automatic drinking water saving system for municipal water projects.docx

8/19/2019 automatic drinking water saving system for municipal water projects.docx

1/46

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

NO

TITLE PAGE

NO

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES ii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 20

3 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT 22

4 REFERENCES 42

ABSTRACT


2/46

This is an era of automation where it is broadly as replacement of manual effort

by Electronic Power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains an

essential part of the system although with changing demands on physical input

as the degree of mechanization is increased.

Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

Full Automation

emi Automation

!n semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power

is re"uired where as in full automation human participation is very negligible.


3/46

CHAPTER - I

1. INTRODUCTION

1 In!"#$%i"n


4/46

#rban population in !ndia is increasing rapidly. The number of cities with

a population in e$cess of one million has increased from %& in '((' to &) in

%**'. +et the services lie safe drining water to support these growing

populations is lagging behind resulting, among other problems, a chronic

shortage of safe drining water. !n -olata, water services are historically

provided free of charge by the government and politicians are now unwilling to

charge fees.

!n addition, maority of the -olata population are too poor to pay any

ta$ at all. /evenues for the sector come from a share of the property ta$ 0/uet,

%**%1. /oy et al. 0%**&1 reported that -olata 2unicipal 3orporation grants

about 4)5 subsidy to its water supply costs. As a result, internal resources are

not available in the -olata to finance its water supply proects. !nternational

agencies lie 6orld 7an, Asian Development 7an etc generally provide soft

loans for such development.

!n countries lie !ndia, official policies generally support water tariffs

covering operation and maintenance costs plus parts of depreciation, debt

servicing and a contribution to new capital investment. Policies also cover

issues lie cross subsidies

from large domestic consumers to the poor, those from industry to domestic

users etc. !n practice, such issues are often ignored and tariff collection even if it


5/46

is introduced remains unenforced 0AD7, %**81. 2c!ntosh 0%**&1 provided a

typical e$ample. !n 3olombo, the average domestic tariff is only about one

seventh of the average nondomestic tariff. !n fact, the tariff is so low that for

many people transportation costs for payment are higher than the amount of the

bill itself, thus maing collection a problem.

9owever, funding agencies are determined for prudent financial management

and are maing e$plicit conditions in the loan for ade"uate financial planning

0AD7, %**41. !n this scenario, water supply proect financings can no longer

tae place on ad:hoc basis lie before.

!n industrialized countries, formal cost benefit analysis 037A1 has been

used for evaluation of water supply proects. A set of best management practices

has been also developed to standardise the 37A. !n !ndia, such standards do not

e$ist at present. This study is intended for developing an economically sound

method for evaluation of water supply networs rapidly in -olata, !ndia. The

methodology has been applied to a water supply e$pansion plan for southern

fringes of the city.

A water pipe is a pipe or tube, fre"uently made of plastic or metal;a


6/46

Hi&"!'

For many centuries, lead was the favoured material for water pipes,

because its malleability made it practical to wor into the desired shape. 0uch

use was so common that the word =plumbing= derives from plumbum, the >atin

word for lead.1 This was a source of lead:related health problems in the years

before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood? among these

were stillbirths and high rates of infant mortality.

>ead water pipes were still widely used in the early %*th century, and

remain in many households. !n addition, lead:tin alloy solder was commonly

used to oin copper pipes, but modern practice uses tin:antimony alloy solder

instead, in order to eliminate lead hazards.

Despite the /omans@ common use of lead pipes, their a"ueducts rarely

poisoned people. #nlie other parts of the world where lead pipes cause

poisoning, the /oman water had so much calcium in it that a layer of pla"ue

prevented the water contacting the lead itself. 6hat often causes confusion is

the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning, particularly

amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water. This was an

unfortunate result of lead being used in cooware and as an additive to


7/46

processed food and drin, for e$ample as a preservative in wine. /oman lead

pipe inscriptions provided information on the owner to prevent water theft.

6ooden pipes were used in >ondon and elsewhere during the '8th and

'4th centuries. The pipes were hollowed:out logs, which were tapered at the end

with a small hole in which the water would pass through. The multiple pipes

were then sealed together with hot animal fat. They were often used in 2ontreal

and 7oston in the '**s, and built:up wooden tubes were widely used in the

#A during the %*th century.

These pipes, used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes,

were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood. >ocing of adacent

rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a fle$ible structure. About '**,***

feet of these wooden pipes were installed during 66% in drainage culverts,

storm sewers and conduits, under highways and at army camps, naval stations,

airfields and ordnance plants.

3ast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower:cost alternative to

copper, before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non:

conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other


8/46

metallic pipes, e$cept for terminal fittings, in order to avoid corrosion owing to

electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals 0see galvanic cell1.

7ronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in

combination with various materials.

Di(()!)n%) *)+))n ,i,)& n# $*)&

A plastic water pipe being installed. Bote that the inner tube is actually

transporting the water, while the outer tube only serves as a protective casing

The difference between pipes and tubes is simply in the way it is sized.

PC3 pipe for plumbing applications and galvanized steel pipe for instance, are

measured in !P 0iron pipe size1. 3opper tube, 3PC3, Pe and other tubing is

measured nominally, which is basically an average diameter. These sizing

schemes allow for universal adaptation of transitional fittings. For instance, '%=

Pe tubing is the same size as '%= copper tubing. '%= PC3 on the other hand

is not the same size as '%= tubing, and therefore re"uires either a threaded male

or female adapter to connect them. 6hen used in agricultural irrigation, the

singular form =pipe= is often used as a plural.


9/46

Pipe is available in rigid =oints=, which come in various lengths

depending on the material. Tubing, in particular copper, comes in rigid hard

tempered =oints= or soft tempered 0annealed1 rolls. Pe and 3PC3 tubing also

comes in rigid =oints= or fle$ible rolls. The temper of the copper, that is

whether it is a rigid =oint= or fle$ible roll, does not affect the sizing.

The thicnesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary. Pipe wall

thicness is denoted by various schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in

the #- by the tandard Dimension /atio 0D/1, defined as the ratio of the pipe

diameter to its wall thicness. Pipe wall thicness increases with schedule, and

is available in schedules %*, *, *, and higher in special cases. The schedule is

largely determined by the operating pressure of the system, with higher

pressures commanding greater thicness. 3opper tubing is available in four wall

thicnessesG type D6C 0thinnest wall? only allowed as drain pipe per #P31,

type @2@ 0thin? typically only allowed as drain pipe by !P3 code1, type @>@

0thicer, standard duty for water lines and water service1, and type @-@ 0thicest,

typically used underground between the main and the meter1.

7ecause piping and tubing are commodities, having a greater wall

thicness implies higher initial cost. Thicer walled pipe generally implies

greater durability and higher pressure tolerances.


10/46

6all thicness does not affect pipe or tubing size. '%= > copper has the

same outer diameter as '%= - or 2 copper. The same applies to pipe schedules.

As a result, a slight increase in pressure losses is realized due to a decrease in

flowpath as wall thicness is increased. !n other words, ' foot of '%= > copper

has slightly less volume than ' foot of '% 2 copper.

Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in the

price of copper, resulting in increased demand for alternative products including

PE and stainless steel.

hot water heat recycling and graywater recovery and treatment systems

/ainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage;relevantH I discuss<

hydronics, i.e. heating and cooling systems utilizing water to transport

thermal energy, as in district heating systems, lie for e$ample the Bew +or

3ity steam system.

M)!i&

6ater systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water,

using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone.

9ollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes,

particularly water mains.


11/46

>ogs were used for water distribution in England close to )** years ago.

# cities began using hollowed logs in the late '4**s through the '**s. Today,

most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic? most waste

0also nown as =soil=1;(< out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.

The straight sections of plumbing systems are called =pipes= or =tubes=. A

pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, whereas a tube is made through

e$trusion. Pipe normally has thicer walls and may be threaded or welded,

while tubing is thinner:walled and re"uires special oining techni"ues such as

brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, solvent welding. These

oining techni"ues are discussed in more detail in the piping and plumbing

fittings article.

S))

Jalvanized steel potable water supply and distribution pipes are

commonly found with nominal pipe sizes from &K inch 0(.) mm1 to % inches

0)' mm1. !t is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing. teel

pipe has Bational Pipe Thread 0BPT1 standard tapered male threads, which

connect with female tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and other

fittings. Jalvanized steel 0often nown simply as =galv= or =iron= in the

plumbing trade1 is relatively e$pensive, and difficult to wor with due to weight


12/46

and re"uirement of a pipe threader. !t remains in common use for repair of

e$isting =galv= systems and to satisfy building code non:combustibility

re"uirements typically found in hotels, apartment buildings and other

commercial applications. !t is also e$tremely durable and resistant to

mechanical abuse. 7lac lac"uered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe

material for fire sprinlers and natural gas.

2ost typical single family home systems won@t re"uire supply piping

larger than &K inch 0'( mm1 due to e$pense as well as steel piping@s tendency to

become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the

inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has

degraded.

!n potable water distribution service, galvanized steel pipe has a service

life of about &* to )* years, although it is not uncommon for it to be less in

geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants.

C",,)!

3opper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in

the latter half of the twentieth century. !n the early twenty:first century, the

rising price of copper drove a shift to plastic pipes for new construction.


13/46

P&i%

Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain:waste:vent

0D6C1 pipe. Principal types includeG Polyvinyl chloride 0PC31 was produced

e$perimentally in the '(th century but did not become practical to manufacture

until '(%8, when 6aldo emon of 7F Joodrich 3o. developed a method to

plasticize PC3, maing it easier to process. PC3 pipe began to be manufactured

in the '(*s and was in wide use for Drain:6aste:Cent piping during the

reconstruction of Jermany and Lapan following 66!!. !n the '()*s, plastics

manufacturers in 6estern Europe and Lapan began producing acrylonitrile

butadiene styrene 0A71 pipe. The method for producing cross:lined

polyethylene 0PE1 was also developed in the '()*s. Plastic supply pipes have

become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.

PC33PC3 I rigid plastic pipes similar to PC3 drain pipes but with

thicer walls to deal with municipal water pressure, introduced around '(4*.

PC3 stands for polyvinyl chloride, and itMs become a common replacement for

metal piping. PC3 should be used only for cold water, or for venting. 3PC3

can be used for hot and cold potable water supply. 3onnections are made with

primers and solvent cements as re"uired by code.


14/46

PP I The material is used primarily in housewares, food pacaging, and

clinical e"uipment, but since the early '(4*s has seen increasing use worldwide

for both domestic hot and cold water. PP pipes are heat fused, being unsuitable

for the use of glues, solvents, or mechanical fittings. PP pipe is often used in

green building proects.

P7T I fle$ible 0usually gray or blac1 plastic pipe which is attached to

barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring. The primary

manufacturer of P7T tubing and fittings was driven into banruptcy by a class:

action lawsuit over failures of this system. 9owever, P7 and P7T tubing has

since returned to the maret and codes, typically first for =e$posed locations=

such as risers.

PE I cross:lined polyethylene system with mechanically oined

fittings employing barbs, and crimped steel or copper rings.

Polytans I plastic polyethylene cisterns, underground water tans, above

ground water tans, are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a

potable water storage tan, provided in white, blac or green.


15/46

A"ua I nown as PE:Al:PE, for its PEaluminum sandwich,

consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PE, and connected

with modified brass compression fittings. !n %**), a large number of these

fittings were recalled.

Present:day water:supply systems use a networ of high:pressure pumps,

and pipes in buildings are now made of copper, brass, plastic 0particularly cross:

lined polyethylene called PE, which is estimated to be used in 8*5 of single:

family homes1, or other nonto$ic material.

Due to its to$icity, lead has not been used in modern water:supply piping

since the '(&*s in the #nited tates, although lead was used in plumbing solder

for drining water until it was banned in '(8. Drain and vent lines are made of

plastic, steel, cast:iron, or lead.

C"/,"n)n&

A variety of stainless steel plumbing components commonly used to

connect various pipes and devices together

!n addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings are used in plumbing

systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. Pipe and fittings are held in

place with pipe hangers and strapping.


16/46

Plumbing fi$tures are e$changeable devices using water that can be

connected to a building@s plumbing system. They are considered to be =fi$tures=,

in that they are semi:permanent parts of buildings, not usually owned or

maintained separately.

Plumbing fi$tures are seen by and designed for the end:users. ome

e$amples of fi$tures include water closets 0also nown as toilets1, urinals,

bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and itchen sins, drining fountains, ice

maers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.

S)n&

Threaded pipe oints are sealed with thread seal tape or pipe dope. 2any

plumbing fi$tures are sealed to their mounting surfaces with plumber@s putty.

E$i,/)n n# ""&

Plumbing e"uipment includes devices often hidden behind walls or in

utility spaces which are not seen by the general public. !t includes water meters,

pumps, e$pansion tans, bacflow preventers, water filters, #C sterilization

lights, water softeners, water heaters, heat e$changers, gauges, and control

systems.


17/46

pecialized plumbing tools include pipe wrenches, flaring pliers, pipe

vise, pipe bending machine, pipe cutter, dies and oining tools such as soldering

torches and crimp tools. Bew tools have been developed to help plumbers fi$

problems more efficiently. For e$ample, plumbers use video cameras for

inspections of hidden leas or problems, they use hydro ets, and high pressure

hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench:less sewer line

replacement.

Flooding from e$cessive rain or clogged sewers may re"uire specialized

e"uipment, such as a heavy duty pumper truc designed to vacuum raw sewage.

P!"*)/&

7acteria have been shown to live in =premises plumbing systems=. The

latter refers to the =pipes and fi$tures within a building that transport water to

taps after it is delivered by the utility=. 3ommunity water systems have been

nown for centuries to spread waterborne diseases lie typhoid and cholera,

however =opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens= have been recognized

only more recently?

>egionella pneumophila discovered in '(48, 2ycobacterium avium, and

Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly traced bacteria, which people


18/46

with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with.

These opportunistic pathogens can grow for e$ample in faucets, shower heads,

water heaters and along pipe walls. /easons that favor their growth are =high

surface:to:volume ratio, intermittent stagnation, low disinfectant residual, and

warming cycles=. A high surface:to:volume ratio, i.e. a relatively large surface

area allows the bacteria to form a biofilm, which protects them from

disinfection.

R)$i"n

2uch of the plumbing wor in populated areas is regulated by

government or "uasi:government agencies due to the direct impact on the

public@s health, safety, and welfare.

Plumbing installation and repair wor on residences and other buildings

generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the

inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, "uality construction to future

buyers. !f permits are re"uired for wor, plumbing contractors typically secure

them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners.

!n the #nited -ingdom the professional body is the 3hartered !nstitute of

Plumbing and 9eating Engineering 0educational charity status1 and it is true that


19/46

the trade still remains virtually ungoverned? there are no systems in place to

monitor or control the activities of un"ualified plumbers or those home owners

who choose to undertae installation and maintenance wors themselves,

despite the health and safety issues which arise from such wors when they are

undertaen incorrectly?

see 9ealth Aspects of Plumbing 09AP1 published ointly by the 6orld

9ealth Nrganization 069N1 and the 6orld Plumbing 3ouncil 06P31. 6P3 has

subse"uently appointed a representative to the 6orld 9ealth Nrganization to

tae forward various proects related to 9ealth Aspects of Plumbing.

!n the #nited tates, plumbing codes and licensing are generally

controlled by state and local governments. At the national level, the

Environmental Protection Agency has set guidelines about what constitutes

lead:free plumbing fittings and pipes, in order to comply with the afe Drining

6ater Act.

ome widely used tandards in the #nited tates areG;citation needed<

A2E A''%.8.& I Floor and Trench Drains

A2E A''%.8. I /oof, Dec, and 7alcony Drains

A2E A''%.'.'3A 7'%).' I Plumbing upply Fittings


20/46

A2E A''%.'(.'3A 7).% I Enameled 3ast !ron and Enameled teel

Plumbing Fi$tures

A2E A''%.'(.%3A 7).' I 3eramic Plumbing Fi$tures


21/46

CHAPTER - II

LITERATURE REVIE


22/46


23/46


24/46

2any #.. states are currently e$periencing or e$pect to e$perience water

shortages in the ne$t ten years. /ecycling water is one strategy states are

pursuing to minimize water shortages. 2any states, however, have been unable

to reach goals for volume of water recycled, and many regional and municipal

programs have been ineffective in meeting production goals. /euse of

wastewater can be a supplementary source to e$isting water sources, especially

in aridsemi:arid climatic regions.

2ost large:scale reuse schemes are in !srael, outh Africa, and arid areas

of #A, where alternative sources of water are limited.

The Philippines, lie many developing countries, has serious sanitation

issues for both their urban and rural citizens. pecifically for rural citizens, data

from %** estimated that '45 of this population still had no access to improved

sanitation, with '5 estimated to be practicing open defecation. The sanitation

technology installed was the Ferro cement biogas septic tan, installed for

individual households or small clusters of households.

The widespread water shortage in 2etro 2anila has made the urban

water problem a central policy issue. 6hile the government has begun taing

concrete steps to address the urban water issues, designing the appropriate


25/46

policy and institutional framewor and action programs is severely hampered by

limited empirical analysis.

These are necessary in improving policies and programs related to water

pricing of public waterwors, pricing and regulation of groundwater e$traction,

demand management or water conservation, provision of water in s"uatter

areas, private water vending, and so forth.

Potable or drining water is a critical re"uirement of human life. 6ithout

it, our continued e$istence on earth would be immediately threatened. !t is for

this reason that the provision of potable water in ade"uate "uantity and "uality

is a primary national and international concern of nations. !n particular, the

2illennium Development Joals 02DJs1 target that 8.8 percent of the

population of countries would have ade"uate access to safe drining. For its

part, the Philippine government aims that (% to (8 percent of its citizens would

have sufficient water supply at an even earlier date.

Each year, '.8 million children die from diarrheal diseases? unsafe

drining water is a maor cause. The sole "uantitative environmental target in

the #nited Bations 2illennium Development Joals is the call to Oreduce by

half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drining water.Q


26/46

Efforts to meet this goal have translated into increased donor and national

government funding for building local public goods lie wells and standpipes,

yet it is not clear that this is the most effective approach.

The 2anila Pasig /iver is situated a polluted river. The revival of Pasig

/iver, crees, esteros and other water bodies around 2etropolitan 2anila is

critical to the regionMs sustainability.

#nplanned and uncontrolled urbanization have led to the deterioration of

"uality of environment and, ultimately, living standards in the region. 2any

agencies in the past have failed to effect substantial improvements on the

"uality of the water environment in 2etro 2anila mainly due to ineffective

institutional arrangements and high:level political support needed coordinate

multi:staeholder support.

The maor consideration in designing of successful small water supply

system such as is appropriate to serve the population in rural

Average use of water per person varies from community to community. !n

#, per capita water use may range from '( to '(& litres per day 0AA6A,

'(81. Bew +or Times 0%**81 reports that even after a reduction of %5 of

demand for increased awareness and stringent regulations per capita water use


27/46

is about )** l 0'&8 # Jal1 in Bew +or. The !ndian building code assumes a

minimum water supply of %** l per capita per day 0B73, '(&1 and the

government specifies minimum ')* l per capita per day of water supply

03PEE9N, %**1. 9owever, ingh et al. 0%**&1 and Rerah 0%**&1 both found

that only about %4 l per capita per day is the actual consumptions of water in the

poorer areas of Caranasi and Bew Delhi, !ndia respectively.

imilar water use values are also e$pected in slums of -olata. There is a

growing pressure for increasing water supply in -olata. E$pansion of water

supply networ would demand funding mainly from international agencies that

re"uire cost benefit analysis 037A1. The present methodology is proposed for

such cases.

E$plicit 37A for water supply proects are not new. 9ane and 6aler 0'(41

criticized the 37A of a # federal government proect e$ecuted in '(84 and

pointed out a number of anomalies. 6ater supply 37A reports are often

subected to such criticism mainly because the analysis is almost always a

complicated process.

2athematical programming for cost allocation in water supply proects is also

not new. +oung et al. 0'(*1 published detailed treatment of linear


28/46

programming, game theory and shapely values for water resources cost

allocation among wedish municipalities.

Efforts have been made over time to standardize the 37A. For e$ample, Nffice

of 2anagement and 7udget 0N271 in # has issued guidelines for 37A and

ris assessment 0-opp et al., '((41. The paper offers a number of suggestions to

regulatory agencies in conducting 37A, drawing on the Obest practicesQ

identified in guidelines issued by the N27.

These include the use of clear and consistent baseline assumptions? the

evaluation of an appropriately broad range of policy alternatives, including

alternatives to new regulation? appropriate treatment of discounting future

benefits and costs and accounting for the cost of ris:bearing? the use of

probabilistic analyses and other methods to e$plore the robustness of

conclusions and the use of benefit and cost measures that are grounded in

economic theory.

They found that estimates of the willingness to pay for reductions in

mortality and morbidity riss and for avoiding environmental damage constitute

the most:successful activities in the field of valuation. European #nion started

TE39BEA#, an integrated proect funded by the European 3ommission and


29/46

conducted by a consortium of universities, research institutes and consultants

07affoe:7onnie et al., %**81.

Nne of the mandates was to develop and demonstrate 37A and supply

system options including practices for ris management. These technologies and

management practices will enable end:users to mae informed choices,

appropriate to their own circumstances and constraints, for cost:effective and

sustainable source:to:tap solutions for the provision of safe high "uality

drining water that has the trust of the consumer.

They investigated the utility of 37A for evaluation of the options

implemented at end:user sites to mae improvements to the water supply

systems. They also recommended economic valuation, decision criteria and ris

management in 37A. !n addition, they emphasized on sensitivity analysis to

evaluate the potential effects of ey uncertainties in the decision maing

process.

imilar to # administration European #nion published guides for 37A

0Florio, %**81. !ndustry specific guidelines including integrated water supply

scheme have been provided.


30/46

!t has advises for steps lie collection of territorial data, option analysis,

financial analysis, economic analysis, evaluation criteria, ris and sensitivity

analysis etc. !n addition, it has e$amples for demand calculations, inflation,

present value, "uantification of costs and benefits etc.

The efforts for development of standardized guidelines for 37A have been

studied. There are three separate areas of investigations namely cost analysis,

benefit analysis, and benefit cost comparisons including ris studies that are

re"uired for economic evaluation.

A bloc diagram showing the process of evaluation has been presented in Fig. '.

Each of the step presented in the bloc diagram has been discussed in the

following.


31/46

CHAPTER - III

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT


32/46

CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

3.1 PNEUMATIC CONTROL COMPONENT

3.1.1 Pn)$/i% %'in#)!

An air cylinder is an operative device in which the state input energy of

compressed air i.e. pneumatic power is converted in to mechanical output

power, by reducing the pressure of the air to that of the atmosphere.

3.1.1 Sin) %in %'in#)!

ingle acting cylinder is only capable of performing an operating medium in

only one direction. ingle acting cylinders are e"uipped with one inlet for the

operating air pressure, and can be produced in several designs. ingle cylinders

develop power in one direction only.

Therefore no heavy control e"uipment should be attached to them, which is

re"uired to be moved on the piston return stoe. ingle action cylinder re"uires

only about half the air volume consumed by a double acting for one operating

cycle.

3.1.1 * D"$*) %in %'in#)!&

A double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the full pneumatic

cushioning and it is essential when the cylinder itself is re"uired to retard heavy

loads. This can only be done at the end positions of the piston stoc. !n all


33/46

intermediate positions a separate e$ternally mounted cushioning device must be

provided with the damping feature.

The normal escape of air is out off by a cushioning piston before the end of the

stoc is re"uired. As a result the sit in the cushioning chamber is again

compressed since it cannot escape but slowly according to the setting made on

reverses.

The air freely enters the cylinder and the piston stoes in the other direction at

full force and velocity.

GENERALLY USED MATERIALS


34/46

T*) 3.4 M"$n M)!i&

3.2 VALVES


35/46

S")n"i# V5)

The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system.

3ommonly nown as D3C, this valve is used to control the direction of air flow

in the pneumatic system.

The directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal movable

parts. This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the manual

effort and also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by

means of using a solenoid valve.

A solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into straight

line motion and force. These are also used to operate a mechanical operation

which in turn operates the valve mechanism. olenoids may be push type or pull

type. The push type solenoid is one in which the plunger is pushed when the

solenoid is energized electrically. The pull type solenoid is one which the

plunger is pulled when the solenoid is energized.

P!& "( S")n"i# V5)

1. C"i

The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers of wire are separated by

insulating layer. The entire solenoid coil is covered with a varnish that is not

affected by solvents, moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. 3oils are rated in


36/46

various voltages such as '') volts A3, %&* volts A3, 8* volts A3, )4) Colts

A3, 8 Colts D3, '% Colts D3, % Colts D3, '') Colts D3 S %&* Colts D3. They

are designed for such fre"uencies as )* 9z to 8* 9z.

2. F!/)

The solenoid frame serves several purposes. ince it is made of laminated

sheets, it is magnetized when the current passes through the coil. The

magnetized coil attracts the metal plunger to move. The frame has provisions

for attaching the mounting. They are usually bolted or welded to the frame. The

frame has provisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear strips are mounted to

the solenoid frame, and are made of materials such as metal or impregnated less

fiber cloth.

3. S")n"i# P$n)!

The olenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the solenoid. The plunger is

made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so

that there will be no movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At

the top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for maing a connection to some

device. The solenoid plunger is moved by a magnetic force in one direction and

is usually returned by spring action.

olenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover over either the

solenoid or the entire valve. This protects the solenoid from dirt and other

foreign matter, and protects the actuator. !n many applications it is necessary to

use e$plosion proof solenoids.


37/46

"!6in "( S")n"i# V5)

The solenoid valve has ) openings. This ensures easy e$hausting of )% valve.

The spool of the )% valve slide inside the main bore according to spool

position? the ports get connected and disconnected. The woring principle is as

follows.

P"&ii"n-1

6hen the spool is actuated towards outer direction port PM gets connected to

7M and M remains closed while AM gets connected to /M

P"i&ii"n-2

6hen the spool is pushed in the inner direction port PM and AM gets connected

to each other and 7M to M while port /M remains closed.

SOLENOID VALVE 7OR CUT OFF VALVE

The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or solenoid valve. This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the electronic control

unit.

!n our proect separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction of vice cylinder.

!t is used to flow the air from compressor to the single acting cylinder.


38/46

3.2.2 F"+ %"n!" 55)

!n any fluid power circuit, flow control valve is used to control the speed of the

actuator. The flow control can be achieved by varying the area of flow through

which the air in passing. 6hen area is increased, more "uantity of air will be

sent to actuator as a result its speed will increase. !f the "uantity of air entering

into the actuator is reduced, the speed of the actuator is reduced.

3.2.3 P!)&&$!) C"n!" V5)

The main function of the pressure control valve is to limit 0or1 control the

pressure re"uired in a pneumatic circuit.

Depending upon the method of controlling they are classified as

'. Pressure relief Calve

%. Pressure reducing Calve

3.3 DRILLING HEAD

3.3.1 B!!)

!t is made out of mild steel. !t is hollow cylinder. !t has a length of '** mm and

inner diameter of &8 mm. !t has two outlet holes on its top and two inlet holes

drilled at angles for placing nozzles. !t has threads at each end.


39/46

3.3.2. S8(

!tMs made up of mild steel. !t is a straight rod having a step. !t is supported by

two bearings in the cylinder. The diameter of rod is ') mm for a length of ')*

mm and '&.) mm diameter for %% mm length. The fan is fitted on the shaft

through flanges. The fan is fi$ed to flanges and the flanges are fi$ed to the shaft

through drilled holes.

3.3.3 C"$,in&

The couplings are made out of mild steel. 3ouplings cover the slides of barrel.

The couplings have internal threads. 6ith help of threads the couplings are

fitted to barrel. !t has a smaller diameter hole to place the bearings.

3.3.4 Fn)&

The flanges are made out of mild steel. !tMs a cylindrical tube having a flange at

its one of the ends. !t also has a centre drill of '8 mm. There are holes are

drilled in flanges correspondingly such that the holes drilled in the two flangescoincide each other. The fan is placed between the two flanges and screwed.

3.3.9 Vn)

The vane ' made out of aluminum. !t is placed the flanges, which are fitted to

the shaft through nuts and bolts. Air is forced on the fan and it is rotated and the


40/46

rotation is transmitted to the shaft. The fan is twisted such that it could be driven

in either direction.

3.4 HOSES

9oses used in this pneumatic system are made up of polyurethane. These hose

can with stand at a ma$imum pressure level of '* BmU.

3.4.1. C"nn)%"!&

!n our system there are two type of connectors used. Nne is the hose connector

and the other is the reducer. 9ose connectors normally comprise an adoptee

hose nipple and cap nut. These types of connectors are made up of brass 0or1

Aluminum 0or1 hardened pneumatic steel.

3.9 CONTROL UNIT

A pneumatic multipurpose device is an air:operated device used for many small

operations. !t is a portable one. 3ompressed air is the source of energy for this

device. The compressed air is allowed to pass through the nozzle in such a way

that the rotation obtained is utilized for machining.

The nozzles welded to the fan can be rotated in either direction. The rpm andtor"ue of the shaft depends upon the pressure of the air admitted so by varying

the pressure, the /P2 and tor"ue can be varied. Thic tubes interconnect the

parts. The 3lamps are used at the connecting parts to prevent leaage. !n thread

parts seals are used to prevent leaage.


41/46

The compressed air from the compressor first enters the control unit. !n the

control unit the pressure of the air is controlled and sent to the barrel to rotate

the fan in the re"uired direction. The gate valve controls the pressure and

volume of air. Then the pressure is read by a pressure gauge. >ater the air is

admitted to the barrel, a shaft is placed and it carries the fan.

The shaft is supported by bearing. The bearings are placed in the couplings,

which covers the end of barrel.

C"& n'&i&

&.' Territorial data

The southern part of the city of -olata is serviced by a '%*2JD water

treatment plant called Jarden /each 6ater 6ors 0J/661. The treated water

from the plant is

transported through dedicated lines to a number of booster pumping stations

that in turn serves the consumersM water networs. !n total, %.& million residents

are served through the present system.

3.2 O*:)%i5)& "( 8) S$#'

The main obective of this study is to design a system that will help to manage

the wastewater.

pecifically the study aimsG

'. to e$pedite the possibility of application of technology to help conserve

water.


42/46

%. to design a system that will manage wastewater.

&. to test and evaluate the prototype in terms of acceptability following the !N

('%8 evaluation.

3.3 Sini(i%n%) "( 8) S$#'

The results of this study categorically benefited from many private and public

sectors by providing information that can result awareness to everyone who

suffer from water shortage and widespread pollution. Among the persons and

institutions who will be directly or indirectly benefited are the household

consumer, department of environment and natural resources, local government

units and future researchers.

3.4 S%",) n# D)i/ii"n "( 8) S$#'

The study is focused on the designing and constructing a microcontroller based

Automatic wastewater management system and for its development. This

machine is automatically recycled the wastewater and then dispose when it

recycled twice. The machine can perform the operation within % hours. !t can

produce a low pressure of water based on the water pump pressure. !t can select

automatically water source based on the water level of two containers. !t has an

ultrasonic sensor that accepts a range of not more than 8 inches. !t has a carbon

filtration technology that removes the contaminants on the tap water. !t has also

a sediment ceramic filter that remove sediments and maes the water same


43/46

taste. !t re"uires %%* volts supply for the machine to operate. There is an >ED

light indicator that shows the status of the machine whether it uses recycled

water or the water source. The study is purely based on water filtering,

switching source and dispending. The maintenance and sanitary of the machine

will be done automatically or manually. The water can only recycled twice and

the water will go to drainage in in third use of water. The wastewater from sin

are the only the focus of the recycling method. Nther factors that may arise

during the development of the study is not part of the study are the water "uality

sensing, p9 sensing, and temperature sensing. 3ontaining soap and shampoo

are not parts of the water can be recycled.


44/46

CHAPTER - IV

REFERENCES


45/46

REFERENCES

'. Adeli, 9.G Beural Betwors in 3ivil EngineeringG '((I%***,3omput.:

Aided 3iv. !nf., '8, '%8I'%, %**'.

%. Adeli, 9. and 6u, 2.G /egularization Beural Betwor for

3onstruction3ost estimation, L. 3onstr. Eng.:A3E, '%, ', 'I%,'((.

&. Agudelo, L.G The Economic Caluation of 6ater Principlesand 2ethods,

Calue of 6ater /esearch /ep. eries Bo. ),httpGwww.unesco:

ihe.orgcontentdownload'))*('fileCalue5%*of5%*6ater

5%*/esearch5%*/eport5%*eries5%*)5%*The5%*economic.pdf 0last

accessG '& Lanuary %*'*1,%**'.

. American 6ater 6ors Association 0AA6A1G '( 6ater

#tilityNperating Data, Denver, 3N, '(8.

). 0AD71 Asian Development 7anG 9andboo for the EconomicAnalysis

of 6ater upply Proects,

httpGwww.adb.orgdocumentshandbooswater supply

proectsdefault.asp 0lastaccessG &* 2arch %*'*1, '(((.

8. 0AD71 Asian Development 7anG Proect BoG %(88, !ndiaG-olata

Environmental !mprovement Proect 0upplementary>oan1, %**8.

4. 0AD71 Asian Development 7anG Proect BoG %(88, !ndiaG-olata

Environmental !mprovement Proect >oan Agreement,%**4,

httpGwww.adb.orgdocumentslegal:agreementsind%(88%(88:ind:

lb.pdf 0last accessG &* 2arch %*'*1,%**4.


46/46

. 7affoe:7onnie, 7., 9arle, T., Jlenne, E., et al.G Framewor For

Nperational3ost 7enefit Analysis in 6ater upply, TE39BEA#,contract

number *'&%*, %**8.(. 7aumol, 6.G Nn the ocial /ate of Discount, The American

Economic/eview, ), , 4I*%, '(8.

'*.7irta, >. and Arbez, J.G 2odelling and imulation E$ploring

Dynamicystem 7ehaviour, pringer:Cerlag >ondon, %**4.

''.7oscolo, 2., Cincent, L., and Panayotou, T.G Discounting 3osts And

7enefits in 3arbon e"uestration Proects, Environment DiscussionPaper

Bo. ', 9arvard !nstitute for !nternational Development,'((.

'%.7oussabaine, 9.G The use of artificial neural networs in

construction,3onstruction 2anagement and Economics, ', %4I

&8,'((8.

'&.7oussabaine, 9. and -aa, A.G A neural networs approach for costflow

forecasting, 3onstruction 2anagement and Economics, '8,4'I4(,

'((.

Date post:	08-Jul-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	shanmugam-ramasamy
View:	218 times
Download:	0 times

automatic drinking water saving system for municipal water projects.docx

Documents