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Life: The School of Hard Knocks Learning with aversive stimuli
pain sickness
Positive Punishment B aversive outcome
Negative RFT escape & avoidance
Classical conditioning pair neutral stimulus w/ shock ~
B aversive SR
What type of punishment? Positive punishment
Difficult to do human, ethics but some human evidence Mostly animal research ~
Factors that influence efficacy
Punishment is associative process Trials effect
punished B aversive SR
greater suppression Intensity (magnitude)
greater intensity greater efficacy Delay of punishment
longer delay less effective ~
Factors that influence efficacy
History of punishment start w/ weak ineffective punishment more intense punishment less effective Habituation occurs
Alternate routes of reinforcement Provide alternate responses to gain reward
after punishment increases effectiveness ~
Human Case Study
NOT an experiment 9 month old boy w/ chronic vomiting
near death before treatment Recorded precise muscle activity
identified muscle activity that preceded vomiting ~
Procedure
Vomiting muscle activity observed Punished w/ shock
produced startle response but not crying
Results Vomiting eliminated after 5 trials
over 3 days BUT… ~
Potential Side Effects
Unintended & undesirable Response generalization
other responses to aversive stimuli anger/fear/aggression avoidance
Global effects can be worse than behavior punished ~
Monkey Study
Learn to push button to get food opens a door
Put toy snake in food dish quit pushing button after a few trials
Side effects lost interest in eating lost social status
lower in hierarchy ~
Painful Stimuli & Aggression
College women 1 teaches another words
1 group of teachers hand in warm water Other while hand in ice water
Results Ice water group verbally aggressive ~
Alternatives to Positive Punishment
Time-out Remove opportunities for RFT
Response cost Fines, loss of privileges
Differential RFT of … Other Behaviors (DRO) Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) ~
Escape / Avoidance
Shuttle Box 2 compartments Can jump over
barrier Electrified grid Speaker/light
emits signal ~
Shuttlebox
Jumping over barrier terminates shock More trials responds more quickly learns to avoid shock ~
Shuttlebox Results
Early trials: escapes shock After may trials: avoidance
Shift from escape avoidance Why? ~
Mowerer’s 2 Process Theory (1947)
2 processes involved in escape/avoidance Operant & Classical Conditioning
Early trials escape (operant)
shock (SD) jumping (B) escape (SR) Later trials avoidance (CC involved)
Tone (CS) evokes fear (CER) B reduces fear drive strengthens response ~
So...
Avoidance = escape from fear fear is classically conditioned Tone = SD & CS
Avoidance no shock? Does extinction occur?
2 process view suggest cyclical performance ~
Observed performance
Hi
Lo
# of trials
avoidance continues
Avoidance
Escape
But extinction does NOT occur ~
Avoidance & Extinction
Avoidance behavior Persists Resistant to extinction
Explanation? failure to avoid is punished Cognitive Theory
(Annau & Kamin, 1961) Conservation of Anxiety Theory
(Solomon & Wynne, 1954) ~
Expectancy Theory Cognitive theory Early trials consistent w/ 2 process
tone Fear avoidance More experience expectancy
expectancy = no shock Avoidance (B) satisfying outcome
Avoidance response strengthened Difficult to extinguish ~