DualProjection 1-Laptopwirelessnetwork&Power
UniversityofAlberta:
CentennialCentrefor
InterdisciplinaryScience
500seatLectureTheatre
Copyright:
UniversityofAlberta
Large LearningStudio
1–Projectionscreenarray
2-DistributedAVoverIP
1–StudentLaptops
2–GroupComputing
UniversityofSydneyPNR
Building,96-144seat
LearningStudio
PhotoCourtesyofUSyd
Large Lab 2–DistributedAVtostudentPC
monitors
3–IndividualComputing
LondonMetropolitan
University:SuperLab
260seatflexiblemulti-class
wetlab
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ExampleRoomSystems PresentationOptionsUsed CollaborationOptionsUsed
Medium Collaborative
LectureTheatre
1–DualProjection
2-DistributedAV
1–StudentLaptops
3–IndividualComputing(inpairs)
UniversityofQueensland
3rdGenerationCollaborative
Teaching&LearningSpace
PhotoCourtesyofDerek
Powell
Medium Presentation
Space
1–VideoWall
2-DistributedAVtootherspaces
1–StudentLaptops
UniversityofCanberra–
InspireCentre
Medium Flexible
LearningSpace
1–MultipleProjection
2-DistributedAVtoLCDscreens
1–StudentLaptops
2–GroupComputing
UniversityofMelbourne-
AxelLearningLab
PhotoCourtesyof
UniversityofMelbourne
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ExampleRoomSystems PresentationOptionsUsed CollaborationOptionsUsed
Medium SeminarRoom 1–Projection
3-DistributedAVoverIP/Software
1–StudentLaptops
2–GroupComputing
QUT–StandardSeminar
Roomwithmobilegroup
screensandcomputers
PhotoCourtesyofQUT
Medium SeminarRoom 1–Projection
3-DistributedAVoverIP/Software
&MPEGencoder
1–StudentLaptops
2–SharedComputingforpairs
UniversityofSydneyPNR
Building–SeminarRoom
withsharedstudent
computingatgrouptables
PhotoCourtesyofUSyd
Medium Lab 1–MultipleProjectors
3-DistributedAVoverIP/Software
&Server
3–IndividualComputing
MonashUniversity
BiologicalSciences
MicroscopyLaboratory
PLACEHOLDERIMAGE
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ExampleRoomSystems PresentationOptionsUsed CollaborationOptionsUsed
Small TutorialRoom 1-Projection 1–StudentLaptops
UniversityofMelbourne–
TutorialRoom
PhotoCourtesyof
UniversityofMelbourne
Small MeetingRoom 1–DualLCDDisplays(withVideo
Conferencing)
1–Laptops
2–SharedComputing
TheUniverityofSydney–
LawFacultyBoardroom
PhotoCourtesyofUSyd
Small Collaboration
Booth
1–LCDDisplaywithtouchoverlay 1–Laptops
2–SharedComputing
UniversityofSydney–
CollaborationBooth
PhotoCourtesyofUSyd
Small Collaboration
Booth
1–LCDDisplays 1–Laptops
2–SharedComputing
UTS–CollaborationBooths
PhotoCourtesyofUTS
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16 Sources, Referenced Publications and
Reading
AudiovisualSpecificStandards
ANSI/INFOCOMM 2M-2010: Standard Guide for Audiovisual Systems Design and Coordination
Processes.
ANSI/INFOCOMM3M-2011:ProjectedImageSystemContrastRatio
British Standards Institute 2009. PAS 122:2009: Specification for the installation of audiovisual
equipmentinclassroomsandgeneralpubliclyaccessibleareas.
ISBN9780580679841
AudioandAcousticsStandards
AS/NZS 2107:2000 Acoustics – Recommended design sound levels and reverberation times for
buildinginteriors;
AS/NZSISO717.1:2004Acoustics–Ratingofsoundinsulationinbuildingsandofbuildingelements.
Part1:Airbornesoundinsulation
ANSI/INFOCOMM1M-2009:AudioCoverageUniformityinEnclosedListenerAreas
ISO22234:2005Cinematography—Relativeandabsolutesoundpressurelevelsformotion-picture
multi-channelsoundsystems—Measurementmethodsandlevelsapplicabletoanalogphotographic
filmaudio,digitalphotographicfilmaudioandD-cinemaaudio.
LightingStandards
AS/NZS 1680.2.1:2008 (as amended) Interior and workplace lighting - Specific applications -
Circulationspacesandothergeneralareas
AS/NZS1680.2.2:2008(asamended)Interiorandworkplacelighting-Specificapplications-Office
andscreen-basedtasks
AS/NZS1680.2.3:2008(asamended)
Interiorandworkplacelighting-Specificapplications-Educationalandtrainingfacilities
ReferencedUniversityGuidelines
UTSDesignGuidelinesP-PO.01.09Section23–AudiovisualServices
GeneralReading
LectureTheatreServicesManagersGroup,ProvidingTeachingRoomServices–GoodPracticeand
Standards,JISCASSIST2009(unpublished);http://www.ltsmg.org.uk/FinalV42.htm(accessed
October18th2009)
AndrewCalovPresentation&TeachingFacilities2009:AVSEngineeringBriefpp1
DonDavis&EugenePatronis,Jr:SoundSystemEngineering3rdEd:p213MeasuringIntelligibility
SchoolAcoustics-BuildingBulletin93orBB93(UK)
https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/BB93
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17 Definitions and Abbreviations
AETM Audiovisual&EducationalTechnologyManagementInc.
ANSI AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute
ANSILumensAstandardizedprocedurefortestingprojectorsestablishedbytheAmericanNational
Standards Institute, which involves averaging together several measurements taken at different
positions.Theluminousfluxofprojectorsthathavebeentestedaccordingtothisproceduremaybe
quotedin"ANSIlumens",todistinguishthemfromthosetestedbyothermethods.Themethodfor
measuring ANSI lumens is defined in the IT7.215 documentwhichwas created in 1992. First the
projector is set up to display an image in a room at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. The
brightnessandcontrastof theprojectorareadjusted so thatona fullwhite field, it ispossible to
distinguishbetweena5%screenareablockof95%percentpeakwhite,and two identically sized
100%and90%peakwhiteboxesatthecentreofthewhitefield.Thelightoutputisthenmeasured
onafullwhitefieldatninespecificlocationsaroundthescreenandaveraged.Thisaverageisthen
multipliedbythescreenareatogivethebrightnessoftheprojectorin"ANSIlumens".
DefinitionadaptedfromWikipedia(documentretrieved15/10/090
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_Lumens
EWIS EmergencyWarningIntercommunicationSystem
ICIA International Communications Industry Association. An industry representation, training
andstandardsbodyfortheInternationalAudiovisualindustry.
Lux Aunitofilluminationperareaequalto1lumenpersquaremeter;0.0929footcandle.
ScreenGain Theabilityofascreentodirectincidentlighttoanaudience.Aflatmattewhitewall
hasthegainofapproximately1.Screenswithagainlessthan1attenuateincidentlight;screenswith
gainmore than1directmore incident light to theaudiencebuthaveanarrowviewingangle.For
example:animagereflectingoffa10gainscreenappears10timesbrighterthanitwouldifreflected
offamattewhitewall.Curvedscreensusuallyhavelargergainthanflatscreens.
http://ntdd2489.fm.netbenefit.co.uk/projection101/glossary/index.asp(retrieved15/10/2009)
ChristieDigitalSystems,Inc.