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04/11/23 1
AUTOMATIC ULTRASONIC COURSE ISSUED BY : GANZORY
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Introduction
This course to be familiar with the different scanning techniques of AUT
To be familiar with different AUT systems
To analysis the different defects
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AUT COURSE
Introduction to manual ultrasonic Introduction to scanning models Time of flight diffraction Phased array Combined techniques Interpretation of defects Modern AUT technique
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Introduction to manual ultrasonic
Why use ultrasonic for nondestructive material testing?
Ultrasonic frequency ( 0.5MHZ TO 25MHZ ) Both radiography and ultrasonic tests are
the most frequently for test internal flaws Ultrasonic can discover volumetric defect Planner defects can easily discover more
than radiography
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2. Ultrasonic testing tasks
Detection of reflectors
Location of reflectors
Evaluation of reflectors
Diagnosis of reflectors (reflector type, orientation, etc.)
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3. Detection of discontinuities
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Detection of discontinuities
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Detection of discontinuities
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Detection of discontinuities
Angle reflection effect
Fig. 10b Tandem testing: center zone
Fig. 10c Tandem testing: lower zone F
Fig. 10a Tandem testing: upper zone F
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4. Method of testing and instrument technology 4. Method of testing and instrument technology
Fig. 12 The principle of time of flight measurement
Fig. 13 Block diagram: Pulse Echo Method
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Fig. 16a Initial pulse = Start Fig. 16b after 10 ms
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Fig. 17a Beam spot at the 4th scale graduation
Fig. 17b Beam spot at the 8th scale graduation
Fig. 18 Backwall echo at the 8th scale graduation
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Fig. 19a Straight-beam probe: initial pulse delay
Fig. 19b Angle-beam probe: initial pulse delay
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Fig. 20 Test object with discontinuity, display with flaw echo
Fig. 21a Discontinuity in front of the backwall
Fig. 21b Discontinuity near the surface
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Fig. 22 A non-detectable near-to-surface discontinuity
Fig. 23 Shadowing of the back-wall echo by a larger near-to-surface reflector
Fig. 24 Echo sequence of a near-to-surface discontinuity
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Fig. 25 Dead zone: display, test object
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Fig. 27 Longitudinal wave
Fig. 29 Transverse wave
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a = angle of incidenceb = angle of refractionc 1 = sound velocity in medium 1c 2 = sound velocity in medium 2
4.4 Refraction and mode conversion
Fig. 30a Refraction and reflection without transverse waves
Fig. 30b Refraction and reflection with transverse waves
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Fig. 32a Refraction: 1st critical angle
Fig. 32b Refraction: transverse wave under 45°
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Fig. 32c Refraction: 2nd critical angle,
surface wave
Fig. 32d Total reflection
Fig. 33 Usable range for angle-beam probes in steel
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Fig. 36 TR probe on the test object: CRT with backwall echo
Fig. 37 TR probe on the test object: discontinuity echo in the cross-talk echo
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Fig. 38 Wall thickness measurement with a digital thickness gauge in practice
s = sound path [mm]c = sound velocity [km/s]t = transit time [ms]
Fig. 39 USK 7: Backwall echo sequence with a straight-beam probe
1st Echo = t,2nd Echo = 2t,3rd Echo = 3t, etc.
Thickness measurement
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Fig. 40 Calibration range: 0-10mm
Echo-No i
Sound path si
[mm] Scale factor k
[mm/scale grad.] Skalen-position Ti
[scale grad.]
1 25 10 2.5
2 50 10 5.0
3 75 10 7.5
4 100 10 10.0
si = sound path of umpteenth echoes
Ti = scale position of the umpteenth echo
k= scale factor
Thickness measurements
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5.1.3 Calibration with an angle-beam probe
Fig. 48 Different probe angels at V1 block
Fig. 49a Sound path in the V1 block without angle reflection
Fig. 49b Sound path in the V1 block with angle reflection.
Fig. 47b MWB 45-4E on Calibration Block 2
Fig. 47a WB 60-2E on Calibration Block 1
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Fig. 50 Range: 250 mm with a WB 60-2 on V1 block
Fig. 51a Path of a sound wave in a V2 block, radius 50 mm
Fig. 51b Path of a sound wave in a V2 block, radius 25 mm
Fig. 52 Range: 100 mm calibrated on V2, radius 25 mm.
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Fig. 54a The flaw triangle Fig. 54b Reduced surface distances and x-
value
Fig. 56a The apparent depth Fig. 56b The real reflector depth after sound
reflection
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6. Evaluation of discontinuities
Fig. 57 A large reflector in the sound beam Fig. 58b Top view with reflector for
extension.
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6.2 Evaluation of small discontinuities: The DGS method
Fig. 59 Reflectors with different areas and their echoes
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The echo heights are proportional to their area or The echo heights are proportional to the square of their diameter.
Fig. 60 Reflectors at different depths and their echoes
The echo heights reduce to the square of their distance
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Fig. 61 Distance amplitude curve of a 2 mm - disk reflector
Fig. 62 Evaluation of a discontinuity (F) using evaluation curves.
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6.4.1 Comparison of echo amplitudes
Fig. 65 Test object with a flaw: echo at 80% (reference height)
Fig. 66 Reference block: reference echo at 30%.
Fig. 67 References block: reference echo to reference
height
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6.4.2 Distance amplitude curve
Fig. 68 Reference block wiht side drilled holes and resulting echoes
Fig. 69 DAC of the reference echoes (top) and with time corrected gain (bottom).
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A SCANA SCAN
Introduction to scanning models
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SCANNING TYPES
B SCANB SCAN
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SCANNING TYPES
C SCANC SCAN
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SCANNING TYPES
D SCAND SCAN
TOFDTOFD
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SCANNING TYPES
P- SCANP- SCAN
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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
The following main principles describe TOFD:
TOFD INTERPRETATION
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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
1 = transmitted wave2 = reflected wave3 = through transmitted wave4 = diffracted wave at upper crack tip5 = diffracted wave at lower crack tip
1- lateral wave2 - diffraction signal at upper crack tip 3 - diffraction signal at lower crack tip 4- back wall reflection
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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)
TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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TOFD INTERPRETATION
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Phased array
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Fig. 17a Beam spot at the 4th scale graduation
Fig. 17b Beam spot at the 8th scale graduation
Fig. 18 Backwall echo at the 8th scale graduation
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Topic Two
Details about this topic Supporting information and
examples How it relates to your audience
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Topic Three
Details about this topic Supporting information and
examples How it relates to your audience
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Real Life
Give an example or real life anecdote
Sympathize with the audience’s situation if appropriate
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What This Means
Add a strong statement that summarizes how you feel or think about this topic
Summarize key points you want your audience to remember
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Next Steps
Summarize any actions required of your audience
Summarize any follow up action items required of you