Author Responsibilities and Rights

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The Publishers Roleand

Author Responsibilities & Rights

Presented by:

Associate Publisher, Lisa Colson

2 August 2011, Melbourne


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2

Who We Serve

Publishers support the greater scientif ic and healthcommunities

Elseviers GlobalPublishing Network

7,000 editors

70,000 editorial

board members300,000+ referees

600,000+ authors

Researchers

HealthPractitioners

Faculty &Students

PharmaCompanies

Librarians

Societies

Engineers

Professionals
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.3rdapssam.com/images/pfizer%20logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.3rdapssam.com/sponsors.php&h=908&w=1550&sz=356&tbnid=Fw2wI_whQI4J:&tbnh=87&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images?q=pfizer+logo&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&safe=off&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-14,GGLD:en&sa=N


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The Publishers Role

Publishers coordinate the exchange of ideas between authors,

editors, reviewers, and the wider STM audience of researchers,

scientists, health professionals, students, and patients.

Registration Certification Dissemination Preservation Use

Innovation & Technology


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Journal Article Production

Copy editing,Author Proofing,

Preparation for publishing

3. Document 4. Published

Journal Article

Author Submits

ManuscriptManuscript Accepted

Logo,pagination,

branding

1. Preprint2. Accepted Author

Manuscript

Electronic Warehouse

Published as

Print Copy

Published as

HTML or PDF

Publishers can create an Electronic Warehouse and other electronic

production tools to quicken production times

These tools require heavy investments, but they can process hundreds of

thousands of articles and maintain digitized backfiles


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Author Responsibilities

& Rights


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Objectives

What are my responsibil ities as an author?

So now Ive written this paper. Who technically

owns it? What can I do with my paper once it has been

published?


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What are my responsibilities as an

author?


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Potential Author Responsibilities

Originality

Citations and context

Confl icts of Interest Authorship

Submission

Who else is responsible?

Consequences


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Originality

A researcher notices a paragraph in a previously publ ishedarticle that would be very suitable as the conclusion in hisarticle. The researcher decides to copy that paragraph into hispaper without quotes or attribution.

In almost all cases, this is considered plagiarism Research work should represent original and meaningful work that

is objectively researched and accurately reflected in well-written

reports and papers

Has the researcher violated any ethical boundaries?

Q


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Issues with Originality

Fabrication Making up research data

Falsification Manipulation of exist ing research data

Plagiarism Plagiarism takes many forms, from passing off anothers paper

as the authors own paper, to copying or paraphrasing substantial

parts of anothers paper (without attribution), to claiming results

from research conducted by others

These three are the most common forms of ethical misconduct

that the scientific community is challenged with


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Citations & Context

A researcher, in writing his research paper, mentions a concept

that is reported in an article written by his advisor.

Does he need to cite his advisor s work and list the advisors

article in the bibliography?

This is always a good idea

Crediting the work of others (even your advisor s or yourown previous work) and noting permissioned materials is

important to place your work in the context of the

advancement of the field and to acknowledge the findings of

others on which you build your research

Q


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Conflicts of Interest

Indicate if any of the following are examples of conf licts ofinterest:

1. A university researcher, who owns stock in a large oilcompany, conducts an experiment on the environmental

effects of oil drill ing2. A university researcher, who is developing and testing a

new technology, is also a consultant for a financial servicesfirm that weighs investments in new technologies

3. A researcher submits an article to a journal for which theEditor in Chief is a professor in the researchers department

4. A doctor who abides by traditional healing procedureswrites a paper on emerging current medical technologies

Q


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These all present potential confl icts Conflicts of interest can take many forms: Direct financial

Employment, stock ownership, grants, patents

Indirect financial

Honoraria, consultancies, mutual fund ownership, expert testimony

Career & intellectual

Promotion, direct r ival

Institutional

Personal belief

The proper way to handle potential conflicts of interest is through transparency

and disclosure

At the journal level, this means disclosure of the potential conflict in your cover

letter to thejournal editor


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Authorship

A researchercompletes her work and has written the paper.

Along the way, she consulted heradvisorfor guidance on the

experiment, the data analysis, and writing and revising the

final article. A professor in India assisted her in analyzing the

data only. A lab assistant had helped her in preparing theexperimental design and maintaining and operating the

equipment. Two fellow grad students read her paper and

edited it though they had no hand in the experiment.

Who is listed as an author? Who is listed first?

Q


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Authorship

Policies to address authorship can vary One example, the International Committee of Medical Journal

Editors (aka Vancouver Group) declared that an author must:1. substantial ly contr ibute to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or

analysis and interpretation of data;

2. draft the article orrevise it critically for important intellectual content; and

3. give their approval of the final version to be published.

4. ALL 3 conditions must be fulfilled to be an author!

Applying this set of pol icies to our example, only the researcher and

her advisor would qualify as authors

All others would qualify as Acknowledged Individuals


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Authorship: Order & Abuses

General principles for who is listed first First Author:

Conducts and/or supervises the data analysis and the properpresentation and interpretation of the results

Puts paper together and submits the paper to journal

Co-Author(s): Makes intellectual contributions to the data analysis and contributes

to data interpretation Reviews each paper draft Must be able to present the results, defend the implications and

discuss study limitations

Abuses to be avoided Ghost Authors : leaving out authors who should be included

Gift Authors: including authors when they did not contribute significantly


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Submissions

Scenario #1:A researcher is ready to submit her paper and decides to giveher best shot by submitting to Science, Nature, and Cellall at thesame time.

Scenario #2:

A researcher has had his paper rejected byScience

and decidesto submit it to Nature. Failing that, he plans to submit it to Cell.And failing that, he plans to submit i t to each journal in hisdiscipline until it is accepted.

Are either of these scenarios unethical?

The first scenarios is strongly discouraged by most research

communit ies and present potential ethical issues

The second scenario is acceptable but authors should heed the

advice of referees and editors concerning improvements

Q


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Submissions

Multiple, redundant, or concurrent publication issues

Ideally, the situation should be avoided wheremanuscripts that describe essentially the sameresearch are published in more than onejournal or

primary publication An author should avoid submitting a previously

published paperfor consideration in another journal

Duplication of the same paper in multiple journals of

different languages should be avoided

Salami slicing , or creating several publications fromthe same research, is manipulative and discouraged


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Who is responsible for ethics?

All stakeholders have a part to play in upholding ethics Authors

Insti tutions/companies/agencies/funding bodies

Publishers/journal editors

All Elsevier journals are listed with the Committee on Publishing

Ethics (COPE)

Elsevier supports editors with a Publishing Ethics Resource Kit

(PERK) to guide them in investigations of unethical behavior

COPE - http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/aboutPERK - http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/editorshome.editors/Introduction


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Consequences

A researcher is caught plagiarizing an article and fullyadmits to it.Q

What are the potential consequences and what actions can thepublisher or the researchers insti tution/funding body take?

Potential consequences can vary according to the severity of the misconduct and

the standards set by the journal editors, institutions and funding bodies.

Possible actions include: Written letters of concern and reprimand

Article retractions

Some form of discip linary action on the part of the researchers institute or

funding body


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So now Ive written this paper. Who

technically owns it?


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Copyright Fundamentals

1. Myth or Fact?

Authors (and in some cases their employers) have the

right under national copyright laws (and internationaltreaties) to control how their works are to be used anddistributed to others

FACT


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2. Myth or Fact?

Copyright protects the underlying facts, the ideas of your

work, and the way you express your thoughts anddescribe your research and conclusions in your writing

Copyright only protects the way you express and

describe your research, conclusions, and thoughts


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3. Myth or Fact?

The extent of copyright rights allows authors to permit:

the copying, distribution, online access, translation &creation of other derivative works of your research

FACT


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4. Myth or Fact?

Publishers or other distributors do not need written

agreements from authors to transfer copying anddistribution rights

Publishers usually need to obtain written agreements

from authors that transfer copying and distribution

rights


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5. Myth or Fact?

Journal publishing agreements can take the form of a

transfer of copyright or of distribution rights, or apublishing l icense.

FACT

Publishing licenses are generally exclusive, giving the

publisher exclusive copying and distribut ion rights to

protect the publishers investment


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6. Myth or Fact?

Journal publishing agreements generally only spell out

rights granted to the publisher

Publishing agreements generally spell out both the

rights granted to the publisher and the rights retained

by the author


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Publishing Agreements

Author warranties: the publishing agreement has warranties asto originality; obtaining of necessary permissions; obtaining ofany necessary privacy waivers (subjects); compliance withresearch standards; compl iance with publisher and journalethics and confl icts of interest policies; and agreement of all co-authors

Government works: the laws of some countries note that theworks of government employees may have a special copyrightstatus

US government works: if done in the scope of employment, exclusivelyby government authors, then will be public domain (no copyrightattaches)

Crown copyright works: for UK government authors, work is owned byand licensed out by UK government (similar rules in other countries)


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What can I do with my paper once it

has been published?


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Rights Retained by Authors

The rights retained by authors in publishingagreements usually address academic usage rights:

Use of the work by the author in teaching

Re-use in other scholarly works

Publishing agreements differ by publisher


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Elsevier Author Rights

Publisher agreements do vary, but Elsevier generally allows authorsthe following uses:

Teaching: allowed to make copies of the artic le for use in classroom teaching

Educational materials: article can be included in the author s institution or

company e-course packs or company training Scholarly sharing: copies of the artic le can be shared w/ research colleagues

Meetings/conferences: Article can be presented and copies can be made forattendees

Further works: article can be used in compilations, expanded to book-form, orused in thesis or dissertation

Patent and trademark rights: for any invention disclosed or product identified


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Other Allowances & Restrictions

Elseviers Posting Allowances Pre-print version of article to internet websites Revised personal version of text of final article to authors

personal or institutional website or server According to funding body agreements (e.g. Wellcome

Trust, HHMI, NIH)

Elseviers Commercial Purpose Prohibit ions

Posting by companies for use by customers Placing advertisements against postings Charging fees for access or document delivery Any form ofsystematic distribution

http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/fundingbodyagreements
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/fundingbodyagreementshttp://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/fundingbodyagreements


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Summary

What are my responsibi lities as an author? Ethical issues Plagiarism Authorship Submission


So now Ive written this paper. Who technically owns it? You do! But publisher agreements usually include rights transfer

or exclusive publishing licenses

What can I do wi th my paper once it has been published? Publisher agreements vary, but many allow for most academicusage rights to be retained by the author. Agreements generallyallow various posting options as long as they are not forcommercial purposes


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THANK YOU

For attending this Workshop

and

Good luck with your current research andfuture submissions!

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Author Responsibilities and Rights

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