Automobile Introduction

Benz tricycle 1896 Stanley Steam

An IntroductionLondon B type bus - 1910

Jaguar 1955

Pictures taken fr

Ford SLincoln continental 1960s

car 1905 Railton 1935

to AutomobilesFord Model T 1913

rom Smith (2002)

Czech Tatra 1937

Lotus Eclat Sierra 1980s

AimAim

I d h idIntroduce the wide rangvehicle design and manuBriefly set the historicalvehicles and their designgIntroduce the vast rangedesigndesign.Demonstrate the interacth d i d f tthe design and manufact

msms

f kill i d fe of skills required for ufacture.l scene and development of n.e of possibilities for vehicle

tivity of processes within t f hi lture of vehicles

Steps in AutomSteps in Autom

I i d IInnovations and InventMass productionpDevelopment of WorldS li iStreamliningCommercial vehicles

mobile Historymobile History

itions

d Motor Industry

Inventions anHistory

Inventions an

S ISteam power to InternaSteam engine used tillPetroleum “spirit” usea useless by-product oDr. Gottelib Daimler ipetroleum vapour andproduced tri-wheel car

d InnovationsConstruction

d Innovations

l C b i ial Combustion enginel late 1940sed by Dr. OTTO in 1870s was of naptha used for lampsimproved OTTO engine using

d in parallel Karl Benz also rriage in 1885

Mass proHistory

Mass pro

C d l d fCars were developed frHenry Ford -> “mass py pT,1909

Concept from rifle maConcept from rifle maModel T first car withE i 2898 bEngine 2898 cc was bindependent bodybuilfamily carsfamily carsHand-built cars to inte

Picture taken from Smith (2002)

oductionConstruction

oduction

f h ifrom horse carriages.production” of Model p

anufacture of civil waranufacture of civil warh design for manufactureb ilt b f d d ibuilt by ford and various lders from buses to elegent

erchangeable parts

Mass ProHistory

Mass ProM i kMoving workers -> mmaufacture , Highland



oductioni hi l d imoving vehicle during

d park Detroit, 1913

Mass ProHistory

Mass Pro

I 1970 V lk “In 1970s, Volkswagen “numbers though syle wa

Non rusting carMechanically reliaby

Toyota's contribution:P d ti flProduction was flexQuality paramount, Shorter production


oduction

“B l ” ld i l“Beetle” was sold in large as antiquated as it was

ble

iblxiblegetting right first time - LEANruns, wide variants

DevelopmeHistory

Motor In1920 1930 ll1920s -1930s : small coalarge companiesBy end of second worldmanufacturers remain –Large conglomerates likCorporation (BMC) BrCorporation (BMC) , Brproblem of large stock A i d JAmericans and Japanesearound the world

Because of export restricover the world

nt of World Construction

ndustryh b ild i i hach builders co-exist with

d war only few specialized Rolls Roycey

ke British Motor ritish Leyland (BL) facedritish Leyland (BL) faced

d t f tie moved parts of operations

ctions and to use facilities all

DevelopmeHistory

Motor InC i D lConstruction Developmen

Till 1930s wooden framused to build coachesLate 1930s onwards preLate 1930s onwards, preMultiple curvature adde

l h d th l dpanels shared the loadRecent cars have shell sstructures


ndustrynt:

me with fabric or wood skin

essed steel plates for skinessed steel plates for skined more strength and body

tructure with aerodynamic y

DevelopmeHistory

Motor InW d / S l h i fWooden / Steel chassis freplaced by stiff floor “By 1950s, “unitary” confollowed for mass produpComposite body for lessfree body – started afterfree body started afterWheels progressed from

k t t l h bspokes to metal hub conAlloy)


ndustryf d dframe was done away and

“pan” by spot weldingnstruction was universally uced carsser weight and corrosion r WWII ( Lotus)r WWII ( Lotus)m wooden spokes to metal

t ti t t l k (nstruction to metal spokes (

History

Sports car with streamlined composite body , Lotus

Pictures taken from Smith (2002)

Construction

Early car evolved from carriage , electric powered Bersley 1897

DevelopmeHistory

Motor InS li D lStyling Development:

Powered versions of horEngine was placed belowhard maintenencehard maintenence1890s, Panhard-Levassoh i i i f thaving engine in front w‘système Panhard’Windscreen was inventespeed of vehicle


ndustry

rse carriagesgw vehicle by Daimler –

or created the concept of ith l t h d bwith clutch and gear box

ed in 1920s with increasing

DevelopmeHistory

Motor InB h 1930 iBy the 1930s, excessivehad become ‘de rigeur’

ti i tisporting aspirations.Luggage was strapped ingg g ppbecame integral in europ'50s,'60s and '70s to largTill '50s “open top” washorse carriageshorse carriages


ndustryl l d iely elongated engine covers for powerful cars with

n rear of vehicle and it pean cars. It grew in ger volumes preferred as inspired from

StreamHistory

Stream

I 1890 A édé B lléIn 1890s, Amédée Bolléfirst torpedo shaped desAmericans did not like t

Czech Tatra of 1937 V8

Pictures taken from Smith (2002)

mliningConstruction

mlining

é h d dée the younger produced igns with raked windscreenthe air-streamlined design

Chevrolet Air-flow

StreamHistory

StreamAerodynamics was consstyles due to anglesBox type was more cheaypBecame more popular onprices went up & fuel ecprices went up & fuel ecimportant

Ford Sierra 1980


mliningConstruction

mliningsidered impediment to

aper and easier to producep pnly after the 70’s when oil conomy was consideredconomy was considered

CommerciaHistory

Commercia

E d f 19th fiEnd of 19th century, firststeam powered – challenThreats of world wars lecommerical vehicle saleIC engine led to the devA t b h i 1930 GAutobahns in 1930s Gerof good road transport aBuses replaced electric tin USA, Britain.

al VehiclesConstruction

al Vehicles

l d kt lorry and trucks were nged by petrol vehiclesed to increase in roads, es and haulage in Europeg pvelopment of motor bus.

l d t d l trmany led to development along with railways.trams, challeged railways

Construction CoStyl

E i D lEngine DevelopmentTransmission and SystySteeringS iSuspensionBrakesInterior DesignS fSafetyToo much Innovation

onfiguration and ling

tem Layouty

Engine DevHistory

Engine Dev

Di l d B iDiamler and Benz invenin 1895Diamler developed VeeEttore Bugatti 1910 creaEttore Bugatti,1910 creaOverhead Cam shaft in Machieving 100 kmph speachieving 100 kmph speSide valves were more pImprovements in materidevelopments.

velopmentConstruction

velopment

d IC i bilnted IC engine automobiles

twin engines in 1898ated first engine withated first engine with Model13, capable of eed with 1327 cceed with 1327 cc.preferred till WWIIials led to other

Engine DevHistory

Engine DevDiesel Engine:Diesel Engine:

Main competitor to petrcombustion unlike petrocombustion unlike petroIt eliminated two weak pplugs hence more reliabIt had inferior power to prestricted to heavy enginWith turbo charging andWith turbo-charging andat par with petrol engineand higher efficiencyand higher efficiency.


velopment

ol engine – spontaneous ol ignitionol ignitionpoints carburettor and spark

bleweight ratio, hence g ,nes d refinement performanced refinement, performance es with cleaner emissions

Engine DevHistory

Engine Dev

S h i d T bSuper charging and TurboWhen air is compressedpratio of engine improvedCompressors combinedCompressors combined Used from 1930s in raciCompression with poweturbine is turbochargingg gTurbochargers improve smoother engine runningsmoother engine running


velopment

h iocharging:d at inlet, power to weight , p gdto engine shaftto engine shaft

ing carser from exhaust using gg

torque characteristics and gg

Engine DevHistory

Engine Dev

T S k d UTwo Strokes and UnconveTwo stroke (2S) has one( )revolution, theoretically2S in unsupercharged al2S in unsupercharged alduring scavengingI t k d t b i dIntake needs to be mixedresulting in smoky exhaApplications restricted tcars like three cylinder S


velopment

i l l ientional petrol engines:e firing stroke per g py twice efficiencylways has fuel-charge losslways has fuel-charge loss

d ith l b i ti ild with lubricating oil austto motor-cycles and small SAAB car.

Engine DevHistory

Engine Dev

T k di l i illTwo stroke diesel is stilland railway enginesWankel engine had a semreciprocating type of enp g ypIt had a problem with setwo-stroke emissionstwo stroke emissionsGas turbines had good e

i ht ti b t t ffiweight ratio but not effic


velopment

l f d i l il preferred in large marine

mi-rotary than a gineg

eals of rotor and inherent

efficiency and thrust to i t i l dcient in low speeds.

Engine DevHistory

Engine Dev

El i d H b idElectric and Hybrid propu1899, Jenatzy's “La Jam, yvehicle to cross 100kmpInitial cars restricted toInitial cars restricted to considerably increased iI t i L d AImprovements in Lead-Aallowed increased rangei U b l tin Urban areas on electr


velopment

l iulsion:mais Contente” was first phshort distances but hasshort distances but has in recent timesA id b tt t h lAcid battery technology e and even buses to operate i t dric power to reduce smog.

Engine DevHistory

Engine Dev

Li i i i b lLimitations in battery lepresent day

Ultracapacitors or flSmaller petrol enginp gRegenerative brakin

*Not same as petrol elec*Not same as petrol-elecpure electric operation f


velopment

d h b id hi l fed to hybrid vehicles of

lywheel usedne is used ngctric vehicle in past withctric vehicle in past with for step-less operation

TransmissiHistory

DeveloS f h d b kSome of the drawbacks steam engines were

Non-availabilityof fNoisy operationy pNon -instant stop – r

Clutches have evolved fClutches have evolved fdominantly with plate clG b l d fGear box evolved from mesh with moving dog c

ion System Construction

opmentf l iof petrol engines over

full power at the start

restart from belts and settled prefrom belts and settled pre-lutch.hif ishifting gears to constant

clutches “crash” gear box.

TransmissiHistory

DeveloF W L h d BF.W. Lanchester and Brepicyclic gear box with Epicyclic gears used in fbuses for ease of operatipIn 1940's, “preselector” with fluid torque converwith fluid torque converVariable Transmission sE li t ti h dEarlier automatics had p


opmenti i h D i l dritish Daimler created bands and planetary ringsford model T , used in iongearbox was developed

rter becoming a Constantrter becoming a Constant system (automatic)

ffi ipoor efficiency

LanchesteHistory

Lancheste

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki

r Gear boxConstruction

r Gear box

/File:Lanchester_epicyclic_gearbox.jpg

Pre selectoHistory

Pre-selecto

Wilson’s Gearb

Pictures taken from S

or gearboxConstruction

or gearbox

box

Steeds and Garrett (1983)

Model T gHistory

Model T g

http://commons.wikimedia.orgars_and_Motor-Cycles,_1928

gear boxConstruction

gear box

g/wiki/File:Model_T_Ford_epicyclic_gearbox_%28Montagu,_C8%29.jpg

Fluid TorqueHistory

Fluid Torque

Pictures taken from St

e ConverterConstruction

e Converter

teeds and Garrett (1983)

TransmissiHistory

DeveloF di d h h d fFerdinand porsche had felectric transmission syst d CVTtowards CVTSemi-stepless was achiepconverters in 1940'sDAF variomatic type CVDAF variomatic type CVDAF cars (1959-63)


opmentfi i 1908 ffirst patent in 1908 for a stem (890299) first step

eved using fluid-torque g q

VT were used in dutchVT were used in dutch

Porsche traHistory

Porsche traansmissionConstruction

ansmission

Picture taken from the patent document 890299

DAF varHistory

DAF var

Double pulleysDouble pulleys

riomaticConstruction

riomatic

http://www.philseed.com/daf-600.html

SteeHistory

Stee

E li b dEarlier cars borrowed axcarriages with unstable p

t t t t bili tnot present to stabilize tAckerman's arrangemengindividual axes allowed speed during turnTiller was replaced withmajor development cammajor development camFour wheel steering is nto a few modelsto a few models

eringConstruction

ering

l i il hxles similar to horse pivoting axles as horse is th hi lthe vehiclent of pivoting wheels about p g

rotation at varied angles /

h steering and linkages and me after power steering.me after power steering.now available but restricted

AckermanHistory

Ackerman

Pictures taken from Ste

nn LinkageConstruction

nn Linkage

AckermanAckerman linkages for Independent Suspension

eeds and Garrett (1983)

TilleHistory

Tille

Benz tricycle 1896

Pictures tak

ersConstruction

ers

Panhard Levassor 1890-95

ken from Smith (2002)

SuspeHistory

Suspe

Elli i i d dElliptic springs adopted during braking and startSpringing developed bypneumatic variable heigp gIndependent wheel suspSi l il iSimple coil springs werealone and then used in rActive suspensions havejacks controlled electron

ensionConstruction

ension

f blfrom carts – problems ting -need to be restrictedy torsion bars and further by ght suspensionsg ppensions developed

d f f t ie used for front suspension ear alsoe vehicle lifted by power nically

Elliptic SHistory

Elliptic S

Axle guidance interferes with stee

SpringsConstruction

Springs

Mounting to reduce Squat

Mounting to function as anti-roll bar

ering

Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983)

TorsioHistory

Torsioon barConstruction

on bar


Pneumatic SHistory

Pneumatic S

Flat, non-driven air-suspended Mercedes-B

Pict

SuspensionConstruction

Suspension

semi-trailing-arm rear axle of the Benz V class

ture taken from Reimpell et al., (2001)

SuspeHistory

Suspe

I d d l iIndependently moving Independent suspensiop p

Jaguar 3.4 was with independent suspension in '55

Pictures tak

ensionConstruction

ension

h l i d d iwheels improved road-gripons became popular by 90s.p p y

ken from Smith (2002)

SuspeHistory

Suspe

Wh l d TiWheels and Tires:Wooden spoked wheel wpunsuitable for higher spe1895 Michelin brothers1895, Michelin brotherspeugeot cars for racing aP ti ti h d bPneumatic tires had probLarge tires were good fog groads improving size is

ensionConstruction

ension

with metal outer was eeds fitted Dunlop tires ons fitted Dunlop tires on and it startedbl f tblems of punctureor poth-rudded roads, with preached to standard size.

SuspeHistory

Suspe

S ll i i dSmaller tires improved rdynamicsWider tires had better roTubeless tires were introTubeless tires were introRadial ply was introduc“Low profile” tires – ratdiameter increased

ensionConstruction

ension

id d iride and suspension

oad gripoduced after WWIIoduced after WWIIedtio of outer to inner

TubelesHistory

Tubeles

I d d i 1947 b•Introduced in 1947 by Goodridge•An air-tight layer to inner layer of carcass•Soft inner layer of highly viscous material to fill in puncturespunctures•Retain air-pressure longer than others vehicles can bethan others vehicles can be controlled longer

ss tiresConstruction

ss tires

http://www.indiacar.com/infobank/tlt_const.htm

TirHistory

TirresConstruction

res


RadialHistory

Radial

Si h i l•Since there is no cross ply, lesser heat generated hence more lifemore life•4 to 6 “bracing plies” of metal /rayon provides bettermetal /rayon provides better contact grip and stability against deformation in higher g gspeeds•Stiffer in resisting lateral gloading hence reduces under/over steer.

l TiresConstruction

l Tires


Low profHistory

Low prof

Wid i f di•Wider tires for same diameter•Improvement of radial tires•Larger chamber allows operation in lower pressure hence smooth ride or increase in comfort•Increased traction as more area in contact

Pictu

file TiresConstruction

file Tires

ures taken from 65 series off road tire manual of Goodyear

BraHistory

Bra

H iHorse carriages were esDrum brakes with pair opdominantUntil 1920s brakes onlyUntil 1920s brakes onlyWith drum brake proble

h t d di boverheat, emerged disc bDisc brakes were used inrear brakes as they requidrum brakes

kesConstruction

kes

i ll d b hsentially stopped by horsesof internal shoes emerged as g

y in rear wheelsy in rear wheelsem of fading due to b k i 1952brakes in 1952.n front wheels and not in ired mounting of parking

BraHistory

Bra

B k d bBrakes operated by mecrequired skilled adjustm1930s hydraulic power a1960s Dual hydraulic c1960s, Dual hydraulic covercome leaksH hi l i dHeavy vehicles requiredVacuum assistAnti Lock Braking introBritish Jensen FF,1960 whave it.

kesConstruction

kes

h i l d d blchanical rods and cables ment or cars would “swing”

assisted brakes introducedcircuit introduced tocircuit introduced to

d td servo arrangement -

oduced from aircrafts. was first passenger car to

Dual hydrauHistory

Dual hydrau

D l li d•Dual master cylinder•Both actuating different circuits•Failure of one is not affecting another •At least one circuit operational

ulic brakingConstruction

ulic braking


Vacuum AssHistory

Vacuum Ass

Bendix HydrovacBendix Hydrovac

sist brakingConstruction

sist braking


Anti LockHistory

Anti-Lock

Ford Escort and

k BrakingConstruction

k Braking

Orion Anti-lock Braking System


InteriorHistory

Interior

M d f ilModern family cars not performance cars of 193Essential dynamic analyquietenessq

Direct belt between enby intermediate electryVibration isolation Mathematical analysisMathematical analysis

Air conditioning, powerdemisting addeddemisting added.

DesignConstruction

Design

i hi hsuperior to high 30s.ysis and design to improve

ngine and cooling fan replaced rical

s of the designs of the designr windows, windows

SafetyHistory

Safety

I i fInvention of motor cars any other invention.

No. of civilian deathsWWII greater than de

1930s “unitary” Chevroconstruction was more ranother car.No significant work tillNo significant work till a selling point

DesignConstruction

Design

d d d h hproduced more deaths than

per month in USA during eaths due to warlet airflow body resistant to impact with

1950s and 60s as it was not1950s and 60s as it was not

SafetyHistory

Safety

P h d iPre-war cars had steerinthe heart of drivers in caCollapsible steering intrSeat belts appeared arouSeat belts appeared arouoccupants and slowly spAi b l tAirbags came laterVehicle is now designedgfront, rear and sides.

DesignConstruction

Design

l likng columns like spears to ase of frontal impactroduced by 1960sund 1950s for front seatund 1950s for front seat pread to rear

d with energy absorbers in gy

?? Too muchHistory

?? Too much

I i lInnovation not always aAlec Issigonis’s revolsuspension was famouelastic systems Wankel engine

Important to choose winpDisc brakesPower SteeringPower Steering

Innovation ??Construction

Innovation ??

k fi i la key to financial sucesslutionary Mini with rubber bush us but not with advanced hydro-

nners at right timeg

Further RJ li H i S ith (2002)

Further RJulian-Happian Smith (2002),Vehicle Design,Butterworth-H

N t K St d W d GNewton, K., Steeds, W. and GVehicle (10th edn). Butterworcover) and 0-408-01157-2 (so) (

Jörnsen Reimpell et al (2001)(Second edition), Butterworth

ReadingA I t d ti t M d

Reading, An Introduction to Modern Heinmann (ISBN 0-7506-5044-3)

G tt T K (1983) Th M tGarrett, T.K. (1983), The Motor rths (ISBN 0-408-01118-1 (hard

oft cover)).))

), The Automotive chassis h Heinman (ISBN 0-7506-5054-0)

Vee THistory

Vee-TBlumfBlumfwith O

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blumfield_V-twin_motorcycle_engine.jpg

Mercedes Benz V6, 199

TwinConstruction

Twin ield V twin engine 1913 14ield V twin engine 1913-14

Overhead Cam Shaft

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg

96

OverheadHistory

Overhead


Cam ShaftConstruction

Cam Shaft


Side ValveHistory

Side Valve


e EnginesConstruction

e Engines


Side ValvHistory

Side Valv

“Biefield” Diesel eng

http://shopswarf.orconh

Biefield Diesel eng

ve EngineConstruction

ve Engine

ine of 1930s

hosting.net.nz/svdiesel.html

ine of 1930s

Plate cHistory

Plate c

http://gtmotorsports.com

clutchConstruction

clutch

http://www.novak-adapt.com/knowledge/clutches_etc.htm

Plate CHistory

Plate C

Pic

ClutchConstruction

Clutch

ctures taken from “ The Motor Vehicle” – Newton Steeds

GearHistory

Gear

Sliding mesh ->


r boxConstruction

r box

> moving gears

Dog clutch


Gear box CoHistory

Gear box – Co

Pictures taken from Stee

onstant meshConstruction

onstant mesh

eds and Garrett (1983)

Gearbox SyHistory

Gearbox - Sy


ynchromeshConstruction

ynchromeshS h hSynchromesh have “synchronizers”synchronizers for smoother gear shifting


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Automobile Introduction

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