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Resource personAli Khalid

Department of Aviation Management & Technology

Superior University, Lahore.

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By the end of this session , you will be able to:

Understand the basic fundamental of aviation industry .

Understand the concept of system and sub-systems.

Understand the principle of flight

Understand different propulsion systems and theirapplications in aviation.

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Aeronautics: is the science involved with the study,design, and manufacturing of air flight-capablemachines, or the techniques of operating aircraft and

rocketry within the atmosphere. Or you can say involvesresearching, designing, manufacturing and repairingflying machines that are limited to flying within theearth's atmosphere.

Example: aircrafts, missiles, hot-air balloons' etc

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Aerodynamics is the way air moves around things. Therules of aerodynamics explain how an airplane is able tofly. Anything that moves through air reacts to

aerodynamics. A rocket blasting off the launch pad anda kite in the sky react to aerodynamics. Aerodynamicseven acts on cars, since air flows around cars.

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Astronautics: is the theory and practice of navigationbeyond the Earth's atmosphere. In other words, it is thescience and technology of space flight. As withaeronautics, the restrictions of mass, temperatures, andexternal forces require that applications in space surviveextreme conditions: Space launch vehicles mustwithstand titanic forces, while satellites can experience

huge variations in temperature in very brief periods.

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Aerospace: comprises the atmosphere of Earth andsurrounding space. Typically, aerospace industriescombineaeronautics and astronautics to research,

design, manufacture, operate, or maintain vehiclesmoving through air and space.

Aerospace is a very diverse field, with a multitude of

commercial, industrial and military applications.

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The field of aerospace is wide ranging and covers avariety of products, disciplines and domains, not merelyin engineering but in many related supporting activities.

These combine to enable the aerospace industry toproduce exciting and technologically challengingproducts.

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The development of basic aircraft systems has notstood still. We can check this simple fact by looking atthe wing size of a modern passenger aircraft and see

that its size is reducing while the lifting power of thewing is still increasing.

This is a measure of improvements now capable of

being made in wing design which in turn are dependenton Systems capable of developing the maximumperformance from the minimum of weight, hence fly bywire.

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Aircraft design begins with dreams and designrequirements, and eventually proceeds to detaileddrawings of every part of the aircraft being fabricated.

To the outside world, the disciplines of aerodynamicsand structures often seem most important they leadto the overall shaping of the aircraft and to the design of

the parts that, when fabricated and assembled,comprise the physical geometry of the aircraft. Theseare obviously important, but without some other thingsinside, the aircraft could never fly.

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These other things more properly known as aircraftsubsystems or just systems play a crucial role inaircraft design and operation.

Systems turn an aerodynamically shaped structure intoa living, breathing, flying machine.

Systems include flight control, hydraulics, electrical,pneumatic, fuel, environmental control, landing gear,and the evermore-capableavionics.

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Avionics is universally associated with thoseaeronautical and aviation electronics systemsconnected with flight deck systems, flight control,

systems management, navigation, communications,radar, and electronic warfare.

These are the systems that provide the aircraft with

the capabilities in order to fulfil a particularoperational role.

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Aircraft systems that are required to enable the aircraftto fly and function the general or utilities systems.

These are less glamorous than the classical avionicssystems, but are nevertheless essential for the aircraftto operate, since without them the aircraft will not leavethe ground

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The systems have, in recent years, increasingly adoptedelectronics technologies in order to improve systemcontrol and diagnostics. Therefore, without exception,

we can say that aircraft systems are today also avionicin nature.

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Check out the system integration

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All aircraft are governed by the same basic principles of flightcontrol, whether the vehicle is the most sophisticated high-performance fighter or the simplest model aircraft.

The motion of an aircraft is defined in relation totranslational motion and rotational motion around a fixedset of defined axes.

The system provides control surfaces that allow the aircraftto manoeuvre in pitch, roll and yaw.

The system has also to be designed so that it providesstable control for all parts of the aircraft flight envelope;

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Primary flight control in pitch, roll and yaw is providedby the control surfaces described below.

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The control of these high-lift devices during combatmay occur automatically under the control of an activeflight control system.

The penalty for using these high-lift devices is increaseddrag, but the high levels of thrust generated by a fighter

aircraft usually minimizes this drawback.

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An example of flight control surfaces of a typicalcommercial airliner is shown in Fig.

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Pitch control is exercised by four elevators located onthe trailing edge of the tailplane or horizontal stabilizer.

Each elevator section is independently powered by a

dedicated flight controlactuator. Rollcontrol is provided by two aileron sections located

on the outboard third of the trailing edge of each wing. Each aileron section is powered by a dedicated actuator

powered in turn from one of the aircraft hydraulic

systems. Yaw control is provided by three independent rudder

sections located on the trailing edge of the fin (orvertical stabilizer).

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On a civil airliner these controls are associated with theaircraft yaw dampers. These damp out unpleasantdutch roll oscillations which can occur during flight and

which can be extremely uncomfortable for thepassengers, particularly those seated at the rear of theaircraft.

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Flap control is effected by several flap sections locatedon the inboard two-thirds of the wing trailing edges.

Deployment of the flaps during take-off or landing

extends the flap sections rearwards and downwards toincrease wing area and camber, thereby greatlyincreasing lift for a given speed.

Slat control is provided by several leading-edge slats,which extend forwards and outwards from the wing

leading edge. In a similar fashion to the flaps described above, this has

the effect of increasing wing area and camber andtherefore overall lift.

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Speed brakes are deployed when all of the over wingspoilers are extended together which has the effect ofreducing lift as well as increasing drag.

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What is Thrust?Thrust is the forcewhich moves an aircraft through the air.

Why we need thrust?Thrust is used to overcome the drag of an airplane, and toovercome the weight of aircraft.

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/forces.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/drag1.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/weight1.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/weight1.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/drag1.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/forces.html

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Thrust is generated by the engines of the aircraftthrough some kind ofpropulsion system.

Thrust is a mechanical force, so the propulsion systemmust be in physical contact with a working fluid toproduce thrust.

Thrust is generated most often through the reaction ofaccelerating a mass of gas, Since thrust is a force, it is avector quantity having both a magnitude and adirection.

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/bgp.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/newton3.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/mflow.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/vectors.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/vectors.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/mflow.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/newton3.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/bgp.html

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An aircraft engineis the component of the propulsionsystem for an aircraft that generates mechanical power.

Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweightpiston engines or gas turbines.

So there are basically two types of engines that are in

operation in modern aviation industry .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine

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There are many types of piston engines, lets have a brieflook on them:

Straight or In-Line Piston EnginesAs the name indicates, straight or in-line aircraft pistonengines have cylinders in a line, much like automobileengines, which is why they were popular in early

aircraft.

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The main advantage to an in-line piston engine in anaircraft is that the engine is narrow, allowing the planeto have a more narrow front fuselage that reduces drag.

However, because the airflow around the engine is poor,this type of piston engine must be water-cooled, whichincreases the weight-to-power ratio of the aircraft.

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Rotary Piston Engines In this type of aircraft piston engine, the entire engine

rotated with the prop, which created additional airflow

for cooling. These types of engines were bulky and awkward, and

found not to be practical for commercial use.

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V-Type Piston Engine Basically two in-line engines welded together. The V-type piston engine has also been used in the

automotive industry. Most of the these aircraft pistonengines are water-cooled.

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Radial Piston Engine Far more complex than the V-type piston engine. the radial piston engine produced smooth and efficient

running. this type of aircraft piston engine had a much better

power to weight ratio than v-type engines. The engines cool evenly and run smoothly due to the

cylinder arrangements exposure to air.

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Horizontally Opposed Piston Engine These aircraft piston engines have two banks of

cylinders on opposite sides of a central crankcase.

These engines can be air or liquid cooled, but are mostoften air cooled.

Reliability, simplicity and easy maintenance have madethis type of piston engine the most popular aircraft

engine for more than half a decade

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A gas turbine engine is a reaction engine that discharges afast movingjet which generates thrust byjet propulsionin accordance with Newton'slaws of motion.

Gas turbine engines typically consist ofan engine with arotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine("Brayton cycle"), with the leftover power providing

thrust via a propelling nozzle.

These types of jet engines are primarily used byjetaircraft for long distance travel.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(fluid)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propelling_nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propelling_nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(fluid)

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the gas turbine cycle is named after american engineer,George Brayton, who first proposed the basic elementsfor an reciprocating fuel burning engine in the 1870.

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Jet engines are usually used as aircraft engines forjetaircraft. They are also used for cruise missiles andunmanned aerial vehicles.

Jet engines have also been used to propel high speedcars, particularly drag racers, with the all-time recordheld by a rocket car

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine

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Turbo jet A turbojet engine is a gas turbine engine that works by

compressing air with an inlet and a compressor (axial,

centrifugal, or both), mixing fuel with the compressedair, burning the mixture in the combustor, and thenpassing the hot, high pressure air through a turbine anda nozzle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propelling_nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propelling_nozzlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet

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The engine converts internal energy in the fuel to kineticenergy in the exhaust, producing thrust.

All the air ingested by the inlet is passed through the

compressor, combustor, and turbine.

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Turbo fan A turbofan engine is a gas turbine engine that is very

similar to a turbojet, unlike the turbojet, some of the

flow accelerated by the fan bypasses the mainengine and is exhausted through a nozzle. The

bypassed flow is at lower velocities, but a higher

mass, making thrust produced by the fan more

efficient than thrust produced by the core.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan

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Turbofans are generally more efficient than turbojets atsubsonic speeds, but they have a larger frontal areawhich generates more drag.

There are two general types of turbofan engines, lowbypass and high bypass. Low bypass turbofans have abypass ratio of around 2:1 or less, meaning that for each

kilogram of air that passes through the core of theengine, two kilograms or less of air bypass the core

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan

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Turboprop Turboprop engines are jet engine derivatives, While not

strictly jet engines in that they rely on an auxiliary

mechanism to produce thrust. In turboprop engines, a portion of the engines' thrust is

produced by spinning a propeller, rather than relyingsolely on high-speed jet exhaust.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop

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Turboshaft Turboshaft engines are very similar to turboprops,

differing in that nearly all energy in the exhaust is

extracted to spin the rotating shaft, which is used topower machinery rather than a propeller, they thereforegenerate little to no jet thrust and are often used topower helicopters.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoptershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopters

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Ramjet Ramjets are the most basic type of ram powered jet

engines.

They consist of three sections; an inlet to compressincoming air, a combustor to inject and combust fuel,and a nozzle to expel the hot gases and produce thrust.

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Ramjets require a relatively high speed to efficientlycompress the oncoming air, so ramjets cannot operateat a standstill and they are most efficient at supersonic

speeds. A key trait of ramjet engines is that combustion is done

at subsonic speeds.

The faster the incoming air is, however, the less efficientit becomes to slow it to subsonic speeds. Thereforeramjet engines are limited to approximately Mach 5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic

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Scramjet Scramjets are mechanically very similar to ramjets. The primary difference between ramjets and scramjets

is that scramjets do not slow the oncoming airflow tosubsonic speeds for combustion, they use supersoniccombustion instead.

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Since scramjets use supersonic combustion they canoperate at speeds above Mach 6 where traditionalramjets are too inefficient.

Very few scramjet engines have ever been built andflown. In May 2010 the Boeing X-51 set the endurancerecord for the longest scramjet burn at over 200 seconds

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-51

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