• Some sympathetic preganglion axons release ACh to stimulate the adrenal glands to release Epinenphrine and Norepinephrine. – Norepinephrine is converted into epinephrine.

• These NTs reinforce the ‘sympathetic response’– Increased heart rate, BV constriction, increases

blood glucose levels; shunting of blood from digestive organs to the skeletal muscles and heart.

Cranial Outflow

Cranial Nerve Ganglion Effectors

Occulomotor (III)

Ciliary (eye orbits) Innervates smooth muscle of the EyeCauses pupil to constrict; lens to bulge

Facial (VII) Pterygopalatine--------Submandibular ---------

•Stimulates the Salivary, nasal•Stimulates lacrimal glands

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Otic •Activates Parotid (salivary) glands•Innervation of head by CN

Vagus (X) •Cardiac Plexus- in thorax (heart –slows rate)•Pulmonary and Esophageal Plexuses •From esophagus into abdominal cavity – Aortic plexus (liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, pancreas, proximal Large intestine

•Heart, lungs, and most visceral organs

Sacral Outflow S2-S4•Located within the walls of the target organs•As axons leave the lateral gray matter (via ventral horn) to ventral rami forms pelvic splanchnic nerves and pass through the pelvic plexus

•Distal Large intestine, urinary bladder, ureters, and reproductive organs

• Serve the lower organs– Reproductive– Bladder and ureters