AVIATION HISTORYAVIATION HISTORYAVH 1104AVH 1104

WEEK 6:WEEK 6:

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4

OutlinesOutlines

Basic AircraftBasic AircraftPropulsion SystemPropulsion SystemAircraft EnginesAircraft EnginesAircraft Control SystemAircraft Control SystemBasic HelicopterBasic Helicopter

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A Brief History of FlightA Brief History of Flight1. 1783, 1. 1783, 11stst true hot-air balloon (Montgolfier bros in France) true hot-air balloon (Montgolfier bros in France)

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2. 1804,2. 1804, 1 1stst successful glider (George Cayley) successful glider (George Cayley)

3. 1891, 3. 1891, 11stst glider in which the glider could be piloted glider in which the glider could be piloted (Otto Lilienthal)(Otto Lilienthal)

4. 1903, 4. 1903, 11stst aircraft (Wright bros.) aircraft (Wright bros.)

5. 1927, 5. 1927, 11stst pilot set out on an historic flight across the Atlantic Ocean, pilot set out on an historic flight across the Atlantic Ocean, form New York to Paris (Charles Lindbergh)form New York to Paris (Charles Lindbergh)

6. 1936,6. 1936, 1 1stst helicopter (Focke-Wulf Fw 6) helicopter (Focke-Wulf Fw 6)

6. 1939, 6. 1939, 11stst jet aircraft (Heinkel He-178) jet aircraft (Heinkel He-178)

7. 1947, 7. 1947, 11stst supersonic aircraft (Bell XS-1) supersonic aircraft (Bell XS-1)

8. 1950s -Today……..the aircraft technologies continuously expanding 8. 1950s -Today……..the aircraft technologies continuously expanding and there are always many researches have been established in and there are always many researches have been established in order to improve the aircraft performances.order to improve the aircraft performances.

A Brief History of FlightA Brief History of Flight

Basic AircraftBasic Aircraft

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Basic AircraftBasic Aircraft Fuselage: Fuselage:

Central body portion: To accommodate the crew, the passengers, and the cargo.Central body portion: To accommodate the crew, the passengers, and the cargo. Streamlined as much as possible to reduce drag. Streamlined as much as possible to reduce drag.

Wing (fixed):Wing (fixed): The purpose of wing is to generate lift (because of the The purpose of wing is to generate lift (because of the airfoilairfoil shape) shape) Ailerons (movable)= To provide roll control.Ailerons (movable)= To provide roll control. Flap = To create additional lift to the aircraft (especially during take-off)Flap = To create additional lift to the aircraft (especially during take-off) Spoilers = To interrupt the air flow over the wing (to slow down the a/c during landing)Spoilers = To interrupt the air flow over the wing (to slow down the a/c during landing)

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Various shape of airfoils

Basic AircraftBasic Aircraft

Tail:Tail: Vertical Stabilizer , rudder (movable)-yaw controlVertical Stabilizer , rudder (movable)-yaw control Horizontal Stabilizer , elevator (movable)-pitch controlHorizontal Stabilizer , elevator (movable)-pitch control

Power Plants (Engine/propeller)Power Plants (Engine/propeller) To generate thrust that propels the aircraftTo generate thrust that propels the aircraft PropellerPropeller Gas TurbineGas Turbine

Landing Gear:Landing Gear: Tricycle gear: nose wheel, two main wheelsTricycle gear: nose wheel, two main wheels Conventional gear: tail wheel, two main wheelsConventional gear: tail wheel, two main wheels Unconventional gear: skis, skids, or floatsUnconventional gear: skis, skids, or floats

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Aircraft PerformanceAircraft Performance1.1. Speed: Speed:

What is the minimum and maximum speed of What is the minimum and maximum speed of the aircraft.the aircraft.

2.2. Range:Range:How far can the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel.How far can the aircraft fly with a tank of fuel.

3.3. Endurance:Endurance:How long can the aircraft stay in the air with a How long can the aircraft stay in the air with a

tank of fuel.tank of fuel. 88

Forces on AircraftForces on Aircraft

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For flight, an aircraft's lift must balance its weight, and its thrust must For flight, an aircraft's lift must balance its weight, and its thrust must exceed its drag.exceed its drag.

A plane uses its wings for lift and its engines for thrust. A plane uses its wings for lift and its engines for thrust.

Forces on AircraftForces on Aircraft1.1. Lift Lift

This force is generated by the flow of air around the aircraft, the major portion resulting This force is generated by the flow of air around the aircraft, the major portion resulting from the wing.from the wing.

2.2. WeightWeight The weigh includes the aircraft itself, the payload and the fuel.The weigh includes the aircraft itself, the payload and the fuel. Since fuel is consumed as the aircraft flies, the weight decreases.Since fuel is consumed as the aircraft flies, the weight decreases. Weight acts in a direction toward the center of the Earth.Weight acts in a direction toward the center of the Earth.

3.3. DragDrag Basically, any object that is moving through the air will experience resistance. This Basically, any object that is moving through the air will experience resistance. This

resistance is called drag.resistance is called drag. Similar to lift, this force also arises from the flow around the aircraft but it is component of Similar to lift, this force also arises from the flow around the aircraft but it is component of

the resultant aerodynamic force along the line of flight.the resultant aerodynamic force along the line of flight. Wing is designed to be smooth in order to reduce drag.Wing is designed to be smooth in order to reduce drag. Drag important during landing in order to slow down the aircraft.Drag important during landing in order to slow down the aircraft.

4.4. ThrustThrust The force that moves the aircraft through the air.The force that moves the aircraft through the air. Generate by the Generate by the propulsion systempropulsion system

(E.g., engine driver propeller, jet engine, rocket engine). (E.g., engine driver propeller, jet engine, rocket engine). It may be taken to act along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.It may be taken to act along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.

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LiftLift

The shape of airfoilThe shape of airfoilThe greater surface area on The greater surface area on

the top makes the air the top makes the air velocity flows faster on the velocity flows faster on the

top & vice versa.top & vice versa.

Slow flowing airSlow flowing air

Fast flowing airFast flowing air

An aircraft flies due to the aerodynamic reactions that happen when air passes over the wing.

Aircraft Control SystemAircraft Control System

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Moving Surfaces of an aircraft Moving Surfaces of an aircraft Yaw Control- Rudder : Turning the a/c to left or right.Yaw Control- Rudder : Turning the a/c to left or right. Pitch Control- Elevators: Nosing the aircraft up and down. Pitch Control- Elevators: Nosing the aircraft up and down. Roll Control- Ailerons: Rolling the wing to the right or left.Roll Control- Ailerons: Rolling the wing to the right or left.

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Aircraft Control SystemAircraft Control System

Origins of Control SurfacesOrigins of Control Surfaces

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Léon Levavasseur and the Antoinette IV

1908 1st aircraft featured fixed vertical and horizontal tails with movable rudder and elevator surfaces attached to their trailing edges.

Henri Farman and the Farman III

1910 1st aircraft equipped with four flap-like ailerons fitted at the outboard trailing edges of both the upper and lower wings.

Glenn Curtiss, Alexander Graham Bell, and the June Bug showing its ailerons

Control SurfacesControl Surfaces

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Control SurfacesControl Surfaces

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Control SurfacesControl Surfaces

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Control SurfacesControl Surfaces

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History of Aircraft PropulsionHistory of Aircraft Propulsion

1903 (Wright bros.) – 1943 : 1903 (Wright bros.) – 1943 : Piston EnginesPiston Engines Airplanes used Airplanes used internal combustion engines internal combustion engines to turn propellers to turn propellers

to generate thrust (propeller aircraft)to generate thrust (propeller aircraft) 11stst aircraft by Wright bros.: Kitty Hawk aircraft by Wright bros.: Kitty Hawk

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A World War I wooden aircraft propeller

1944 (After World War 2)-Today : 1944 (After World War 2)-Today : Jet Engines Jet Engines Airplanes used Airplanes used jet engines jet engines to turn propellers/shaft/fan to generate thrust.to turn propellers/shaft/fan to generate thrust. Jet engines Jet engines also referred to as also referred to as Gas Turbine Engines.Gas Turbine Engines. Various types (turbo-jet, turbo-prop, turbo-shaft, turbo-fan , ramjet, scramjet)Various types (turbo-jet, turbo-prop, turbo-shaft, turbo-fan , ramjet, scramjet)

German V-1 bomb (pulse jet engine): 1German V-1 bomb (pulse jet engine): 1stst application for military application for military purposes.purposes.

Messerschmitt Me-262 : 1Messerschmitt Me-262 : 1stst operational jet-powered aircraft operational jet-powered aircraft Bell P-59: 1Bell P-59: 1stst American aircraft American aircraft MiG-15: 1MiG-15: 1stst Soviet jet aircraft. Soviet jet aircraft.

Propeller AircraftPropeller Aircraft

Propeller: Acts as a rotating wing, creating a thrust force because of its motion Propeller: Acts as a rotating wing, creating a thrust force because of its motion through the air.through the air.

Similar to automobile engines. Similar to automobile engines. The engine takes air from the surroundings, mixed it with fuel, burns the fuel The engine takes air from the surroundings, mixed it with fuel, burns the fuel

(fuels energy release), the heated gas exhaust is used to move a piston that is (fuels energy release), the heated gas exhaust is used to move a piston that is attached to a crankshaft.attached to a crankshaft.

**Automobile: shaft is used to move the wheels of the car.**Automobile: shaft is used to move the wheels of the car. **Airplanes: The shaft turns a propeller**Airplanes: The shaft turns a propeller

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The propellers of an RAF Hercules C.4 in feather

position

Thrust

Propeller AircraftPropeller Aircraft Very efficient for low speed flight. Very efficient for low speed flight. Lower load capacity compared to similar sized jet powered aircraft.Lower load capacity compared to similar sized jet powered aircraft. Cheaper and much more economic than jets.Cheaper and much more economic than jets. Quiet, but fly at lower speeds.Quiet, but fly at lower speeds. The best option for people who need to transport a few passengers and/or The best option for people who need to transport a few passengers and/or

small amounts of cargo. small amounts of cargo. Best choice for pilots who wish to own their own aircraft.Best choice for pilots who wish to own their own aircraft. Propellers are not used on high speed aircraft.Propellers are not used on high speed aircraft.

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Piston EnginesPiston Engines

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In-Line engineRotary Engine

Radial EngineV-type EngineOpposed

Piston Engine: •Converts the heat energy of the fuel and burns it into mechanical energy.• Inducing air and fuel mixture into a cylinder.

Jet AircraftJet Aircraft Jet aircraft make use of turbines for the creation of thrust. Jet aircraft make use of turbines for the creation of thrust. Much more powerful than a piston engine.Much more powerful than a piston engine. Greater weight capacity and fly faster than propeller driven aircraft.Greater weight capacity and fly faster than propeller driven aircraft.

Example: Airbus A340 and Boeing 777, can carry hundreds of passengers and Example: Airbus A340 and Boeing 777, can carry hundreds of passengers and several tons of cargo, and are able to travel for distances up to 13 thousand several tons of cargo, and are able to travel for distances up to 13 thousand kilometers. kilometers.

Noisy, this makes jet aircraft a source of noise pollution.Noisy, this makes jet aircraft a source of noise pollution.

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Jet Aircraft HistoryJet Aircraft History

1939: 1939: The 1The 1stst jet aircraft (Heinkel He 178) was developed in England and Germany jet aircraft (Heinkel He 178) was developed in England and Germany 1943: 1943: The first jet fighter aircraft, Messerschmitt Me 262 went into service in the The first jet fighter aircraft, Messerschmitt Me 262 went into service in the

German Luftwaffe. German Luftwaffe.

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Heinkel He-178(1939): 1st jet engined aircraft

• Sir Frank Whittle• 1st turbojet patent• 1930 (23 years old)

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Jet Engines HistoryJet Engines History Used for Lockheed SR71

Blackbird

Fastest in 1989 Now retired

• Dr. Hans von Ohain• 1st designer of turbojet

engine

Gas Turbine EngineGas Turbine Engine

All jet engines, which are also called gas turbines, work on the same principle.All jet engines, which are also called gas turbines, work on the same principle. InletInlet brings free stream air into the engine.brings free stream air into the engine. A A compressorcompressor raises the pressure & temperature of the air. raises the pressure & temperature of the air. The compressor is made up of fans with many blades and attached to a shaft. The compressor is made up of fans with many blades and attached to a shaft. The blades compress the air. The blades compress the air. In the In the burner, burner, the compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark the compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark

lights the mixture.lights the mixture. The burning gases expand and blast out through the The burning gases expand and blast out through the nozzlenozzle, at the back of the , at the back of the

engine. engine. As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust forward.As the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust forward.

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Thrust

Newton's 3rd law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is called thrust.

Turbo-propTurbo-prop

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Turboprop aircraft are a halfway house between propeller and jet: they use a turbine engine similar to a jet to turn propellers.

These aircraft are popular with commuter and regional airlines, as they tend to be more economical on shorter journeys.

Hercules-1 C130

Turbo-fanTurbo-fan

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Most modern airliners use turbofan engines because of their high thrust and good fuel efficiency.

The core engine is surrounded by a fan in the front and an additional fan turbine at the rear.

Larger fan at the front provides thrust in the same way as a propeller. 1st engine to use multiple spools (concentric shafts which are free to rotate at

their own speed-can quickly change the power requirements)

Enlarged Fan Fan

Supersonic AircraftSupersonic Aircraft

If subsonic aircraft has Mach No.< 1, supersonic aircraft a/c has Mach No. >1 If subsonic aircraft has Mach No.< 1, supersonic aircraft a/c has Mach No. >1 Supersonic aircraft, such as military fighters and bombers, Concorde, and others, Supersonic aircraft, such as military fighters and bombers, Concorde, and others,

make use of make use of special turbines special turbines (afterburners), that generate the huge amounts of power (afterburners), that generate the huge amounts of power for flight faster than the speed of the sound. for flight faster than the speed of the sound.

Due to the high costs, limited areas of use and low demand there are no longer any Due to the high costs, limited areas of use and low demand there are no longer any supersonic aircraft in use by any major airline. The last Concorde flight was on 26 supersonic aircraft in use by any major airline. The last Concorde flight was on 26 November 2003. November 2003.

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1975, 1st supersonic

transport aircraft (Tupolev Tu-144)

RamjetRamjet

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Ramjet aircraft are mostly in the experimental stage. Ramjet aircraft are mostly in the experimental stage.

ScramjetScramjet

Scramjet aircraft are in the experimental stage. Scramjet aircraft are in the experimental stage. The Boeing X-43 is an experimental scramjet with a world The Boeing X-43 is an experimental scramjet with a world

speed record for a jet-powered aircraft - speed record for a jet-powered aircraft - Mach 9.6Mach 9.6, or , or nearly 7,000 mph. The X-43A set the flight speed record nearly 7,000 mph. The X-43A set the flight speed record on 16 November 2004.on 16 November 2004.

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Aircraft FuelAircraft Fuel

For the first few decades of flight, aircraft engines simply used the For the first few decades of flight, aircraft engines simply used the same kind of gasoline that powered automobiles.same kind of gasoline that powered automobiles.

But simple gasoline was not necessarily the best fuel for the large But simple gasoline was not necessarily the best fuel for the large and powerful engines used by most piston-engines airplanes that and powerful engines used by most piston-engines airplanes that were developed in the 1930s and 1940s.were developed in the 1930s and 1940s.

Thereby, most airplanes carried Thereby, most airplanes carried AvGas (Aviation Gasoline)AvGas (Aviation Gasoline) Jet fuel Jet fuel (AvTur: Aviation Turbine Fuel) (AvTur: Aviation Turbine Fuel) is a type of aviation fuel is a type of aviation fuel

designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines.designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. The most common fuels are Jet A and Jet A-1’The most common fuels are Jet A and Jet A-1’ Jet B is commonly used in civilian turbine engine-powered and is Jet B is commonly used in civilian turbine engine-powered and is

used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.

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Question?Question?

What is the different between a propeller What is the different between a propeller aircraft and jet aircraft?aircraft and jet aircraft?

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Rocket HistoryRocket History A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust

by the reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid exhaust from a by the reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid exhaust from a rocket engine.rocket engine.

1926: 1926: 11stst Rocket launched by Robert H. Goddard (liquid-fueled), reached only Rocket launched by Robert H. Goddard (liquid-fueled), reached only modest height of 12.5m.modest height of 12.5m.

19571957: 1: 1stst satellite (Sputnik-1) launched to the space by the Russian satellite (Sputnik-1) launched to the space by the Russian

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Rocket EngineRocket Engine A rocket engine A rocket engine produces thrust by burning a fuel at high produces thrust by burning a fuel at high

pressure and exhausting the gas through a nozzle. The oxygen pressure and exhausting the gas through a nozzle. The oxygen for combustion is carried with the propulsion system.for combustion is carried with the propulsion system.

Operate with either solid or liquid propellants.Operate with either solid or liquid propellants. Solid-propellant: contain both the fuel (HSolid-propellant: contain both the fuel (H22+C) & +C) &

oxidizer(O2 )combined together in the chemicals.oxidizer(O2 )combined together in the chemicals. Liquid-propellant: liquid fuel and oxidizers kept in different tanks.Liquid-propellant: liquid fuel and oxidizers kept in different tanks.

High temperatures and pressures is built up, the are used to High temperatures and pressures is built up, the are used to accelerate the exhaust gases through a rocket nozzle to accelerate the exhaust gases through a rocket nozzle to produce thrust.produce thrust.

The heavier the rocket , the greater thrust needed to get it off The heavier the rocket , the greater thrust needed to get it off the ground.the ground.

Newton Newton 33rdrd Law Law: : “To every action there is an equal and “To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."opposite reaction."

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Basic HelicopterBasic Helicopter

Blades

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The cross section of the helicopter blades have the same shape as the airfoil on the airplane wings,

thus the principle on how lift is created is similar for both of helicopter and airplane

How Helicopter FliesHow Helicopter Flies

A helicopter can take off and land vertically (straight up and down).A helicopter can take off and land vertically (straight up and down). It can fly in any direction, even sideways and backwards. It can fly in any direction, even sideways and backwards. It can also hover or hang in the air above a given place. It can also hover or hang in the air above a given place. A helicopter gets its power from rotors or blades. A helicopter gets its power from rotors or blades. When its rotors are spinning, a helicopter doesn't look much like an airplane.When its rotors are spinning, a helicopter doesn't look much like an airplane. But the rotor blades have an airfoil shape like the wings of an airplane. But the rotor blades have an airfoil shape like the wings of an airplane. So as the rotors turn, air flows more quickly over the tops of the blades than it does So as the rotors turn, air flows more quickly over the tops of the blades than it does

below. below. This creates enough lift for flight.This creates enough lift for flight. 3737

Airplane Vs HelicopterAirplane Vs Helicopter

A helicopter A helicopter engine rotates the airfoil (rotor blade) that produces the lift so that the engine rotates the airfoil (rotor blade) that produces the lift so that the machine can lift itself vertically.machine can lift itself vertically.

An airplane An airplane generates lift over its wings by the engine translating the airfoil (wing) generates lift over its wings by the engine translating the airfoil (wing) through the air.through the air.

The The helicopter engine helicopter engine rotates the "wing" to produce lift and the rotates the "wing" to produce lift and the airplane engineairplane engine pulls (or pulls (or pushes) the wing through the air to generate lift.pushes) the wing through the air to generate lift.

The operational differences come from the aerodynamic physics associated with these The operational differences come from the aerodynamic physics associated with these two different ways of moving the airfoil. The helicopter rotors (wings) must change their two different ways of moving the airfoil. The helicopter rotors (wings) must change their relative angle to the air flows as they rotate . This makes the blade positioning system relative angle to the air flows as they rotate . This makes the blade positioning system very complex, heavy and expensive, and the helicopter more difficult to stabilize than a very complex, heavy and expensive, and the helicopter more difficult to stabilize than a conventional airplane.conventional airplane.

Thus, the helicopter is heavier and more expensive than a conventional airplane (and Thus, the helicopter is heavier and more expensive than a conventional airplane (and therefore can carry less payload with the same engine power), therefore can carry less payload with the same engine power),

However, its ability to land and take-off vertically, and hover in mid-air, give it an However, its ability to land and take-off vertically, and hover in mid-air, give it an advantage in certain applications.advantage in certain applications.

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ASSIGNMENT QUESTION ASSIGNMENT QUESTION FOR AVIATION HISTORYFOR AVIATION HISTORY

Aviation has progressed so fast since the Wright Brothers first flew in 1902. Aviation has progressed so fast since the Wright Brothers first flew in 1902. Airline aircrafts have become faster and more economical to operate; and Airline aircrafts have become faster and more economical to operate; and

from single aisle to wide cabin and from canvas to composite and from from single aisle to wide cabin and from canvas to composite and from subsonic to supersonic and single to double deck and from mechanical subsonic to supersonic and single to double deck and from mechanical

instruments to glass cockpit etc. Explain what are the future challenges that instruments to glass cockpit etc. Explain what are the future challenges that the civil aviation would face. the civil aviation would face.

All assignments must have All assignments must have font 12,font 12, not be more than not be more than 15 pages15 pages at at 1.5 line spacing1.5 line spacing. . Provide Provide table of contenttable of content and and bibliography bibliography at the end of the end of the assignments at the end of the end of the assignments together with the declaration format. No plagiarism, therefore those with duplicated together with the declaration format. No plagiarism, therefore those with duplicated

assignments will be penalised. assignments will be penalised. Deadline: 15 October 2009 (Thursday) at 5.30pmDeadline: 15 October 2009 (Thursday) at 5.30pm. . Delay Delay penalty: one mark each daypenalty: one mark each day..

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