Auto Farming

7/30/2019 Auto Farming

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PRESENTED BY

Rajan Singla

Roll No. 116630


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Farming and farm machinery have continued to evolve.

Today's farm machinery allows farmers to cultivate many more acres ofland than the machines of yesterday.

Corn Picker

In 1850, Edmund Quincy invented the corn picker.

Cotton GinEli Whitney patented the cotton gin on March 14, 1794.

Cotton Harvester

The first cotton harvester was patented in the U.S. in 1850

The Grain ElevatorIn 1842, the first grain elevator was built by Joseph Dart.


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Hay CultivationThe stationary baler or hay press was invented in the 1850's

Milking MachineIn 1879, Anna Baldwin patented a milking machine that replaced hand

milking

PlowJohn Deere invented the self-polishing cast steel plow

Reaper

In 1831, Cyrus H. McCormick developed the first commercially successfulreaper

TractorsThe advent of tractors revolutionized the agricultural industry.


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The use of farm machinery depends upon thefarm power sources available in the country forvarious tractive and stationary operations.

Human and animal power, the two renewableenergy or bio-energy sources, havetraditionally been used for various farmoperations.

The crops are protected from pests, diseases andfrom weeds, through the application ofchemicals.


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TRENDS IN USE OF FARM POWER

Human power

Digging, clod breaking, sowing, interculture, harvesting, threshing, cleaning, and grading

are performed by human power using traditional tools and implements. Improved tools

have also been developed and commercialized.

Draught animal power

Traditionally, draught animals have been used in India for field operations, transport and

agro-processing.

Electro-mechanical power

With increased cropping intensity, farmers have supplemented or largely replaced

animate power with tractors, power tillers, diesel engines and electric motors.

Tractive power

The tractors in India were introduced through importation.


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AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS

The sale of Agricultural tractors and other farm equipment has increased. To-day more than

250,000 tractors are manufactured every year by 13 manufacturers.

These tractors are available in different horsepower ranges of less than 25 to more than 55horse power.

The share of various HP tractors in the recent years has been as follows.

Different sizes of tractors are manufactured in India ranging from less than 25 HP to more

than 45 HP but most popular range is 31-35 HP

POWER TILLERS

The production of power tillers started in 1961 with license to manufacture 12 models. The

manufacturers started offering these to framers in various states covering upland and

wetland farming conditions.

Their introduction coincided with that of agricultural tractors which were more suitable for

upland work and provided more comfortable work environment to the operators.

Stationary Power

Electric Motors and Diesel Engines are the primary sources of stationary power for irrigation,

threshing and various post-harvest agro-processing operations.


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ADOPTION OF IMPROVED MACHINERY

Seed bed preparation

Deshiploughs bakharand patela were the most popular traditional implements for seedbed preparation prior to 1960s. Cultivator, disc harrow, mould board plough, puddler, discharrow-cum-puddler, peg tooth harrow, spring tine harrow, rotavator and patela haoperated by animal and tractor are the improved implements which have been adopted byfarmers

Sowing and planting equipment

The line sowing not only saves seed but also facilitates regulated application of fertilizernear root zone.

Interculture & plant protection equipment Weed control in irrigated and rain-fed agriculture during Kharifis a serious problem and the

yield is affected to the extent of 20-60%, if not controlled.

Harvesting & threshing

The technology for development of harvesting and threshing equipment is motivated byfollowing factors:

1. Economic considerations-reduction in cost of production and reduction in harvest and post

harvest losses and quality of produce,

2. Social realities- non-availability of labour during the harvesting period and to ensuretimeliness, and

3. Ergonomic considerations -reducing drudgery in the operations.


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CREDIT AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES

The purchasing power of the farmers is low. The government provides subsidyand credit at reduced rate to the farmers who are economically and socially atdisadvantageous position to adopt modern technologies.

FUTURE THRUSTS IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION

India is a large country with wide-agro ecological diversity havingpredominance of rainfed agriculture, with irrigated agriculture limited to 34%only.

Hand tool/machines Hand tools for handling of soil, improved sickle, weeder, sprayer, duster,

sheller, decorticator, etc are being manufactured by unorganized and organizedsector and these are being used within the means and resources of thefarmers

Animal operated machines Use of mechanical power is increasing but draught animal power will continue

to be in use for many years to come.


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TRACTORS, POWER TILLERS, DIESEL ENGINES AND OTHER AGRI-MACHINERY

Tractors

The present tractor industry is ca able of meeting domestic requirements with 10-12% annual

growth leading to stabilization at around 7-8%.


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Power tillers

Demand has not picked up in the country due to availability alternative power

sources. For mechanization of hill agriculture and orchards, light weight power

tillers with matching equipment for different farm operations would be required.


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Irrigation equipment

Demand for irrigation equipment including drip and sprinkler is increasing,

particularly in water deficit regions. The drip system is likely to increase for

application of chemicals and fertilizers.


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Power operated agricultural machinery

Machines for primary and secondary tillage operations, of

varying quality, are commercially available to meet the

farmers needs.


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Machines for transplanting/planting

Transplanting of paddy, sugarcane, vegetables and trees are

yet to be developed to an acceptable level before these are

taken up for commercial production and adopted by farmers.


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Machines for application of manure and liquid nitrogenous fertilizers

Equipment for application of manure and liquid fertilizers are not available in India. Handling

and application of biogas slurry is also manual.

Plant Protection equipment

Plant protection manufacturing industry is fairly well organized. Hand and power operated

machines are manufactured by large number of industries some of which have obtained ISI

certifications.


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Reaper harvesters

The power tiller and. Self-propelled reapers and reaper attachments for

power tillers can provide an economical alternative for those farmers who

can not afford the combine harvesters due to economic and land

topography reasons.

Combine harvesting and other harvesting equipment

Combine harvesting is in vogue in some States and the industry is capable

of meeting the present demand. The combine harvesting at present is

limited to cereal crops only.


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Threshers

Threshing technology is well accepted by the farmers. The demand for cheep

threshers led to design of thresher with inadequate safety measures resulting in to

a large number of fatal accidents.

SPECIALIZED FARM MACHINERY

Machines for land development, excavation for drainage channels, mulching,

trench cutting and post hole digging are not commonly available. Fodder

production, tree felling, pruning etc. are performed manually.


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The agricultural equipment market in India was valued at Rs 299.1billion in 2010 and has enormous potential for further growth. Theincreasing credit facility available to farmers and the benefits ofproductivity due to mechanization has created a demand foragricultural machinery.

Agricultural machinery is a major thrust area in the XI Five YearPlan. Mechanization of horticultural crops, harvesting, threshingand straw management, post-harvest management, improvingsafety, use of agriculture machinery in rural programs, etc., areimportant areas.

The use of combine harvesters, threshers and other power-

operated equipment has increased tremendously throughout thecountry. The Northern states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradeshhave achieved a faster growth in mechanization over the variousfive year plans.


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India contributes significantly to the worldwide farmequipment market. The tractor industry is the largest inthe world accounting for one third of the global

production. The tractor industry comprises of fourteen players with

some of the prominent companies like Mahindra andMahindra Ltd, Tractors

Economic advantage of mechanization (in per cent)

Increase in productivity 12-34

Seed-cum-fertilizer drill facilitates

Saving in seeds 20

Saving in fertilizer 15-20

Enhancement in cropping intensity 5 - 22

Increase in gross income of the farmers 29-49


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New equipments such as precision planter, zero-till drill, seed cum

fertilizer drill, raised bed planter, improved weeders, plant protection

equipment, harvesting and threshing machines, drip, micro-sprinkler and

sprinkler irrigation equipment are also available.

The manufacture of basic agricultural implements is largely by village

artisans and tiny units, small scale industries and the State Agro-Industrial

Development Corporations.

Several traditional processes of agriculture have been transformed with

the advent of mechanization. Modern seed drills and planters replace the traditional methods of sowing

and planting.

Use of diesel and electric motors and pumps is now well established for

irrigation of farm land.


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MECHANIZATION IN PRE-HARVEST OPERATIONS

Tractor and tractor relatedinnovations, equipment andtools for planting and soilpreparation and irrigation forman important component of

pre-harvest operations. The most common plant growth

related equipment and tools arerelated to sowing and planting.

Mechanical transplanters forrice and vegetable crops arepopular with farmers.

MECHANIZATION OF POST HARVEST OPERATIONS


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MECHANIZATION OF POST-HARVEST OPERATIONS

Threshing, grading, milling and storage are criticalto ensure regular and quality goods to the market.

In post-harvest operations, automation is used forharvesting, proper threshing, post-thresh cleaning,rolling, milling, drying and safe storage in the caseof food grains.

There are both public and private institutionsinvolved in the innovations on agriculturemachinery.

Organizations such as the National InnovationFoundation (NIF) and Grassroots InnovationsAugmentation Network (GIAN) have helped infiling patents for rural innovations and identifiedcommercial mechanisms for efficient transfer oftechnology.


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CURRENT INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Drippers, sprinklers, emitters and hoses are the common inventions in this sector

with drippers accounting for the highest number of applications among them.

Automation of irrigation systems also seems to have significant potential in future

innovations. One recent patent application describes automation forcommunication system between control units for irrigation devices

In the macro-irrigation sector, inventions are on pumps, channels and pipes.

Electrification and solar irrigation system are the some of the interesting

inventions in the recent years


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The planter inventions are mostly crop specificincluding rice, sugarcane, vegetables and cotton.

The inventions range from those operable with amachine at the time of traveling, rice planting work

and supply work of seedlings (for improving planting),to the effective use of vehicle space

The second type of inventions is on seeder, nutritionand germination related equipments.

A recent invention focuses on a multipurpose use offarm equipment which includes plowing, weeding,leveling, sowing and spraying either separately or alltogether


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Greenhouse related inventions range from rails for moving a carriage in a

green house

to hydroponics based greenhouse application

In the post-harvest processing area, most inventions are on machinery

related to tea, cotton, sugarcane, arecanut, cashew, coconut and cereals

The inventions related to tea are

mechanized uniform spreading of tea leaves

shoot preconditioning device shoot sorter

and sharpening of used/new tea rollers


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In case of cotton, inventions are on machinery related to

seed delinting

stripper

stalk compacting

and spraying

The typical inventions in case of sugarcane are

roller mill

cutting machines

straw cutter and deskinning device

Peelers and cutters are the main inventions in case of coconut andare canut.


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The mechanization of farming practicesthroughout the world has revolutionized foodproduction, enabling it to maintain pace with

population growth except in some lessdeveloped countries like India

Automation applications will be orientatedtowards and assist in the attainment ofenvironmentally friendly and sustainablesystems of agricultural and food production.


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TECHNOLOGY AND POWER

Advances in technology have been central to thedramatic progress in the mechanization of farmingpractices throughout the world.

Such machinery has facilitated the full or partial

replacement of human- and animal-poweredequipment in developed countries and increasingly indeveloping countries as well.

The projected gradual increase in the use of renewablefuels coupled with state-of-the-art advances in

mechanization, such as precision farming, means thatthe goal of high productivity may be coupled withsustainable strategies and environmental protection.


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SELECTION AND OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT

The choice or selection of agricultural equipment isdictated by a multiplicity of factors including the natureand size of the enterprise, the profitability and access

to finance, the economic status of the region, theaccessibility to a range of equipment options at locallevel, the ownership of equipment and access tomechanization contractors.

The operation of the individual pieces of equipmentmust be coordinated properly in order to enhanceproductivity and efficiency.


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PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT

Maintaining working conditions and optimal

performance of agricultural equipment is of vitalimportance in agricultural and food production

due to the timeliness factor.

The use of highly skilled and competent operators

is also desirable to ensure optimal performance

of equipment that is generally getting bigger,

working faster and becoming more complex

despite the welcome introduction of moreautomated control and ergonomic systems

designed to assist and enhance performance.


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HUMAN AND ANIMALPOWER

The difference inscale is quitestaggering and is ameasure of theeconomic gulfbetween the rich

and the poor onthis planet.

For example, anaverage horseplowing the soil at

an average rate willperform work at arate of onehorsepower (hp).


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In the meantime, it isimperative that humanand animal powered

mechanization is madeas efficient andattractive as possible toeliminate some of thedrudgery associated

with it.Substantial investmentin research anddevelopment bygovernments, industry

and internationalagencies is required toachieve this goal.


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Currently, several autonomous vehiclesdevelopment programs are underway targetingvarious agricultural production sectors.

Unfortunately, liability concerns will stymie thecommercialization of these machines, in partbecause of larger vehicle size.

Until control systems can be perfected and

development costs recouped, the growth inautomated field production systems will come infits and starts.


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Parallel to autonomous vehicle development efforts wewill continue to see the densification of highly preciseand accurate radio-navigation facilities along with thenecessary expansion of wireless communications

technologies that will facilitate internet connectivityand data exchange between manned vehicles,businesses and the farm office.

Similarly, we will continue see the development of crop

and field condition sensors that will ease the burdenfor equipment operators while improving the efficiencyand productivity of existing machines.


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Date post:	14-Apr-2018
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