Aut
onom
ous
Sem
antic
Web
A
uton
omou
s Se
man
tic W
eb
Serv
ices
Serv
ices
Katia
Syc
ara
Carn
egie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
itye-
mai
l: ka
tia@
cs.c
mu.
edu
ww
w.c
s.cm
u.ed
u/~
soft
agen
ts
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Out
line
Out
line
1.1.W
hat
are
Web
Ser
vice
s?W
hat
are
Web
Ser
vice
s?2.
Med
iatio
n an
d Co
mpo
sitio
n3.
Indu
stry
Sta
ndar
ds4.
Sem
antic
Web
eff
orts
5.Fu
ture
Dire
ctio
ns6.
Dis
cuss
ion
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Wha
t are
Web
Ser
vice
sW
hat a
re W
eb S
ervi
ces
Tod
ay's
Web
Tod
ay's
Web
Fact
s an
d fig
ures
3 bi
llion
web
site
s45
0 m
Int
erne
t us
ers
(33%
US)
Onl
ine
B2B
mar
ket
volu
me
2000
: $2
82 b
illio
n
Purp
ose
Web
des
igne
d fo
r ap
plic
atio
n to
hum
an in
tera
ctio
ns
Serv
ed v
ery
wel
l its
pur
pose
:In
form
atio
n sh
arin
g: a
di
strib
uted
con
tent
libr
ary
B2C
e-co
mm
erce
Non
-aut
omat
ed B
2B
inte
ract
ions
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Wha
t are
Web
Ser
vice
sW
hat a
re W
eb S
ervi
ces
The
Nex
t Kill
er A
ppT
he N
ext K
iller
App
“Web
ser
vice
s ar
e ex
pect
ed t
o re
volu
tion
ize
our
life
in m
uch
the
sam
e w
ay a
s th
e In
tern
et
has
duri
ng t
he p
ast
deca
de o
r so
.”(G
artn
er)
“Jus
t as
the
Web
re
volu
tion
ized
how
us
ers
talk
to
appl
icat
ions
, XM
L
tran
sfor
ms
how
ap
plic
atio
ns t
alk
to e
ach
othe
r.”
(Bill
Gat
es)
“Web
Ser
vice
s w
ill b
e bi
gger
tha
n Ja
va o
r X
ML
”(R
od S
mit
h, V
P
of E
mer
ging
T
echn
olog
y, I
BM
)
“By
2004
, 40%
of
fina
ncia
l ser
vice
s tr
ansa
ctio
ns a
nd 3
5% o
f on
line
gove
rnm
ent
serv
ices
will
be
web
se
rvic
e-ba
sed.
”(G
artn
er)
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Fro
m th
e In
tern
et to
Web
Ser
vice
sF
rom
the
Inte
rnet
to W
eb S
ervi
ces
Old
Wor
ld :
“The
eye
-bal
l Web
”
The
arc
hite
ctur
e of
the
Web
is
gear
ed t
owar
ds d
eliv
erin
g in
form
atio
n vi
sual
ly(I
nter
net
fille
d w
ith
info
rmat
ion)
New
Wor
ld:
“The
tra
nsac
tion
al W
eb”
The
arc
hite
ctur
e of
the
Web
ge
ared
tow
ards
inte
llige
ntly
ex
chan
ging
info
rmat
ion
betw
een
appl
icat
ions
(In
tern
et
fille
d w
ith
exec
utab
les)
Sou
rce:
IBM
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Wha
t are
Web
Ser
vice
s?W
hat a
re W
eb S
ervi
ces?
Man
y D
efin
ition
s E
xist
…M
any
Def
initi
ons
Exi
st…
Web
Ser
vice
s ar
e In
tern
et-b
ased
, m
odul
ar a
ppli
cati
ons
that
pe
rfor
m a
spe
cifi
c bu
sine
ss ta
sk
and
conf
orm
to a
par
ticu
lar
tech
nica
l for
mat
. (IB
M)W
eb S
ervi
ces
are
loos
ely
coup
led
soft
war
e co
mpo
nent
s de
liver
ed o
ver
the
Inte
rnet
via
st
anda
rds-
base
d te
chno
logi
es
like
XM
L, a
nd S
OA
P. (
Gar
tner
)
“Sel
f-de
scri
bing
, sel
f-co
ntai
ned,
m
odul
ar u
nit o
f ap
plic
atio
n lo
gic
that
pro
vide
s so
me
busi
ness
fu
ncti
onal
ity
to o
ther
ap
plic
atio
ns th
roug
h an
Int
erne
t co
nnec
tion
…”
(UD
DI.
org)
A w
eb s
ervi
ce is
app
lica
tion
lo
gic
that
is p
rogr
amm
atic
ally
av
aila
ble,
exp
osed
usi
ng th
e In
tern
et. (
Mic
roso
ft)
Web
Ser
vice
s ar
e se
lf-d
escr
ibin
g co
mpo
nent
s th
at c
an d
isco
ver
and
enga
ge o
ther
web
ser
vice
s or
ap
plic
atio
ns to
com
plet
e co
mpl
ex ta
sks
over
the
Inte
rnet
. (S
un M
icro
syst
ems,
Inc
.)
It is
sof
twar
e de
sign
ed to
be
used
by
othe
r so
ftw
are
via
Inte
rnet
pro
toco
ls a
nd f
orm
ats.
(F
orre
ster
)
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Web
Ser
vice
s as
a S
oftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
eW
eb S
ervi
ces
as a
Sof
twar
e A
rchi
tect
ure
�Web
ser
vice
s ar
e a
new
bre
ed o
f W
eb a
pplic
atio
n.
They
are
sel
f-co
ntai
ned,
sel
f-de
scrib
ing,
mod
ular
ap
plic
atio
ns t
hat
can
be p
ublis
hed,
loca
ted,
and
invo
ked
acro
ss t
he W
eb. W
eb s
ervi
ces
perf
orm
fun
ctio
ns, w
hich
ca
n be
any
thin
g fr
om s
impl
e re
ques
ts t
o co
mpl
icat
ed
busi
ness
pro
cess
es. �
Onc
e a
Web
ser
vice
is d
eplo
yed,
oth
er a
pplic
atio
ns
(and
oth
er W
eb s
ervi
ces)
can
dis
cove
r an
d in
voke
the
de
ploy
ed s
ervi
ce.�
IBM
web
ser
vice
tuto
rial
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Web
Ser
vice
s as
a p
rogr
amm
ing
tech
nolo
gyW
eb S
ervi
ces
as a
pro
gram
min
g te
chno
logy
The
web
is o
rgan
ized
aro
und
URIs
, HTM
L, a
nd H
TTP.
U
RIs
prov
ide
defin
ed I
Ds
to r
efer
to
elem
ents
on
the
web
HTM
L pr
ovid
es a
sta
ndar
dize
d w
ay t
o de
scrib
e do
cum
ent
stru
ctur
es�
allo
win
g br
owse
rs t
o re
nder
info
rmat
ion
for
the
hum
an r
eade
r
HTT
P de
fines
a p
roto
col t
o re
trie
ve in
form
atio
n fr
om t
he w
eb.
Web
ser
vice
s re
quire
a s
imila
r in
fras
truc
ture
:XM
L pr
ovid
es a
met
a la
ngua
ge for
def
inin
g do
cum
ents
Stan
dard
s re
quire
d fo
r co
mm
unic
atio
n, in
terf
ace/
sign
atur
e de
scrip
tion,
pro
toco
l des
crip
tion
and
disc
over
y.�
e.g.
UD
DI,
WSD
L, a
nd S
OAP
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Key
cha
ract
eris
tics?
Key
cha
ract
eris
tics?
A W
eb S
ervi
ce is
acc
essi
ble
over
th
e W
eb.
Web
Ser
vice
s co
mm
unic
ate
usin
g pl
atfo
rm-i
nde
pen
den
t an
d la
ngu
age-
neu
tral
Web
pro
toco
ls
A W
eb S
ervi
ce p
rovi
des
a sp
ecif
ic f
un
ctio
nal
ity
that
can
be
use
d by
oth
er p
rogr
ams
A W
eb S
ervi
ce is
reg
iste
red
and
can
be
loca
ted
thro
ugh
a W
eb
Serv
ice
Regi
stry
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
So w
hat i
s ne
w a
bout
Web
Ser
vice
s?So
wha
t is
new
abo
ut W
eb S
ervi
ces?
Use
sco
mm
on p
roto
cols
and
te
chno
logi
es (
e.g.
, XM
L, S
OA
P,
WSD
L, H
TTP
)
Use
sdi
ffer
ent
prot
ocol
s an
d te
chno
logi
es (
e.g.
, Mic
roso
ft
DC
OM
, CO
RB
A)
Mai
nly
des
ign
ed f
or p
roce
sses
ac
ross
ent
erpr
ises
Mai
nly
des
ign
ed f
or p
roce
sses
w
ithin
the
ent
erpr
ise
Loos
ely
coup
led
soft
war
e ap
plic
atio
ns
(low
dep
ende
nci
es
betw
een
app
licat
ion
s)
Tigh
tly c
oupl
edso
ftw
are
appl
icat
ion
s (h
igh
de
pen
den
cies
bet
wee
n
syst
ems)
Web
Ser
vice
s M
odel
Com
pone
nt-B
ased
Mod
el
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
The
Im
pact
of
Web
Ser
vice
s?T
he I
mpa
ct o
f W
eb S
ervi
ces?
Impr
ovem
ent
of o
pera
tions
Agile
bus
ines
s re
latio
nshi
ps
Redu
ced
cost
and
incr
ease
d fle
xibi
lity
Shor
ter
time-
to-m
arke
t fo
r ne
w p
rodu
cts
and
serv
ices
Leve
rage
exi
stin
g in
fras
truc
ture
Web
Ser
vice
s w
ill r
emed
y m
any
expe
nsiv
e an
d pa
infu
l pro
blem
s of
tod
ay�s
bus
ines
s us
es o
f IT
:
Conn
ectin
g bu
sine
ss s
yste
ms
insi
de a
firm
is a
nig
htm
are
Inte
r-en
terp
rise
proc
ess
orch
estr
atio
n is
impo
ssib
leIn
flexi
ble
syst
ems
impe
de
busi
ness
adj
ustm
ents
Frag
men
ted
pers
onal
dat
a fr
ustr
ates
use
rs
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
The
Evo
lutio
n of
Web
Ser
vice
s?T
he E
volu
tion
of W
eb S
ervi
ces?
Pri
vate
Inte
gra
tio
n
Par
tner
Inte
gra
tio
n
Pu
blic
Inte
gra
tio
n
Inte
gra
tio
n b
etw
een
in
tern
al a
pp
licat
ion
sIn
teg
rati
on
wit
ho
ut
a
p
rio
r re
lati
on
ship
Inte
gra
tio
n b
etw
een
rem
ote
ap
plic
atio
ns
at s
epar
ate
firm
s
or
bu
sin
ess
un
its
2002
2003
/4
Def
i-n
itio
n
Tim
e
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
1993
Sta
tic
Web
HT
TP
, HT
ML
1994
-199
7D
ynam
ic W
ebC
GI,
Per
l, A
pp
lets
,S
evle
ts, A
SP
, Jav
ascr
ipt
1998
-199
9A
do
pti
on
of
XM
LX
SL
T, X
ML
-Sch
ema
2000
+W
eb S
ervi
ces
Sta
nd
ard
sS
OA
P, W
SD
L, U
DD
I
Evo
lutio
n of
WW
W T
echn
olog
ies
& T
ools
Evo
lutio
n of
WW
W T
echn
olog
ies
& T
ools
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Web
Ser
vice
s an
d M
ulti
Age
nt S
yste
ms
Web
Ser
vice
s an
d M
ulti
Age
nt S
yste
ms
Web
Ser
vice
ava
ilabi
lity
is d
ynam
icAv
aila
ble
serv
ices
are
con
tinua
lly c
hang
ing
and
evol
ving
�Al
tern
ativ
e or
nov
el s
ervi
ces
appe
ar d
ue t
o th
e em
erge
nce
of n
ewbu
sine
sses
�Se
rvic
es m
ay b
e w
ithdr
awn
if un
prof
itabl
e, o
r if
busi
ness
es
prov
idin
g th
e se
rvic
e fa
il
Regi
strie
s of
Web
Ser
vice
s us
ed f
or s
ervi
ce d
isco
very
Agen
ts m
ay e
nter
or
leav
e a
MAS
at
will
No
guar
ante
es o
f av
aila
bilit
yM
iddl
e Ag
ents
(e.
g. F
acili
tato
rsor
Mat
chm
aker
s) r
equi
red
to
find
avai
labl
e ag
ents
with
giv
en c
apab
ilitie
s
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Web
Ser
vice
s an
d M
ulti
Age
nt S
yste
ms
Web
Ser
vice
s an
d M
ulti
Age
nt S
yste
ms
Web
Ser
vice
are
het
erog
eneo
usVa
ry in
:�
The
task
s th
ey p
erfo
rm (
i.e. t
heir
capa
bilit
ies)
�Th
e on
tolo
gies
or
taxo
nom
ies
they
use
for
:�
Thei
r de
scrip
tions
(e.
g. c
apab
ility
des
crip
tion
or b
usin
ess
mod
el)
�Co
nten
t of
exc
hang
ed d
ata
(i.e.
XM
L do
cum
ents
)
Agen
ts a
re h
eter
ogen
eous
Diff
er in
�Fu
nctio
nalit
y an
d ca
pabi
lity
desc
riptio
n�
Com
mun
icat
ion
and
mes
sage
for
mat
�In
fras
truc
ture
, coo
rdin
atio
n an
d m
edia
tion
�O
ntol
ogie
s us
ed f
or s
harin
g in
form
atio
n w
ithin
and
acr
oss
infr
astr
uctu
res
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Web
Ser
vice
s an
d M
ulti
Age
nt S
yste
ms
Web
Ser
vice
s an
d M
ulti
Age
nt S
yste
ms
MAS
may
ben
efit
from
Web
Ser
vice
sSt
anda
rds
for
diff
eren
t la
ngua
ges/
task
s/ro
les
Indu
stry
dev
elop
ed A
PIs
and
Too
lsSt
anda
rdiz
ed o
ntol
ogie
s an
d in
form
atio
n re
posi
torie
s
Web
Ser
vice
s m
ay b
enef
it fr
om M
ASRes
earc
h in
to m
iddl
e ag
ents
& m
edia
tion
Com
mun
icat
ion,
con
vers
atio
n, a
nd s
peec
h ac
tsAu
tono
mou
s &
Int
ellig
ent
beha
vior
sM
ulti
Agen
t Co
ordi
natio
n Sc
hem
es
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
The
Nee
d fo
r Se
man
tics
The
Nee
d fo
r Se
man
tics
Sem
antic
Int
erop
erab
ility
is a
maj
or h
urdl
e fo
rLo
catin
g Se
rvic
es�
Diff
eren
t te
rms
used
for
adv
ertis
emen
ts a
nd r
eque
sts
Invo
king
�Co
nstr
uctin
g va
lid m
essa
ges
base
d on
the
pub
lishe
d si
gnat
ure/
inte
rfac
e of
a s
ervi
ceU
nder
stan
ding
�In
terp
retin
g th
e re
sults
of
invo
king
a s
ervi
ceCo
mpo
sing
Ser
vice
s�
Cons
truc
ting
plan
s to
ach
ieve
met
a-go
als
base
d on
av
aila
ble
Serv
ices
/Age
nts
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Exa
mpl
es o
f Se
man
tic M
ism
atch
Exa
mpl
es o
f Se
man
tic M
ism
atch
Sem
antic
Mis
mat
ch a
t th
e Co
nten
t Le
vel
Prov
ider
ret
urns
val
ue P
enns
ylva
nia,
but
req
uest
er o
nly
unde
rsta
nds
two
lett
er s
tate
cod
es (
i.e. P
A)
Sem
antic
Mis
mat
ch a
t th
e At
trib
ute
leve
lReq
uest
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
The
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ove
rvie
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eb S
ervi
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dard
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Too
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Too
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y St
anda
rds?
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y St
anda
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Foc
usin
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ubse
t of
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stry
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ocus
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Stan
dard
s fo
r W
eb S
ervi
ces
on th
e St
anda
rds
for
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vice
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Out
line
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line
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hat
are
Web
Ser
vice
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hat
are
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vice
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posi
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ry S
tand
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man
tic W
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ffor
ts5.
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re D
irect
ions
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iscu
ssio
n
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Med
iatio
n of
Ser
vice
sM
edia
tion
of S
ervi
ces
Two
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ract
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ts a
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ract
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er a
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©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Med
iatio
n vi
a M
iddl
e A
gent
sM
edia
tion
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Mid
dle
Age
nts
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dle
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ts p
rovi
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edia
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essi
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gent
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abili
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Typ
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iddl
e A
gent
sT
ypes
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dle
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Med
iatin
g C
omm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n A
gent
sM
edia
ting
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mun
icat
ion
betw
een
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nts
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dle
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ts m
ay m
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te c
omm
unic
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n Ag
ents
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mun
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mat
ch o
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owle
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uire
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rmed
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slat
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twee
n on
tolo
gies
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Med
iatin
g Se
rvic
e D
isco
very
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iatin
g Se
rvic
e D
isco
very
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rnet
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ironm
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ually
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Med
iatin
g R
elia
bilit
y, S
ecur
ity &
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stM
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ting
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iabi
lity,
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lity
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rypt
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Serv
ice
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atio
n &
Med
iatio
n fo
r Se
rvic
e L
ocat
ion
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edia
tion
for
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eb S
ervi
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ral s
tand
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Serv
ice
Loc
atio
n &
Med
iatio
n fo
r Se
rvic
e L
ocat
ion
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edia
tion
for
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vice
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eb S
ervi
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.g. w
ww
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nes
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scrip
tions
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Serv
ice
Loc
atio
n &
Med
iatio
n fo
r Se
rvic
e L
ocat
ion
& M
edia
tion
for
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vice
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ervi
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ging
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eb S
ervi
ce R
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he M
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ook)
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Com
posi
tion
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ervi
ces
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posi
tion
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ervi
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ition
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mm
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onst
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t ac
hiev
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sed
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ble
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ices
.
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Com
posi
tion
of S
ervi
ces
Com
posi
tion
of S
ervi
ces
Serv
ices
may
the
mse
lves
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pose
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umbe
r of
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ices
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n be
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to a
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ay b
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avel
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©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Out
line
Out
line
1.W
hat
are
Web
Ser
vice
s?2.
Med
iatio
n an
d Co
mpo
sitio
n3.3.
Indu
stry
Sta
nda
rds
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stry
Sta
nda
rds
4.Se
man
tic W
eb e
ffor
ts5.
Futu
re D
irect
ions
6.D
iscu
ssio
n
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ove
rvie
w o
f W
eb S
ervi
ces
Stan
dard
sO
verv
iew
of
Web
Ser
vice
s St
anda
rds
Take
a c
lose
r lo
ok a
t a
cros
s-se
ctio
n of
sta
ndar
ds, t
ypic
ally
us
ed t
o co
nstr
uct
and
use
a W
eb S
ervi
ce:
SOAP
WSD
LW
SFL
UD
DI
XML
SOA
P
HTT
PWSD
L
UD
DI
WSFL
WSCL
WS-SecurityWS-Routing
XAML�
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ove
rvie
w o
f W
eb S
ervi
ces
Stan
dard
sO
verv
iew
of
Web
Ser
vice
s St
anda
rds
XML
SOA
P
HTT
PWSD
L
UD
DI
WSFL
WSCL
WS-SecurityWS-Routing
XAML�
Com
mun
icat
ing
betw
een
serv
ices
us
ing
the
Sim
ple
Obj
ect
Acc
ess
Pro
toco
l -SO
AP
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
SOA
P (
Sim
ple
Obj
ect A
cces
s P
roto
col)
SOA
P (
Sim
ple
Obj
ect A
cces
s P
roto
col)
Web
Ser
vice
s co
mm
unic
atio
n pr
otoc
olXM
L ex
tens
ion
A co
nven
tion
for
doin
g Rem
ote
Proc
edur
e Ca
lls (
RPC)
:Req
uest
(SO
AP m
essa
ge)
Res
pons
e (S
OAP
mes
sage
)
Curr
ent
Stat
us:
Dev
elop
ed b
y M
icro
soft
, Dev
elop
Men
tor,
Use
rLan
d, L
otus
and
IB
MSO
AP 1
.1 is
an
indu
stry
sta
ndar
dSO
AP 1
.2 is
a W
3C W
orki
ng D
raft
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
SOA
P (
Sim
ple
Obj
ect A
cces
s P
roto
col)
SOA
P (
Sim
ple
Obj
ect A
cces
s P
roto
col)
XML
base
d w
eb s
ervi
ces
com
mun
icat
ion
prot
ocol
Prov
ides
mes
sage
sup
port
for
man
y W
eb S
ervi
ces
stan
dard
s su
ch a
s W
SDL,
UD
DI,
and
Mic
roso
ft�s
.NET
arc
hite
ctur
eU
ses
GET
/PO
ST a
cros
s ht
tp, th
us p
rovi
ding
a p
latf
orm
&
lang
uage
inde
pend
ent
mea
ns o
f co
mm
unic
atin
g
SOAP
doc
umen
ts c
onta
in:
Hea
der
�op
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n ab
out
the
tran
sact
ion
Body �co
ntai
ns p
aylo
ad (
e.g.
a r
eque
st o
r re
spon
se)
�m
ay in
stea
d co
ntai
n er
ror/
faul
t in
form
atio
n if
requ
ests
fai
l
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
SOA
P H
eade
rSO
AP
Hea
der
Opt
iona
l top
-leve
l chi
ld e
lem
ent
of E
nvel
ope
Incl
udes
:Fu
lly Q
ualif
ied
elem
ent
nam
e (m
ust
inc.
nam
espa
ce)
Opt
iona
l SO
AP e
ncod
ingS
tyle
attr
ibut
eO
ptio
nal S
OAP
mus
tUnd
erst
and
& a
ctor
att
ribut
e
<so
ap:H
eade
r><
r:re
qxm
lns:
r="h
ttp:
//w
ww
.sof
tage
nts.
ri.cm
u.ed
u/re
tsin
a-so
ap/�
mus
tUnd
erst
and=
�1�>
<r:
ont>
defa
ult<
/r:o
nf>
<r:
spee
chac
t>as
k</r
:spe
echa
ct>
</r
:req
><
/soa
p:H
eade
r>
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
SOA
P B
ody
SOA
P B
ody
Cont
ains
the
pay
load
of
the
SOAP
doc
umen
tFu
lly Q
ualif
ied
elem
ent
nam
e (o
ptio
nal n
ames
pace
)
May
alte
rnat
ely
incl
ude
faul
t in
form
atio
n in
cas
e of
exc
eptio
ns.
<so
ap:B
ody>
<w
a:G
etW
eath
erxm
lns:
wa=
"htt
p://
ww
w.s
ofta
gent
s.ri.
cmu.
edu/
rets
ina-
wa/
�><
City
>Pi
ttsb
urgh
</C
ity>
<D
ate
styl
e=�U
S�>
05/3
1/20
02 <
/Dat
e><
/wa:
Get
Wea
ther
><
/soa
p:Bo
dy>
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
SOA
P B
ody
SOA
P B
ody
--F
aults
Fau
ltsCa
rry
erro
r or
sta
tus
info
rmat
ion
with
in t
he S
OAP
bod
yfa
ultc
ode
-(m
anda
tory
) qu
alifi
ed n
ame
of d
efin
ed e
rror
faul
tstr
ing
-(m
anda
tory
) hu
man
rea
dabl
e ex
plan
atio
nfa
ulta
ctor
-id
entif
ies
who
rai
sed
the
faul
t ex
cept
ion.
M
anda
tory
if
reci
pien
t is
not
the
ulti
mat
e de
stin
atio
n of
the
SO
AP d
ocum
ent
deta
il -
appl
icat
ion
spec
ific
erro
r in
form
atio
n
<so
ap:B
ody>
<so
ap:F
ault>
<fa
ultc
ode>
soap
:Ser
ver<
/fau
ltcod
e><
faul
tstr
ing>
Serv
er E
rror
</f
aults
trin
g><
deta
il><
wa:
myF
ault
xmln
s:w
a="h
ttp:
//w
ww
.sof
tage
nts.
ri.cm
u.ed
u/re
tsin
a-w
a/�>
<m
essa
ge>
Faile
d to
ret
rieve
det
ails
fro
m C
NN
�s s
ite<
/mes
sage
><
/det
ail>
</s
oap:
Faul
t><
/soa
p:Bo
dy>
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Lim
itatio
ns o
f SO
AP
Lim
itatio
ns o
f SO
AP
Unb
ound
ed m
essa
ge for
mat
Req
uire
s a-
prio
ri ag
reem
ent
betw
een
Web
Ser
vice
s on
mes
sage
fo
rmat
and
pro
toco
lPr
ovid
ed b
y hi
gher
leve
l sta
ndar
ds (
e.g.
WSD
L)H
as n
o co
mm
unic
ativ
e sp
eech
act
sN
o w
ay t
o de
term
ine
�Th
e in
tent
ion
of t
he m
essa
ge s
ende
r�
Wha
t th
e m
essa
ge is
try
ing
to a
chie
ve
Agen
t co
mm
unic
atio
n la
ngua
ges
such
as
FIPA
KQ
ML
defin
e sp
eech
act
s, s
uch
as:
�Ba
sic
quer
y pe
rfor
mat
ives
(ask
-one
, ask
-all,
...)
�M
ulti-
resp
onse
que
ry p
erfo
rmat
ives
(str
eam
-in,..
)�
Res
pons
e (r
eply
, so
rry,
�)
��
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ove
rvie
w o
f W
eb S
ervi
ces
Stan
dard
sO
verv
iew
of
Web
Ser
vice
s St
anda
rds
Def
inin
g tr
ansa
ctio
ns
with
the
Web
Ser
vice
s D
escr
ipti
on
Lan
guag
e -
WSD
L
XML
SOA
P
HTT
PWSD
L
UD
DI
WSFL
WSCL
WS-SecurityWS-Routing
XAML�
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
WSD
L (
Web
Ser
vice
s D
escr
iptio
n L
angu
age)
WSD
L (
Web
Ser
vice
s D
escr
iptio
n L
angu
age)
Stru
ctur
ed m
echa
nism
to
desc
ribe:
Abst
ract
ope
ratio
ns t
hat
a W
eb S
ervi
ce c
an p
erfo
rmFo
rmat
of m
essa
ges
it ca
n pr
oces
sPr
otoc
ols
it ca
n su
ppor
tPh
ysic
al b
indi
ngs
to:
�co
mm
unic
atio
n la
ngua
ges,
e.g
. SO
AP o
r H
TTP
mes
sage
s�
Loca
tion
of s
ervi
ces,
i.e.
URI
and
por
t nu
mbe
rs
XML
base
dCu
rren
t St
atus
:D
evel
oped
by
IBM
and
Mic
roso
ftVe
rsio
n 1.
1 su
bmitt
ed a
s a
W3C
Not
e
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Web
Ser
vice
s D
escr
iptio
n L
angu
age
Web
Ser
vice
s D
escr
iptio
n L
angu
age
Exte
nsib
le X
ML
base
d de
scrip
tion
of w
eb b
ased
se
rvic
es a
nd h
ow t
hey
are
invo
ked
Allo
w f
or s
ever
al in
terf
aces
usi
ng d
iffer
ent
com
mun
icat
ion
lang
uage
sE.
g. h
ttp,
SO
AP, e
tc.
Supp
orts
sim
ple
tran
sact
ions
(op
erat
ions
)E.
g. r
eque
st-r
espo
nse,
sol
icit-
resp
onse
, etc
.
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
WSD
L C
ompo
nent
sW
SDL
Com
pone
nts
Type
s�
cont
aine
rs f
or d
ata
type
def
initi
ons
Mes
sage
�ab
stra
ct d
efin
ition
of
the
data
bei
ng c
omm
unic
ated
Ope
rati
on�
abst
ract
mes
sage
exc
hang
e pr
otoc
ol
Por
t Ty
pe�
abst
ract
set
of
oper
atio
ns
Bin
din
g�
conc
rete
pro
toco
l and
dat
a fo
rmat
for
a p
ort
type
Por
t�
sing
le, p
hysi
cal e
ndpo
int
Serv
ice
�co
llect
ion
of r
elat
ed e
ndpo
ints
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
WSD
L C
ompo
nent
s: T
ypes
WSD
L C
ompo
nent
s: T
ypes
Type
s en
clos
e da
ta t
ype
defin
ition
s us
ed in
the
ex
chan
ged
mes
sage
s.D
efin
ition
s ty
pica
lly d
efin
ed u
sing
XSD
, but
can
be
exte
nded
for
oth
er t
yped
lang
uage
s (e
.g. R
DF
or D
AML)
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
WSD
L C
ompo
nent
s: M
essa
geW
SDL
Com
pone
nts:
Mes
sage
Prot
ocol
inde
pend
ent
mes
sage
con
tain
ed w
ithin
th
e re
ques
ter�s
que
ry a
nd t
he s
ervi
ces
resp
onse
.Co
rres
pond
s to
the
pay
load
in S
OAP
Typi
cal t
rans
actio
n co
nsis
ts o
f tw
o m
essa
ges,
th
ough
sev
eral
mes
sage
s m
ay b
e de
fined
for
di
ffer
ent
tran
sact
ions
<m
essa
gena
me=
'Wea
ther
.Get
Tem
pera
ture
'><
part
nam
e='z
ipco
de't
ype=
'xsd
:str
ing'
/><
part
nam
e='c
elsi
us't
ype=
'xsd
:boo
lean
'/><
/mes
sage
><
mes
sage
nam
e='W
eath
er.G
etTe
mpe
ratu
reRe
spon
se'>
<pa
rtna
me=
'Res
ult'
type
='x
sd:f
loat
'/><
/mes
sage
>
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
WSD
L C
ompo
nent
s: O
pera
tion
&
WSD
L C
ompo
nent
s: O
pera
tion
& P
ortT
ype
Por
tTyp
ePo
rtTy
pes
cont
ains
a s
et o
f ab
stra
ct o
pera
tions
Ther
e ar
e fo
ur t
rans
actio
n pr
imiti
ves
defin
ed b
y W
SDL
oper
atio
ns:
On
e-w
ay. T
he e
ndpo
int
rece
ives
a m
essa
ge.
Req
ues
t-re
spon
se. T
he e
ndpo
int
rece
ives
a m
essa
ge, a
nd s
ends
a
corr
elat
ed m
essa
ge.
Solic
it-r
espo
nse
. The
end
poin
t se
nds
a m
essa
ge, a
nd r
ecei
ves
a co
rrel
ated
mes
sage
. N
otif
icat
ion
. The
end
poin
t se
nds
a m
essa
ge.
<po
rtTy
pena
me=
'Wea
ther
Soap
Port
'><
oper
atio
nna
me=
'Get
Tem
pera
ture
'par
amet
erO
rder
='z
ipco
dece
lsiu
s'>
<in
put
mes
sage
='w
sdln
s:W
eath
er.G
etTe
mpe
ratu
re'/
><
outp
utm
essa
ge=
'wsd
lns:
Wea
ther
.Get
Tem
pera
ture
Res
pons
e'/>
</o
pera
tion>
<!-
-ot
her
oper
atio
ns w
ould
go
here
-->
</p
ortT
ype>
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ove
rvie
w o
f W
eb S
ervi
ces
Stan
dard
sO
verv
iew
of
Web
Ser
vice
s St
anda
rds
Sear
chin
g fo
r Se
rvic
es
usin
g U
niv
ersa
l D
isco
very
, D
escr
ipti
on &
In
tegr
atio
n -
UD
DI
XML
SOA
P
HTT
PWSD
L
UD
DI
WSFL
WSCL
WS-SecurityWS-Routing
XAML�
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
UD
DI
(Uni
vers
al D
isco
very
, Des
crip
tion
&
UD
DI
(Uni
vers
al D
isco
very
, Des
crip
tion
&
Inte
grat
ion)
Inte
grat
ion)
Publ
ic d
irect
ory
for
regi
ster
ing
and
look
ing
up s
ervi
ces
A di
rect
ory
entr
y ha
s th
ree
mai
n pa
rts:
Whi
te p
ages
: to
des
crib
e th
e co
mpa
ny o
ffer
ing
the
serv
ice
Yello
w p
ages
: to
cat
egor
ize
serv
ices
by
indu
stry
typ
e (e
.g. S
IC)
Gre
en p
ages
: to
des
crib
e th
e in
terf
ace
to a
web
ser
vice
Use
s Ty
pe M
odel
or
tMod
eldo
cum
ents
Curr
ent
Stat
us:
Indu
stry
initi
ativ
e le
d by
Mic
roso
ft, I
BM a
nd A
riba;
mor
e th
an
300
com
pani
es p
artic
ipat
ing
UD
DI
spec
ifica
tion
will
be
subm
itted
to
a st
anda
rds
grou
p on
ce
Vers
ion
3 is
com
plet
ed
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
UD
DI
(Uni
vers
al D
isco
very
, Des
crip
tion
&
UD
DI
(Uni
vers
al D
isco
very
, Des
crip
tion
&
Inte
grat
ion)
Inte
grat
ion)
Yello
w P
ages
Dire
ctor
y Se
rvic
e fo
r W
eb S
ervi
ces
Keyw
ord
sear
ches
bas
ed o
n st
anda
rd t
axon
omie
sN
AICS
(N
orth
Am
eric
an I
ndus
tria
l Cla
ssifi
catio
n Sy
stem
)
SIC
(Sta
ndar
d In
dust
rial C
lass
ifica
tion)
Whi
te P
ages
look
up f
orSe
rvic
e Pr
ovid
ers,
con
tact
det
ails
, etc
.
Serv
ice
type
s ar
e re
gist
ered
as
a un
ique
tM
odel
API
to U
DD
I se
rver
s co
mm
unic
ate
usin
g SO
AP
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
UD
DI
Sear
ch C
apab
ilitie
sU
DD
I Se
arch
Cap
abili
ties
Four
met
hods
for
sea
rchi
ng a
vaila
ble
thro
ugh
API:
Find
_bus
ines
s�
Loca
te in
form
atio
n ab
out
one
or m
ore
busi
ness
es.
Find
_bin
ding
�Lo
cate
spe
cific
bin
ding
s w
ithin
a r
egis
tere
d bu
sine
ss.
Find
_ser
vice
�Lo
cate
spe
cific
ser
vice
with
in a
reg
iste
red
Buis
ness
Entit
y.Fi
nd_t
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el�
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Age
nts
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up, C
arne
gie
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lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
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gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
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low
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Web
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low
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pose
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
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a M
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ngle
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
WSF
L F
low
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a M
odel
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low
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Out
line
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hat
are
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vice
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Lay
ered
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roac
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e D
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
RD
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DA
ML
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F &
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ML
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ourc
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amew
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lt us
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orts
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olog
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ergi
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olog
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
RD
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once
pts
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pts
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e fu
ndam
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amed
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
RD
F G
raph
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DF
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phs
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ect/
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ctpr
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ate
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
RD
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chem
aR
DF
Sch
ema
RD
F Sc
hem
a de
fines
new
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lary
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lass
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ces
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ype
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oper
ty (
rang
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©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ont
olog
ical
Rea
soni
ng in
RD
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ntol
ogic
al R
easo
ning
in R
DF
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sPr
oper
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on
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ish.
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tenc
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anda
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ain
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mai
d?
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
: D
AR
PA
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nt M
arku
p L
angu
age
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ML
: D
AR
PA
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nt M
arku
p L
angu
age
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ides
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stru
cts
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ting
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d m
arku
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ithin
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amic
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tem
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tern
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c Ex
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-Th
e Re
sour
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crip
tion
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ewor
k
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st V
ersi
on (
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IL)
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at:
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ng
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e
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Fro
m R
DF
to D
AM
L+
OIL
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m R
DF
to D
AM
L+
OIL
DAM
L+O
IL e
xten
ds R
DF
stat
emen
ts t
o pr
ovid
e a
rich
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riptiv
e lo
gic
lang
uage
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ides
res
tric
tions
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otat
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estr
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atio
ns in
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ass
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rictio
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ccee
ded
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mer
ging
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ntol
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lang
uage
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t/
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ont
olog
ical
Rea
soni
ng in
DA
ML
Ont
olog
ical
Rea
soni
ng in
DA
ML
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inal
ity c
onst
rain
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olat
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rge
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ve t
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ors
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ngin
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ence
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ssPr
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ty
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lege
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ence
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rge
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ors
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- SSD
AM
L-S:
A D
ARPA
Age
nt M
arku
p La
ngua
ge f
or
Serv
ices
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pper
ont
olog
y fo
r de
scrib
ing
prop
ertie
s &
cap
abili
ties
of
agen
ts &
(W
eb)
serv
ices
in a
n un
ambi
guou
s, c
ompu
ter
inte
rpre
tabl
e m
arku
p la
ngua
ge.
DAM
L+O
IL O
ntol
ogy
for
(Web
) se
rvic
esAI
-insp
ired
mar
kup
lang
uage
: ta
ilore
d to
the
rep
rese
ntat
iona
l nee
ds o
f Se
rvic
esex
pres
sive
pow
er
wel
l-def
ined
sem
antic
son
tolo
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port
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se, m
appi
ng, s
ucci
nct
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kup,
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p:/
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ervi
ces
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ack
now
ledg
emen
ts to
the
Ack
now
ledg
emen
ts to
the
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S W
eb S
ervi
ces
Coa
liti
onS
Web
Ser
vice
s C
oali
tion
CM
U:
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priy
a, A
nkol
ekar
, Mas
sim
o P
aolu
cci,
Ter
ry P
ayne
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ia S
ycar
a
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k B
urst
ein
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kia:
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ila
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nfo
rd K
SL
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heila
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lraith
, Hon
glei
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g
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bs, D
avid
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tin, S
riniN
aray
anan
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rew
McD
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ches
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rock
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vera
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e sl
ides
cou
rtes
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ila M
cIlr
aith
, St
anfo
rd K
SL, &
Dav
id M
arti
n, S
RI
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telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S O
bjec
tives
S O
bjec
tives
Prov
ide:
an u
pper
ont
olog
y fo
r de
scrib
ing
prop
ertie
s &
cap
abili
ties
of
agen
ts &
(W
eb)
serv
ices
in a
n un
ambi
guou
s, c
ompu
ter
inte
rpre
tabl
e m
arku
p la
ngua
ge.
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ider
ata:
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ntol
ogy
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eb s
ervi
ces
ease
of
expr
essi
vene
ssen
able
s au
tom
atio
n of
ser
vice
use
by
agen
ts
enab
les
reas
onin
g ab
out
serv
ice
prop
ertie
s an
d ca
pabi
litie
s
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Aut
omat
ion
enab
led
by D
AM
LA
utom
atio
n en
able
d by
DA
ML
-- SS
Web
Ser
vice
Dis
cove
ry &
Sel
ectio
nF
ind
me
an a
irlin
e th
at c
an fl
y m
e to
Bol
ogna
Web
Ser
vice
Inv
ocat
ion
Boo
k fli
ght t
icke
ts fr
om A
lital
iato
arr
ive
on J
une
14th
Web
Ser
vice
Com
posi
tion
& I
nter
oper
atio
nA
rran
ge tr
avel
& h
otel
in B
olog
na.
Web
Ser
vice
Exe
cutio
n M
onito
ring
Has
the
hote
l roo
m b
een
rese
rved
?
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce M
odel
sS
Serv
ice
Mod
els
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Pre
sent
ing
Serv
ice
Pro
file
sP
rese
ntin
g Se
rvic
e P
rofi
les
Serv
ice
Prof
ilePr
esen
ted
by a
ser
vice
.Re
pres
ents
�wh
at t
he
serv
ice
prov
ides
�
One
can
der
ive:
�Se
rvic
e A
dver
tise
men
ts�
Serv
ice
Req
ues
ts
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce P
rofi
le
S Se
rvic
e P
rofi
le (O
verv
iew
)(O
verv
iew
)
Hig
h-le
vel d
escr
iptio
n of
a s
ervi
ce a
nd it
s pr
ovid
erde
scrip
tion
of s
ervi
ce (
hum
an r
eada
ble)
sp
ecifi
catio
n of
fun
ctio
nalit
ies
serv
ice
prov
ides
func
tiona
l att
ribut
es (
requ
irem
ents
and
ca
pabi
litie
s)
Prof
ile u
sed
for
popu
latin
g se
rvic
e re
gist
ries
auto
mat
ed s
ervi
ce d
isco
very
Mat
chin
g of
cap
abili
ty a
dver
tisem
ents
to
requ
ests
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce P
rofi
leS
Serv
ice
Pro
file
Fun
ctio
nali
ty D
escr
ipti
onF
unct
iona
lity
Des
crip
tion
Prec
ondi
tion
sSe
t of
con
ditio
ns t
hat
shou
ld h
old
prio
r to
the
ser
vice
bei
ng in
voke
d
Inpu
tsSe
t of
nec
essa
ry in
puts
tha
t th
e re
ques
ter
shou
ld p
rovi
de t
o in
voke
the
se
rvic
e
Out
puts
Res
ults
tha
t th
e re
ques
ter
shou
ld e
xpec
t af
ter
inte
ract
ion
with
the
ser
vice
pr
ovid
er is
com
plet
ed
Effe
cts
Set
of s
tate
men
ts t
hat
shou
ld h
old
true
if t
he s
ervi
ce is
invo
ked
succ
essf
ully
.O
ften
ref
er t
o re
al-w
orld
eff
ects
�Pa
ckag
e be
ing
deliv
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edit
card
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ng d
ebite
d
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce P
rofi
leS
Serv
ice
Pro
file
Non
Fun
ctio
nal P
rope
rtie
sN
on F
unct
iona
l Pro
pert
ies
Thes
e in
clud
ese
rvic
eNam
ete
xtD
escr
ipti
onha
s_pr
oces
squ
alit
yRat
ing
serv
iceP
aram
eter
serv
iceC
ateg
ory
cont
actI
nfor
mat
ion
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce M
odel
sS
Serv
ice
Mod
els
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Des
crib
ing
Serv
ice
Mod
els
Des
crib
ing
Serv
ice
Mod
els Se
rvic
e Pr
oces
sD
escr
ibes
how
a
serv
ice
wor
ks.
Faci
litat
es(a
utom
ated
) W
eb s
ervi
ce
invo
catio
nco
mpo
sitio
nin
tero
pera
tion
mon
itorin
g
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce M
odel
S
Serv
ice
Mod
el (O
verv
iew
)(O
verv
iew
)
Serv
ice
Mod
el a
llow
s a
serv
ice
requ
este
r1)
to d
eter
min
es w
heth
er t
he s
ervi
ce m
eets
its
need
s;2)
to c
ompo
se s
ervi
ce d
escr
iptio
ns f
rom
mul
tiple
ser
vice
s to
pe
rfor
m a
spe
cific
tas
k;3)
durin
g th
e co
urse
of
the
serv
ice
invo
catio
n, t
o co
ordi
nate
th
e ac
tiviti
es o
f th
e di
ffer
ent
part
icip
ants
;4)
to f
orm
exp
ecta
tions
as
to t
he e
xecu
tion
of t
he s
ervi
ce.
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce M
odel
S
Serv
ice
Mod
el (O
verv
iew
)(O
verv
iew
)
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ana
tom
y of
a D
AM
LA
nato
my
of a
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce M
odel
S Se
rvic
e M
odel
Proc
esse
s ar
e co
ncei
ved
as:
Atom
icSi
mpl
eCo
mpo
site
Asso
ciat
ed w
ith e
ach
serv
ice
is a
set
of:
Inpu
tsO
utpu
tsPr
econ
ditio
nsEf
fect
sIn
voca
ble
proc
esse
s ha
ve a
n as
soci
ated
gro
undi
ng:
Incl
udes
WSD
L de
scrip
tion
to m
odel
:�
Ope
ratio
n�
Mes
sage
for
mat
s�
Port
s &
Bin
ding
s
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ana
tom
y of
a D
AM
LA
nato
my
of a
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce M
odel
S Se
rvic
e M
odel
Com
posi
te p
roce
sses
are
com
posi
tions
of
sim
ple
or o
ther
co
mpo
site
pro
cess
es in
ter
ms
of c
onst
ruct
s:Se
quen
ceif-
then
-els
eFo
rkEt
c.
Dat
a flo
w a
nd C
ontr
ol f
low
sho
uld
be d
escr
ibed
for
eac
h co
mpo
site
ser
vice
A bl
ack
box
and
glas
s bo
x vi
ew m
ay b
e gi
ven
of e
ach
com
posi
te s
ervi
ce
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ato
mic
Pro
cess
Exa
mpl
eA
tom
ic P
roce
ss E
xam
ple
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©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Com
posi
te P
roce
ss E
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tact
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ails S
eque
nce
En
ter
Flig
ht
Det
ails
Res
erve
Flig
ht S
eque
nce
Seq
uenc
e
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S S
ervi
ce M
odel
sS
Serv
ice
Mod
els
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Supp
ortin
g a
Serv
ice
Gro
undi
ngSu
ppor
ting
a Se
rvic
e G
roun
ding
Serv
ice
Proc
ess
Prov
ides
a s
peci
ficat
ion
of
serv
ice
acce
ss
info
rmat
ion.
Spec
ifies
:co
mm
unic
atio
n pr
otoc
ols,
tr
ansp
ort
mec
hani
sms,
ag
ent
com
mun
icat
ion
lang
uage
s, e
tc.
E.g.
, SO
AP, H
TTP
form
s,
KQM
L, O
AA A
CL, J
ava
RMI,
RPC
, etc
.
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Serv
ice
Gro
undi
ng:
Serv
ice
Gro
undi
ng:
“How
to a
cces
s it”
“How
to a
cces
s it”
How
to a
cces
sth
e se
rvic
e
Impl
emen
tatio
n-sp
ecifi
c
Mes
sage
for
mat
ting,
tra
nspo
rt m
echa
nism
s, p
roto
cols
, se
rializ
atio
ns o
f ty
pes
Serv
ice
Mod
el +
Gro
undi
ng g
ive
ever
ythi
ng n
eede
d fo
r us
ing
the
serv
ice
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S /
WSD
L B
indi
ngS
/ WSD
L B
indi
ng
DL
-bas
ed T
ypes
WSD
L
DA
ML
-S
Pro
cess
Mod
el
Ato
mic
Pro
cess
Ope
rati
onM
essa
ge
Inpu
ts /
Out
puts
Bin
ding
to
SOA
P, H
TT
P, e
tc.
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Supp
ortin
g In
fras
truc
ture
Supp
ortin
g In
fras
truc
ture
DAM
L-S
Mat
chm
aker
Serv
ice
Regi
stry
for
DAM
L-S
prof
iles
Subs
umpt
ion
Reas
onin
g M
atch
ing
Engi
neAu
gmen
ts a
UD
DI
Serv
er
DAM
L-S
API
APIs
are
bei
ng d
evel
oped
to
supp
ort
gene
ratio
n of
req
uest
s an
d re
ason
ing
abou
t m
atch
ing
prof
iles.
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S M
atch
mak
erS
Mat
chm
aker
Filte
r-Ba
sed
Sem
antic
Mat
chin
g En
gine
for
D
AML-
S pr
ofile
s ba
sed
on h
euris
tic f
ilter
sLo
gica
l inf
eren
ce o
n th
e D
AML
Ont
olog
ies
guar
ante
e co
rrec
tnes
s of
mat
chin
gIn
form
atio
n Ret
rieva
l tec
hniq
ues
that
hel
p to
spe
ed
up t
he m
atch
ing
Exte
nds
an e
xist
ing
UD
DI
serv
erEn
able
cap
abili
ty d
escr
iptio
ns a
nd m
atch
ing
of D
AML
enab
led
serv
ices
reg
iste
red
with
UD
DI
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S M
atch
mak
er P
roce
ssin
g M
odul
eS
Mat
chm
aker
Pro
cess
ing
Mod
ule
On
tolo
gyD
B
Ont
olog
yR
easo
ner
TF
/ID
FC
alcu
lato
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olog
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lter
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men
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lter
Sim
ilari
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lter
Subs
umpt
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filt
erC
onst
rain
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lter
DA
ML-
S M
atch
mak
ing
Engi
ne
Ont
olog
y Se
rver
Wor
dsD
BP
rofi
leD
B
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Ext
endi
ng U
DD
IE
xten
ding
UD
DI
UD
DI
AP
IC
omm
unic
ator
Web
Ser
vice
s
DA
ML
-SU
DD
IT
rans
lato
r
DA
ML
-SP
roce
ssin
gM
odul
e
UD
DI
Rep
osito
ry
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- SSM
atch
mak
erM
atch
mak
er
DA
ML-
S &
KQ
ML
Bin
ding
DA
ML-
S &
SO
AP
Bin
ding
DA
ML-
S
UD
DI
AP
IX
ML/
UD
DI
DA
ML-
S +
UU
ID
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S R
eque
st D
ata
Flo
wS
Req
uest
Dat
a F
low
UD
DI
AP
IC
omm
unic
ator
Web
Ser
vice
s
DA
ML
-SU
DD
IT
rans
lato
r
DA
ML
-SP
roce
ssin
gM
odul
e
UD
DI
Rep
osito
ry
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- SSM
atch
mak
erM
atch
mak
er
UD
DI
AP
I
DA
ML-
S R
eque
st w
ith
bind
ing
DA
ML-
S R
eque
st
Mat
chin
gD
AM
L-S+
UU
IDPr
ofile
sX
ML/
UD
DI
+M
atch
ing
UU
ID
DA
ML-
S +
Mat
chin
g U
DD
I
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
-- S w
ith U
DD
IS
with
UD
DI
UD
DI
Goa
l: in
tegr
atio
nan
d se
mi-
auto
mat
ion
of
B2B
tran
sact
ions
Prov
ides
reg
istr
y of
bus
ines
s an
d th
eir
serv
ices
in
XM
LM
atch
ing
of a
dver
tisem
ents
and
req
uest
s is
ba
sed
on k
eyw
ords
Inte
ract
ion
with
ser
vice
s is
don
e th
roug
h cr
eatin
g cu
stom
ized
pro
gram
s
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
-- S w
ith U
DD
I (c
ont)
S w
ith U
DD
I (c
ont)
Each
bus
ines
s de
scrip
tion
cons
ists
of:
busi
ness
Entit
y:de
scrib
es b
usin
esse
s by
nam
e, k
ey,
cate
goriz
atio
n, s
ervi
ces
offe
red
and
cont
act
info
rmat
ion
busi
ness
Serv
ice
desc
ribes
ser
vice
s by
nam
e, k
ey,
cate
goriz
atio
n an
d m
ultip
le b
indi
ngTe
mpl
ate
elem
ents
bind
ingT
empl
ate
desc
ribes
the
ser
vice
acc
ess
(pho
ne,
FAX,
htt
p, f
tp e
tc),
key
, TM
odel
Inst
ance
sTM
odel
Inst
ance
sde
scrib
e th
e pr
otoc
ols
and
inte
rcha
nge
form
ats
the
serv
ice
com
preh
ends
All t
he a
bove
ele
men
ts a
re d
escr
ibed
thr
ough
na
tura
l lan
guag
e te
xt, a
nd h
ence
not
am
enab
le t
o m
achi
ne c
ompr
ehen
sion
.
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
-- S w
ith U
DD
I (c
ont)
S w
ith U
DD
I (c
ont)
UD
DI
does
not
spe
cify
a c
onte
nt la
ngua
ge f
or
adve
rtis
emen
ts, b
ut c
andi
date
s ar
e W
SDL
or X
ML/
edi
DAM
L-S
coul
d be
a la
ngua
ge c
andi
date
to
be u
sed
on
top
of
UD
DI
Thou
gh a
gent
s ca
n se
arch
UD
DI
regi
strie
s, h
uman
s m
ust
be in
volv
ed t
o in
terp
ret
the
desc
riptio
ns a
nd
prog
ram
the
acc
ess
inte
rfac
e
UD
DI
does
not
sup
port
Pro
cess
Mod
el d
escr
iptio
n,
henc
e no
sup
port
for
aut
omat
ic c
ompo
sitio
n of
ser
vice
s
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
-- S w
ith W
SDL
S w
ith W
SDL
Lang
uage
to
desc
ribe
inte
rfac
e to
bus
ines
s se
rvic
es in
U
DD
I re
gist
ries
Serv
ices
are
def
ined
as
sets
of
port
si.e
. net
wor
k ad
dres
ses
with
ass
ocia
ted
prot
ocol
s an
d da
ta
form
ats
Mes
sage
s an
d op
erat
ions
are
map
ped
to p
orts
A m
essa
ge is
def
ined
abs
trac
tly a
s a
requ
est,
res
pons
e or
a p
aram
eter
of
a re
ques
t or
res
pons
e
Serv
ice
prec
ondi
tions
or
effe
cts
cann
ot b
e ex
pres
sed
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
-- S w
ith E
S w
ith E
-- spe
aksp
eak
E-sp
eak
and
UD
DI
have
sim
ilar
goal
s to
fac
ilita
te
adve
rtis
emen
t an
d di
scov
ery
of s
ervi
ces
HP
is c
olla
bora
ting
with
the
UD
DI
cons
ortiu
m
E-sp
eak
desc
ribes
ser
vice
s as
set
s of
att
ribut
es
com
mon
to
a lo
gica
l gro
up o
f se
rvic
es
Mat
ches
of
look
up r
eque
sts
are
done
thr
ough
at
trib
ute
mat
chin
gVa
lue
type
s of
att
ribut
es a
re S
trin
g, I
nt, B
oole
an, a
nd
Dou
ble
Basi
c vo
cabu
lary
def
inin
g at
trib
utes
as
Nam
e,
Type
(fo
r st
ring
only
), D
escr
iptio
n, K
eyw
ord
and
Vers
ion
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
-- S w
ith E
S w
ith E
-- spe
ak (
cont
)sp
eak
(con
t)
No
sem
antic
mea
ning
att
ache
d to
any
of
the
attr
ibut
es
No
(sub
)typ
ing
has
been
spe
cifie
d
Dep
ende
ncie
s am
ong
attr
ibut
es a
nd lo
gica
l con
stra
ints
are
not
ex
pres
sibl
e
E-sp
eak
requ
ires
an e
-spe
ak e
ngin
e to
be
run
on a
ll cl
ient
m
achi
nes
E-sp
eak
does
not
sup
port
ser
vice
pro
cess
mod
el s
o no
exe
cutio
n m
onito
ring
is p
ossi
ble
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
Con
tras
ting
DA
ML
-- S w
ith
S w
ith e
bXM
Leb
XM
L
Util
izes
a w
orkf
low
app
roac
h w
here
info
rmat
ion
and
docu
men
ts
flow
bet
wee
n bu
sine
ss
Conc
ept
of C
olla
bora
tion
Prot
ocol
Pro
file
(CPP
) is
a s
peci
ficat
ion
of
the
serv
ices
off
ered
by
a eb
XML
com
plia
nt T
radi
ng P
artn
er
A Bu
sine
ss p
roce
ss is
a s
et o
f bu
sine
ss d
ocum
ent
exch
ange
s be
twee
n th
e Tr
adin
g Pa
rtne
rs
CPPs
cont
ain
indu
stry
cla
ssifi
catio
n, c
onta
ct in
form
atio
n, s
uppo
rted
Busi
ness
Pro
cess
es e
tc.
CPPs
are
regi
ster
ed w
ithin
an
ebXM
Lre
gist
ry
Trad
ing
Part
ners
mus
t ag
ree
on h
ow b
usin
ess
docu
men
ts a
re
spec
ified
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S a
nd th
e Se
man
tic W
ebS
and
the
Sem
antic
Web
DAM
L-S
diff
ers
from
man
y ot
her
Web
Se
rvic
e st
anda
rds:
Sem
antic
mar
kup
will
allo
w a
gent
s to
un
ders
tand
con
tent
, dis
cove
r, in
tero
pera
te,
tran
sact
and
com
pose
ser
vice
s
Des
igne
d to
be
fully
aut
omat
ed, w
here
as o
ther
sc
hem
es in
volv
e hu
man
-in-t
he-lo
op.
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
DA
ML
DA
ML
-- S R
esou
rces
S R
esou
rces
DAM
L-S
Web
pag
e -h
ttp://
ww
w.d
aml.o
rg/s
ervi
ces/
DAM
L-S
Mat
chm
aker
-ht
tp://
ww
w.d
amls
mm
.ri.c
mu.
edu/
DAM
L To
ols
-http
://w
ww
.dam
l.org
/tool
s/D
AML
Valid
ator
-http
://w
ww
.dam
l.org
/val
idat
or/
DAM
L Ed
itor (
Emac
sM
ode)
-ht
tp://
open
map
.bbn
.com
/~bu
rste
in/d
aml-e
mac
s/
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Out
line
Out
line
1.1.W
hat
are
Web
Ser
vice
s?W
hat
are
Web
Ser
vice
s?2.
Med
iatio
n an
d Co
mpo
sitio
n3.
Indu
stry
Sta
ndar
ds4.
Sem
antic
Web
eff
orts
5.
Futu
re D
irec
tion
s6.
Dis
cuss
ion
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Web
Ser
vice
and
the
Sem
antic
Web
Web
Ser
vice
and
the
Sem
antic
Web
Curr
ent
Stat
usW
here
are
Web
Ser
vice
s he
adin
g?
Appl
icat
ions
Case
stu
dies
of
emer
ging
Web
Ser
vice
s
Rea
lizin
g Se
rvic
es o
n th
e Se
man
tic W
ebW
hat
chal
leng
es /
issu
es n
eed
to b
e ad
dres
sed?
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Whe
re a
re w
eb s
ervi
ces
goin
g?W
here
are
web
ser
vice
s go
ing?
Imag
ine
you
r in
com
e ta
x re
fun
d d
epo
site
d
in y
ou
r P
NC
Ban
k ch
ecki
ng
acc
ou
nt
wit
ho
ut
lifti
ng
a f
ing
er
Fo
rm 1
098
(Mo
rtg
age
Inte
rest
)
Fo
rm 1
099
(Div
iden
ds,
In
tere
st, S
ecu
rity
Sal
es)
Fo
rm W
-2 (
Wag
es)
Fo
rm 1
098-
E (
Stu
den
t L
oan
Inte
rest
)S
oci
al S
ecu
rity
&
Un
emp
loym
ent
Ben
efit
s
Ref
un
dR
efu
nd
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Cur
rent
and
Em
ergi
ng A
pplic
atio
nsC
urre
nt a
nd E
mer
ging
App
licat
ions
Usi
ng w
eb s
ervi
ces
to b
roke
r sh
ippi
ng o
rder
s to
au
thor
ized
age
nts
or in
depe
nden
t th
ird p
arty
tr
ansp
orta
tion
com
pani
es
Usi
ng w
eb s
ervi
ces
to c
reat
e a
stru
ctur
ed d
ata
appl
icat
ion
prog
ram
min
g in
terf
ace
that
allo
ws
third
pa
rtie
s to
cre
ate
book
ing
engi
nes
and
serv
er-b
ased
ap
plic
atio
ns
Usi
ng w
eb s
ervi
ces
to d
evel
op a
n op
en n
on-
prop
rieta
ry s
olut
ion
to c
onne
ct 3
rd-p
arty
ser
vice
pr
ovid
ers
Usi
ng w
eb s
ervi
ces
to in
tegr
ate
web
-bas
ed
appl
icat
ions
with
lega
cy a
pplic
atio
ns
©In
telli
gent
Age
nts
Gro
up, C
arne
gie
Mel
lon
Uni
vers
ity
2002
Age
nts,
Web
Ser
vice
s an
d th
e Se
man
tic W
ebA
gent
s, W
eb S
ervi
ces
and
the
Sem
antic
Web
How
can
a s
ymbi
osis
of
Agen
ts, W
eb S
ervi
ces
and
the
Sem
antic
Web
be
achi
eved
?To
ols
for
auto
mat
ic c
reat
ion
of p
rodu
ct o
ntol
ogie
s,
anno
tatio
ns a
nd a
nnun
ciat
ions
Vers
ioni
ng a
nd M
anag
ing
Chan
ges
Man
agin
g an
d M
edia
ting
betw
een
diff
eren
t ve
rsio
ns o
f W
eb S
ervi
ce p
roto
cols
and
sta
ndar
ds
Priv
acy
/ Tr
ust
/ Se
curit
y
Busi
ness
Mod
els
-Th
ough
ts a
nd S
olut
ions