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AusWeb 2008 Keynote
Web Development:Fabrication or Orchestration?
David LoweDirector, Centre for Real-Time Information Networks
University of Technology, Sydney
(edited for release – post-conference)
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 2
Software Engineering Wisdom
“Some Facts: Before software and computing systems can be developed, their
requirements must be reasonably well understood. Before requirements can be finalised the application domain, as it is,
must be fairly well understood”
‘Domain Engineering: A “Radical Innovation” for Softwareand Systems Engineering? A Biased Account’, Dines Bjorner
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 3
Developer divergence of views
We interview the clients to determine requirements We interview intended users to determine requirements It is important to respond to changes in user requirements as they
occur Changes in the user requirements require the site or application to be
renegotiated. We often have difficulty in the relationship with clients We prefer a single client liaison It is important to identify technologies to use as soon as possible It is important to be able to modify the system once it is completed
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 4
Web Development: Research vs Practice
“You can’t improve what you don’t understand / measure”– Is this still true in the Web domain?
– “the most important figures that one needs for management are unknown or unknowable but successful management must nevertheless take account of them.” Deming, Out of the Crisis
Do researchers understand development? Do developers understand what they are doing?
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 5
Research on Web Development
Sample of 287 papers in the last 12 years on Web design models and methods.
WebEng workshops, ICWE, WWW WebEng track, JWE, IJWET, …
– Modelling: Information = 74– Operations: 41– Modelling: Architecture = 34– Testing, Verification and Validation = 31– Modelling: Functionality and Behaviour = 29– Requirements = 17– Quality = 14– Cost/Effort estimation = 11– Commercial practice = 8 !
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 6
How much of this research is being used?
– Significant disjoint between research and
practice! WHY? • Are the models irrelevant?• Are the models too cumbersome?• Are the models not being communicated to
developers?• Are they ill-suited to the nature of the design
process?
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 7
How much of this research is being used?
– Significant disjoint between research and
practice! WHY? • Are the models irrelevant?• Are the models too cumbersome?• Are the models not being communicated to
developers?• Are they ill-suited to the nature of the design
process?
The sciences do not try to explain, they hardly even try to interpret, they mainly make models. By a model is meant a mathematical construct which, with the addition of certain verbal interpretations, describes observed phenomena. The justification of such a mathematical construct is solely and precisely that it is expected to work. [Johann Von Neumann]
Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. [George Box]
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 8
What questions should we be asking?
What then are the "hard" parts of the Web design process?– Understanding the users’ needs and intentions.– Blending content and functionality, engagement and control.– Orchestrating the interactions, rather than controlling them.– Creating an organic architecture which supports rapid evolution.– Making the interface “invisible”.– …
A picture is worth a thousand
words. An interface is worth
a thousand pictures. (Ben
Shneiderman)
[Interface design’s] highest ideal is to make a
computer so wonderful, so interesting, that
we never want to be without it. A less
travelled path [has a] highest ideal to
make a computer so imbedded, so fitting,
so natural, that we use it without thinking
about it. (Mark Weiser)
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 9
Software Engineering Heresy
For Web projects, design and requirements can only be jointly resolved!
Web Engineering research seems to have missed this point! Developers have had to confront it – or sink!
DomainUnderstanding Requirements Design
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 10
A short history lesson might be useful
Has this disjoint always existed? Or did we lose focus at some point?
Hegel was right when he said
that we learn from history
that man can never learn
anything from history.
(George Bernard Shaw)
We live in a moment of history
where change is so
speeded up that we begin
to see the present only
when it is already
disappearing. (R. D. Laing)
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 11
1990 to 1995
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style The “Content” WebFocus on static
structured content
Amazon launched in 1995
Adoption Emergence / early adoptersDiscovering potential
Research Hypertext structuringHDM in 1992, RMM in
1994, OOHDM in 1994
Source: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/web-growth.html
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 12
1990 to 1995
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style The “content” WebFocus on static
structured content
Amazon launched in 1995
Adoption Emergence / early adoptersDiscovering potential
Research Hypertext structuringHDM in 1992, RMM in
1994, OOHDM in 1994
Source: http://www.useit.com/alertbox/web-growth.html
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 13
1995 to 2000
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style The “Functional” WebDynamic content + some
workflow
First online banking 1995, eBay 1995
Adoption Commercial use explodesFrom 20k to 10M
Research Hypertext + some functionality WAE in 1999, WebML in
1999
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 14
1995 to 2000
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style The “functional” WebDynamic content + some
workflow
First online banking: Presidential savings, 1995
Adoption Commercial use explodesFrom 20k to 10M
Research Hypertext + some functionality WAE in 1999, WebML in
1999
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 15
2000 to 2005
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style The “Social” Web (and Web 2.0)
Friendster 2002, FaceBook 2004
Flickr 2004, YouTube 2005
Adoption Mainstreaming commercial useFocus shifts to business
integration
Research Hypertext + some workflowDrawing in Software
Engineering lessons
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 16
2000 to 2005
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style The “Social” Web (and Web 2.0)
Friendster 2002, FaceBook 2004
Flickr 2004, YouTube 2005
Adoption Mainstreaming commercial useFocus shifts to business
integration
Research Hypertext + some workflowDrawing in Software
Engineering lessons
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 17
2005 to now
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style The “Mashed” WebRich intermixing of
applications
Digg 2004, Ajax 2005, Google Maps 2005, …
Adoption Increasing InterdependenceInter-business integration
Research Hypertext + ArchitectureWeb Services + QA + V&V +
Estimation + …
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 18
Now to ….
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style ???
Adoption ???
Research ???EPIC 2015
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fUHtc37MC8
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 19
Now to ….
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style ???
Adoption ???
Research ???
Information Functionality
Static / Passive
ParticipatoryParticipatory Functionality
Giving the user access to mashing functionality
- Intel Mash Makerhttp://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/20400/
- Microsoft PopFlyhttp://searchwindevelopment.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid8_gci1255579,00.html
- IBM Zerohttp://www.sdtimes.com/content/article.aspx?ArticleID=31713
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 20
Now to ….
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Style ???
Adoption ???
Research ???
Information Functionality
Static / Passive
Participatory
Social-world(mediated, delayed, interpreted, artificial, …)
Physical-world(direct, immediate, raw, real, …)
Real-time sporting eventsLive Auctions
Monitoring (personal, environmental, home, …)
Control (personal, environment, home, …)
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 21
Real-World, Real-Time
– Ability to monitor and manipulate things in real-time• Not just watch the world, discuss the world, but control the world?
– How far will this go?• Can I do anything at a distance that I currently do locally? • “Trying” an item I want to purchase? Can I start and then listen to a
car I might be bidding on?• Is my lawn too dry? Can I change the chlorine dosing in my pool?• Can I know my heart rate right now? Can you know my heart rate right
now?– How far are we from me being able to duck out of here this
afternoon, and remotely walk my kids home from school? – But you aint seen nothing yet!
• (guess what was TechCrunch product of the year?)
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 22
Physical World: Examples
NY Exchange - http://senseable.mit.edu/nyte/nyte-globe-encounters.mov
Australian Open - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAQ28qp6X0Y
Earthmine - http://www.earthmine.com/products/
HackDiary - http://www.hackdiary.com/archives/000101.html
– See also• http://2007.xtech.org/public/schedule/detail/88• http://2007.xtech.org/public/schedule/detail/191• …
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 23
Physical World: Example
Monitoring and watering my lawn….– Simple devices
• Wireless embedded Web server– http://www.lantronix.com/device-networking/embedded-device-servers/wiport.html
• Webcam…• Little bit of code…
– and…
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 24
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 25
So back to development…
Two key questions:– What should be the focus of commercial development?
• Will our current approaches continue to work?
– What should be the focus of research?• Shouldn’t we focus on what improves the end-result of the
development, rather than what we can model?
Cutting to the chase…– Why should these be any different!
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 26
So back to development…
Returning to the evolution pathway…• Information --> Functionality
– Need to model what we can do with he Web! Hints of some of this in use-case modelling, but this is still quite limited?
• Static --> Participatory – Need to let go of control. Provide an environment for engagement. But
what engages?– Monitoring usage patterns and rapid adaptation becomes crucial – Does an architect design a house to not "change" at all? How do they
enable it to be “shaped” by its use? For every user to leave their mark?
• Surrogate-World --> Real-World – Need to identify the points of connection to the real-world! – What real-tasks (not Web tasks) might be supported?
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 27
So back to development…
Result is a complex interdependency between systems, organisational processes, and the real world …
Key Issues:– Impact assessment– Co-evolution– Context awareness
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 28
So back to development…
Result is a complex interdependency between systems, organisational processes, and the real world …
Key Issues:– Impact assessment– Co-evolution– Context awareness
Remember…. “[the] highest ideal is
to make a [web system] so
imbedded, so fitting, so natural,
that we use it without thinking
about it”
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 29
Evolutionary orchestration
We have become too bound by our expectations of what can be achieved? Rather than what we want to achieve!
So… A web designer needs to:– Be a choreographer, not a technocrat– Be a facilitator, not a modeller– Be agile and responsive, not a proponent– Understand the technology, but see it only as a tool– Begin from the user outcomes, determine the needed interactions,
then try to make them invisible!
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 30
OK – so I like (mis)quotes….
Ask not what the Web can do for you, but rather what you might want to do (with the Web)?
– We spend too much time thinking about the technology, and not the task
Computers make it easier to do a lot of things, but most of the things they make it easier to do don't need to be done. (Andy Rooney)
– What does need to be done? For a list of all the ways technology has failed to improve the quality of life,
please press three. (Alice Kahn)
Any science or technology which is sufficiently advanced is indistinguishable from magic. (Arthur C. Clarke)
Any technology that is distinguishable from magic is not sufficiently advanced (Gregory Benford)
– Make your applications magic!
AusWeb 2008 Keynote, (C) David Lowe, UTS Slide 31
Thank You!