AW101 – AW101 – OCCUPATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY & HEALTHSAFETY & HEALTH

5.0 : INCIDENTS 5.0 : INCIDENTS PREVENTIONPREVENTION

Incident ?Incident ? An abnormal event, not wanted, that result An abnormal event, not wanted, that result

from an abrupt, unexpected and accidental from an abrupt, unexpected and accidental form that interrupts the normal continuity of form that interrupts the normal continuity of the work (Baselga 1984).the work (Baselga 1984).

Standard UNE 81900 explains an incident as Standard UNE 81900 explains an incident as undesired or unwanted that given rise to undesired or unwanted that given rise to losses in the health of injuries of the worker.losses in the health of injuries of the worker.

An incident could have resulted in a serious An incident could have resulted in a serious accident or injury (Senecal & Burke).accident or injury (Senecal & Burke).

An incident could result in damage to An incident could result in damage to property or equipment and it could result in property or equipment and it could result in an employee needing first aid.an employee needing first aid.

INCIDENTS

ACCIDENTS

Krause & Hidley (1992) found that the Krause & Hidley (1992) found that the difference between inccident and difference between inccident and accident:accident:1. needing only first aid verses a major 1. needing only first aid verses a major medical intervention.medical intervention.2. owed in a certain way, to the factor of 2. owed in a certain way, to the factor of luck ‘near miss’.luck ‘near miss’.

Conclusion : Conclusion : IncidentIncident is a fact or event not is a fact or event not planned nor wanted that will occasionally planned nor wanted that will occasionally result in an unintentional injury or health result in an unintentional injury or health related problems, will occasionally result related problems, will occasionally result in damages to property, products or to in damages to property, products or to the enviroment, loss of production and/or the enviroment, loss of production and/or an increase in legal responsibilities. an increase in legal responsibilities.

Types Of IncidentTypes Of IncidentType 5Type 5 The incident can be handled with one or two The incident can be handled with one or two

single resources with up to six personnel.single resources with up to six personnel. Command and General Staff positions (other Command and General Staff positions (other

than the Incident Commander) are not activated.than the Incident Commander) are not activated. No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required.No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required. The incident is contained within the first The incident is contained within the first

operational period and often within an hour to a operational period and often within an hour to a few hours after resources arrive on scene.few hours after resources arrive on scene.

Examples include a vehicle fire, an injured Examples include a vehicle fire, an injured person, or a police traffic stop.person, or a police traffic stop.

Type 4Type 4 Command staff and general staff functions are Command staff and general staff functions are

activated only if needed.activated only if needed. Several resources are required to mitigate the Several resources are required to mitigate the

incident.incident. The incident is usually limited to one operational The incident is usually limited to one operational

period in the control phase.period in the control phase. The agency administrator may have briefings, The agency administrator may have briefings,

and ensure the complexity analysis and and ensure the complexity analysis and delegation of authority are updated.delegation of authority are updated.

No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required No written Incident Action Plan (IAP) is required but a documented operationalbut a documented operational

briefing will be completed for all incoming briefing will be completed for all incoming resources.resources.

The role of the agency administrator includes The role of the agency administrator includes operational plans including objectives and operational plans including objectives and priorities.priorities.

Type 3Type 3 When capabilities exceed initial attack, the When capabilities exceed initial attack, the

appropriate ICS positions should be added to appropriate ICS positions should be added to match the complexity of the incident.match the complexity of the incident.

Some or all of the Command and General Staff Some or all of the Command and General Staff positions may be activated, as well as positions may be activated, as well as Division/Group Supervisor and/or Unit Leader Division/Group Supervisor and/or Unit Leader level positions.level positions.

A Type 3 Incident Management Team (IMT) or A Type 3 Incident Management Team (IMT) or incident command organization manages initial incident command organization manages initial action incidents with a significant number of action incidents with a significant number of resources, an extended attack incident until resources, an extended attack incident until containment/control is achieved, or an expanding containment/control is achieved, or an expanding incident until transition to a Type 1 or 2 team.incident until transition to a Type 1 or 2 team.

The incident may extend into multiple operational The incident may extend into multiple operational periods.periods.

A written IAP may be required for each A written IAP may be required for each operational period.operational period.

Type 2Type 2 This type of incident extends beyond the capabilities This type of incident extends beyond the capabilities

for local control and is expected to go into multiple for local control and is expected to go into multiple operational periods. A Type 2 incident may require operational periods. A Type 2 incident may require the response of resources out of area, including the response of resources out of area, including regional and/or national resources, to effectively regional and/or national resources, to effectively manage the operations, command, and general manage the operations, command, and general staffing.staffing.

Most or all of the Command and General Staff Most or all of the Command and General Staff positions are filled.positions are filled.

A written IAP is required for each operational period.A written IAP is required for each operational period. Many of the functional units are needed and staffed.Many of the functional units are needed and staffed. Operations personnel normally do not exceed 200 Operations personnel normally do not exceed 200

per operational period and totalper operational period and total incident personnel do not exceed 500 (guidelines incident personnel do not exceed 500 (guidelines

only).only). The agency administrator is responsible for the The agency administrator is responsible for the

incident complexity analysis, agency administrator incident complexity analysis, agency administrator briefings, and the written delegation of authority.briefings, and the written delegation of authority.

Type 1Type 1 This type of incident is the most complex, requiring This type of incident is the most complex, requiring

national resources to safely and effectively national resources to safely and effectively manage and operate.manage and operate.

All Command and General Staff positions are All Command and General Staff positions are activated.activated.

Operations personnel often exceed 500 per Operations personnel often exceed 500 per operational period and total personnel will usually operational period and total personnel will usually exceed 1,000.exceed 1,000.

Branches need to be established.Branches need to be established. The agency administrator will have briefings, and The agency administrator will have briefings, and

ensure that the complexity analysis and delegation ensure that the complexity analysis and delegation of authority are updated.of authority are updated.

Use of resource advisors at the incident base is Use of resource advisors at the incident base is recommended.recommended.

There is a high impact on the local jurisdiction, There is a high impact on the local jurisdiction, requiring additional staff for office administrative requiring additional staff for office administrative and support functions.and support functions.

Unsafe Act Unsafe Act Performance of a task or other activity that is Performance of a task or other activity that is

conducted in a manner that may threaten the conducted in a manner that may threaten the health and/or safety of workers. Examples are : health and/or safety of workers. Examples are :

Operating without qualification or Operating without qualification or authorization. authorization.

Operating equipment at unsafe .Operating equipment at unsafe . Failure to warn. Failure to warn. Using defective equipment Using defective equipment Working in hazardous locations without Working in hazardous locations without

adequate protection or warning. adequate protection or warning. Wearing unsafe clothing. Wearing unsafe clothing. Taking an unsafe position. Taking an unsafe position.

Unsafe ConditionsUnsafe Conditions A condition in the work place that is A condition in the work place that is

likely to cause property damage or likely to cause property damage or injury. Examples are :injury. Examples are :

Defective tools, equipment, or Defective tools, equipment, or supplies. supplies.

Fire and explosion hazards. Fire and explosion hazards. Inadequate supports or guards. Inadequate supports or guards. Poor housekeeping. Poor housekeeping. Hazardous atmospheric condition. Hazardous atmospheric condition. Excessive noise. Excessive noise. Poor ventilation. Poor ventilation.

Hazard ?Hazard ? HazardHazard

A source or a situation with a A source or a situation with a potential for harmpotential for harm to humans, to humans, property and damage of environment property and damage of environment or a combination of these.or a combination of these.

DangerDangerRelative exposure to hazard.Relative exposure to hazard.

RiskRiskA combination of A combination of likelihoodlikelihood of of occurrence and occurrence and severityseverity of injury or of injury or damage.damage.

Classification & Potential Sources Classification & Potential Sources of Hazardsof Hazards

ClassificationClassification Example of HazardsExample of Hazards Mechanical - Sharp points & edges, overload.Mechanical - Sharp points & edges, overload. Electrical - Insulation damaged or cover brokenElectrical - Insulation damaged or cover broken Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne microorganism. microorganism. Chemical - Expose to carcinogens chemicalChemical - Expose to carcinogens chemical Ergonomics - Expose to unnatural posturesErgonomics - Expose to unnatural postures Psychological- Stress or violent at workplace.Psychological- Stress or violent at workplace.

Hazard IdentificationHazard Identification

To keep workplace To keep workplace safesafe and and healthy.healthy.-employers should make sure there -employers should make sure there are no hazards to which employees are no hazards to which employees could be exposed.could be exposed.

Employers should look for hazards in Employers should look for hazards in advanceadvanceas part of their risk management plan as part of their risk management plan to prevent potential hazards.to prevent potential hazards.

The Process of Risk The Process of Risk ManagementManagementClassify ActivitiesClassify Activities

(Work, Product, Services) (Work, Product, Services)

Identify HazardIdentify Hazard

Assess The RiskAssess The Risk

Risk ControlRisk Control

Review Risk ControlReview Risk Control

Identify Hazards Identify Hazards 1.1. Walk around Walk around your workplace and look at what your workplace and look at what

could reasonably be expected to cause harm. could reasonably be expected to cause harm. 2.2. Ask your employees Ask your employees or their representatives or their representatives

what they think. They may have noticed things what they think. They may have noticed things that are not immediately obvious to you. that are not immediately obvious to you.

3.3. Check manufacturers’ instructions Check manufacturers’ instructions or data or data sheets for chemicals and equipment as they can sheets for chemicals and equipment as they can be very helpful in spelling out the hazards and be very helpful in spelling out the hazards and putting them in their true perspective. putting them in their true perspective.

4.4. Have a look back at your Have a look back at your accident and ill-accident and ill-health records health records – these often help to identify – these often help to identify the less obvious hazards. the less obvious hazards.

5.5. Remember to think about long-term Remember to think about long-term hazards to health hazards to health (eg high levels of noise or (eg high levels of noise or exposure to harmful substances) as well as exposure to harmful substances) as well as safety hazards. safety hazards.

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment Is the process of evaluating the Is the process of evaluating the

risk to safety & health from risk to safety & health from hazards at workhazards at work

TypesTypes- QualitativeQualitative- Semi-quantitativeSemi-quantitative- QuantitativeQuantitative

How To Assess RiskHow To Assess Risk

1) Look for the Hazards1) Look for the Hazards

2) Decide who might be harmed & how2) Decide who might be harmed & how

3) Evaluate the risk and check what is 3) Evaluate the risk and check what is

done to prevent it from happeningdone to prevent it from happening• 4) Record finding4) Record finding• 5) Review assessment and revise it if 5) Review assessment and revise it if

necessarynecessary

Types of Risk AssessmentTypes of Risk Assessment

Qualitative - (Use Qualitative - (Use Risk MatrixRisk Matrix))

-table scales for -table scales for likelihoodlikelihood and and severityseverity

• FatalityFatality• Major injuriesMajor injuries• Minor injuriesMinor injuries• First aid or near missesFirst aid or near misses

Types of Risk AssessmentTypes of Risk Assessment

Based on statisticBased on statistic

LikelihoodLikelihood Very likelyVery likely LikelyLikely UnlikelyUnlikely Highly UnlikelyHighly Unlikely

Qualitative Risk TableQualitative Risk Table

SeveritySeverityLikelihoodLikelihood

V/LikelyV/Likely LikelyLikely UnlikelyUnlikely H/UnlikelyH/Unlikely

FatalityFatality HighHigh HighHigh HighHigh MediumMedium

Major Major InjuriesInjuries

HighHigh HighHigh MediumMedium MediumMedium

Minor Minor InjuriesInjuries

HighHigh MediuMediumm

MediumMedium LowLow

First Aid/First Aid/

N/N/missesmisses

MediumMedium MediuMediumm

LowLow LowLow

Semi-Quantitative Semi-Quantitative Risk Risk AssessmentAssessment

Severity CategoriesSeverity Categories

1. First Aid1. First Aid

2. Less than 4 days M/C2. Less than 4 days M/C

3. More than 4 days M/C3. More than 4 days M/C

4. Fatality & Permanent Disability4. Fatality & Permanent Disability

Semi-Quantitative Semi-Quantitative Risk Risk AssessmentAssessment

Likelihood OccurrenceLikelihood Occurrence

1. Yearly1. Yearly

2. Monthly2. Monthly

3. Weekly3. Weekly

4. Daily4. Daily

Semi-Quantitative Semi-Quantitative Risk TableRisk TableLIKELIHOODLIKELIHOOD

SS

EE

VV

EE

RR

II

TT

yy

YearlyYearly MonthlMonthlyy

WeeklWeeklyy

DailyDaily

11 22 33 44

First AidFirst Aid 11 11 22 33 44

< 4 Days < 4 Days MCMC

22 22 44 66 88

> 4 Days > 4 Days MCMC

33 33 66 99 1212

Fatality & Fatality & Permanent Permanent DisabilityDisability

44 44 88 1212 1616

Quantitative Quantitative Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment In cases where hazards are In cases where hazards are

numerous and complex numerous and complex

eg; Chemical process planteg; Chemical process plant

Should have Job Safety Analysis Should have Job Safety Analysis (JSA)(JSA)

- describe job in less than 10 stepsdescribe job in less than 10 steps- List things that can go wrongList things that can go wrong

- eg; Changing a Car Wheeleg; Changing a Car Wheel

Actions & RecommendationsActions & Recommendations

EL-EL- EliminateEliminate SL-SL- SubstituteSubstitute IS-IS- IsolationIsolation EC-EC- Engineering ControlEngineering Control AC -AC - Administration ControlAdministration Control PPE- Personal Protection PPE- Personal Protection

EquipmentEquipment

Actions & RecommendationsActions & RecommendationsEg;Eg;

EL - stop work, cover hazard…EL - stop work, cover hazard…

SL - use other route, other material..SL - use other route, other material..

IS - put up temporary barrier,…IS - put up temporary barrier,…

EC - construct permanent wall,..EC - construct permanent wall,..

AC - put up notice, job rotation,…AC - put up notice, job rotation,…

PPE - gloves, respirator,……PPE - gloves, respirator,……