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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMHYPOTHALAMUSLIMBIC SYSTEM
Lecturer: assoc. prof. P. Kupenov a
Dept. Physio log y, Medic al Universit y-Sofia, 2010
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Autonomic nervous system:
regulates internal organ functions is not under voluntary control participates in homeostatic control via reflex mechanismsand complex behavioural responses
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S2-S4
Lymbic
system
III
VII
IX
X
H
Th1-L2
Brain stem
Internal organs
eyes
heart
bronchi.
.
Extramural ganglia
Paravertebral
ganglia
Prevertebral
ganglia
Intramural
ganglia
Peripheral
(local)
neural
circuits
Interoreceptors
-mechanoreceptors
-chemoreceptors- osmoreceptors
-thermoreceptors
From interoceptorsFrom exteroceptors
Spinal and
cranial nerves
Spinal
ganglia
Spinal nerves
Special senses(vision, taste,olfaction, hearing
)
Somatosensory
Skin
-pilomotor
muscles
-sweat glands
Skeletal muscles-blood vessels
ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMAfferent part Efferent p art
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Afferent part somatosensory intero- and exteroceptors via spinal and cranialnerves, special senses
Visceral and somatic afferents project to differentlocations in the spinal cord
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Higher level afferents
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Some afferents do notreach c.n.s and participate in local peripheralresponses or give collaterals to the autonomic ganglia, where they exert
modulatory effects
Modulation of the efferent signal by collaterals of a sensory neuron,
releasing substance
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Branches of visceral afferentsmay participate in axon reflexes.(e.g. bronc hoco nstr ic t ion up on st imulat ion of bron chop ulmonary receptors)
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. LEVELS OF INTEGRATION:
1. Peripheral level (local neural networks, out of c.n.s)
entericnervous system, lung networks, etc.
2. Spinal cord and cranial nerve nuclei (III, VII, IX, X).
Sympathetic and parasympatheticdivision.
3. Brain stemother(vardio-vascular center,
vomiting center, etc.)
4. Hypothalamuscomplex adaptive responses, stress reactions, feeding
behaviour, body fluid balance, thermoregulation, circadian rhythms,sleep and wakefulness, endocrine control.
5. Limbicsystemautonomic and behavioural responses,
motivation, emotions, learning and memory.
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Efferent part Motoneuron is always out of c.n.s. and is unmyelinated
- somatic motor neuron autonomic motor neurons
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Complex synaptic transmission in the autonomic ganglia
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Characteristics of the peripheral synapses of the autonomic
nerves
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Variety of receptors:
- adrenergic : 1, 2, b1, b2 b3- cholinergic: N, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- tachikinin: NK1q NK2, NK3
- neuropeptide Y: Y1Y5- cholecystokinin: CCK A(CCK1) CCK (CCK2)
- purinergic: P1, P2y, P2x
http://content.nejm.org/content/vol334/issue17/images/large/07t1.jpeghttp://content.nejm.org/content/vol334/issue17/images/large/07t1.jpeghttp://content.nejm.org/content/vol334/issue17/images/large/07t1.jpeghttp://content.nejm.org/content/vol334/issue17/images/large/07t1.jpeg8/13/2019 Autonomic Ner Sys Hypothalamus Limbic MedEng 1010
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Autonomic effects are often only modulatory They can be excitatory or inhibitory
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Organization of the enteric nervous system
1.Peripheral level
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+
.
Example of a peripheral integration peristalsis
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2.Spinal and cranial nerve level III, VII, IX, X).Sympatheticand parasympatheticdivision.
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Spinal autonomic reflexes - defecation
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Cardiovascular system
Heart:
-excitability
-conduction
-heart rate
-contractility
Arterioles
-heart
-skin
-skeletal muscle
-brain
-lung
-gut
-salivary
Systemic veins
Effector organ Sympathetic effect Receptors
SYMPATHETIC PERIPHERAL EFFECTS
Increase +++
Increased velocity +++
Increase +++
Increase +++
Constriction+/dilation ++ (in situ
dilation dominating)
Constriction +++
Constriction ++
Dilation (working mm.) ++Constriction (week)
Constriction +
Constriction +++
Constriction ++
Constriction +++
b1b1b1b11 /b211b211111
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Respiratory system
-bronchial muscle
-bronchial glands
Gastrointestinal system
-motility
-sphincters
-gallbladder
-secretion(overall)
-salivary glands
-pancreas
-liver
Eye
- m dilatator pupillae
- m sphincter upillae
- m ciliaris
Effector organ Sympathetic effect Receptors
SYMPATHETIC PERIPHERAL EFFECTS (continued)
Bronchodilation+
Decreased secretion +
Decrease
Contraction+++
Relaxation
Decrease
Increased secretion (rich in
amylase) +
Exocrine secretion decrease
Insuline secr. increse/decreaseGlycogenolysis, glyconeogenesis
Contraction ++
b2 (via circul CA)
b21, 2b21,b1,b22 / b2b21
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Urinary system
-kidney
-ureter
-urinary bladder
-sphincter-detrusor
Skin
-pilomotor muscles
-sweat glands
Male reproductive system
Adipose tissue
Uterus
Effector organ Sympathetic effect Receptors
Increased renin secretion++
Contraction ++Relaxation +
Contraction ++
Increased secretion +++
Ejaculation +++
Lipolysis
Contraction / relaxation
b1
1b21 cholino-R, b1b2, b31 / b2
SYMPATHETIC PERIPHERAL EFFECTS (continued)
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Cardiovascular system
Heart
-excitability
-conduction
-heart rate
-contractility
Arterioles
-heart
-skin
-skeletal muscles
-brain
-lungs
-gastrointestinal
-salivary glands
Systemic veins
Effector organ Parasympathetic effect Receptors
decrease +++
decrease+++
decrease +++
decrease(atria)
Dilation(?)
Dilation
Dilation +++
2
2
2
2
(NANC)
1,3(NOdependent)
NANC (VIP)
PARASYMPATHETIC PERIPHERAL EFFECTS
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Respiratory system
-bronchial muscle
-bronchial glands
Gastrointestinal system
-motility
-sphincters
-gallbladder
-secretion (overall)
-salivary glands
-pancreas
-liver
Eye
- m dilatator pupillae
- m sphincter upillae
- m ciliaris
Effector organ Parasympathetic effect Receptors
Constriction/dilation
Increased secretion
IncreasedRelaxation
Contraction +++
Increase +++
Secretion increase +++
Exocrine secretion increase
Insuline secretion increase
Contraction +++
Contraction+++
3; NANC (SP,N-)/NANC (VIP,NO)
3
3
3
1, 3
3,VIP, NO
1, 3
1, 3
3
3
PARASYMPATHETIC PERIPHERAL EFFECTS(continued)
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Urinary system
-kidney
-ureter
-urinary bladder
-sphincter-detrusor
Skin
-pilomotor muscles
-sweat glands
Male reproductive system
Adipose tissue
Uterus
Effector organ Parasympathetic effect Receptors
Contraction +++
Erection
3
NO
PARASYMPATHETIC PERIPHERAL EFFECTS(continued)
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3. HIGHER INTEGRATIVE CENTERS
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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Hypothalamic connections with the brain stem, limbic system
and neocortex through the medial forebrain bundle
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Hypothalamic connections with limbic structures
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Hypothalamic connections with the thalamus, subthalamus and corpus striatum
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Circumventricular organs
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Receptor-mediated transport across the blood-brain barrier (leptin)
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HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTIONS- Endocrine function- Control of pituitary secretion- Higher authonomic center- Thermoregulation- Food intake control- Water intake control- Metabolic function- Circadian rhythm regulation- Emotions, behaviour
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Endocrine regulation
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Hypothalamic hormones
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THERMOREGULATION
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-
-.
-
- . -
-
-
-
-
- . -
-
-
-
-
:
-
-
-
(, )
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Hypothalamic areas contributing to thermoregulation during bodyheating and cooling
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0 7 14 21 28
370
360
380
Diurnal variations of the body temperature left) andvariations during the ovarian cycle right)
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Schematic drawing showing major pathways of the temperature control
center. Heat sensors in the median preoptic hypothalamus (MnPO) project to
neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial
nucleus (DMN) or directly to the raphe pallidus (RPa) in the brainstem to control
autonomic responses mediated through preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord.
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REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE
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Regulation of food intake depends on the coordinated
activity of several hypothalamic nuclei, which are in
turn regulated by:
1) Adipose tissue peptides
2) Gastrointestinal peptides
3) Blood glucose concentration and glucose utilization
4) Body temperature
5) Concentration of 3
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Hypothalamic structures involved in the control of food intake
OREXIGENIC FACTORS ANOREXIGENIC FACTORS
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Neuropeptide Y
Agouti-related protein (AgRP)
Orexin
MCH
Endocannabinoids (anandamine, 2-arachidonyl glycerol)
Ghrelin
-MSH (POMC)
CART
Brain-derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF)
Leptin
Adiponectin
Insulin
Incretins
PYY (colon)Cholecystokinin
Glucagon-like peptide
Pancreatic polypeptide
Oxyntomodulin
Amylin
Hypothalamus
Adipose tissue
Gastro0intestinal system
OREXIGENIC FACTORS ANOREXIGENIC FACTORS
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Stomach bypass to prevent appetite stimulation by ghrelin
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Regulation with feedback but
without setpoint
Regulation with and without feedback
(partially opened system)
Models of food intake regulation
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Change in the set point in a case of lateral hypothalamus damage
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Water intake regulation
ADH secretion depends on both osmolarity and extracellular fluid volume
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ADH secretion regulation
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Thrust stimuli
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The positron emission tomography (PET) image at top, taken after subjects received an
infusion of a concentrated saline solution into the blood to stimulate thirst, shows regions of
activity in the left side of the brain in thirsty subjects. This activity changed dramatically after
their thirst was quenched. In particular, the yellow and orange areas above indicate activity
along the cingulate cortex that was extinguished later.
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Sleep-wake cycle
++
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(VLPO)
()(DM, PF)
(TM)
SCN
++
+
+
+ (PPN/LdT)
(LC)
(NR)
REM-on
REM-off
D2
(IL1)
t02
+
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Daily rhythms in restactivity,body temperature, potassium
excretion, computation speed
(number of computations
performed per minute), and timeestimation (accuracy with which
short intervals of time are
assessed). From Wever (1974)
with permission.
Circadian rhythm regulation
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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When the suprachiasmatic nuclei are destroyed, the circadian rhythm is lost
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Cyclic changes in activity of the suprachiasmatic (SCN) nucleus (left).
When the SCN and its connections are preserves, 24h rhythms of many body
functions such as sleep-wake cycle and body temperature are observes (right, a). If
the SCN is destroyed, the 24 h rhythmicity of the same body functions is lost.
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Features ofpertiminteractions. (A) Profiles of PER and TIM mRNA and protein levels across a light (open bar)dark (filled bar) cycle.
The shaded area shows when PERTIM heterodimers are present in the nucleus. (B) Structures of PER and TIM proteins. Theconnecting lines indicate areas of each protein thought to be involved in PERTIM dimerization. A, acidic region; B, basic region. (C)
Interdependent negative feedback control loops of per and tim. See text for description. From Reppert and Sauman (1995).
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SCN structure
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Melatonin secretion
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Sexual function and sexual dimorphism of some hypothalamic nuclei
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HYPOTHALAMUS AND LIMBIC SYSTEM
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Structures of the limbic system
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Circuits in the limbic system
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Emotional reaction - anxiety
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Experiments proving the existence of reward and avoidance centers
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The pleasure centers
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Behavioural responses
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(.;
. )
(, )
? ?
Learning and memory - types
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Long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD)
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