Ch. 23 Guided Notes
Functional Groups
Functional Groups:
An atom, group of atoms or type of bond in an organic molecule that react in a predictable manner
Symbol ______________is used to represent the hydrocarbon fragment of the organic molecule
Alkyl Halides
Organic compounds containing ________________________
X = F, Cl, I or Br
Prefixes are:
F=
Cl=
Br=
I=
Halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring are called aryl halides.
Naming Alkyl Halides
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alcohols
Organic compounds containing a ___________________________________________________
Naming Alcohols
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Alcohols can have more than one hydroxyl group
Primary Alcohols: hydroxyl group is attached to an _____________________
Secondary Alcohol: Hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to __________
Tertiary alcohol: hydroxyl is attached to a carbon that is attached to ______________________
Fermentation
Fermentation is the production of ______________________________ from sugars by the action of ________________________ or ______________________________. A second reaction product, carbon dioxide, causes bread to rise.
Reactions with Alcohols
Addition reactions of alkenes are an important method of introducing new functional groups into organic molecules.
In an addition reaction, a substance is added at ___________________ or __________________ bond of an alkene or alkyne.
Double and triple bonds between carbon atoms are much more _______________________ than single bonds between carbon atoms.
The addition of water to an alkene is a _____________________________________________.
Ethers
An ether is a compound in which ____________________ is bonded to two __________ groups
Ether oxygens are NOT generally part of the _____________________________ in linear ethers.
Naming Ethers (Common)
The alkyl groups attached to the ether linkage are named in _____________________________ and are followed by the word ____________________.
IUPAC Naming Ethers
The_______________________________ of the two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen is considered to be the parent compound
The smaller ______________________ group and the ________________________________ are considered to be a substituent group on the parent compound with _______________ suffix
Cyclic ethers are named as ______________________________________________ with the oxygen being at position ________of the chain.
Carbonyl Groups
A functional group with the general structure ________________________
The CO functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones.
Aldehydes
An aldehyde is an organic compound containing an _____________________________ at the END of a parent chain and __________________________________________ to a carbon that is attached to at least one ________________________________.
Naming Aldehydes:
1.
2.
3.
Ketones
A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to _____________________________________________(found in the ___________________ of a parent chain).
Naming Ketones:
1.
2.
3.
Carboxyl Groups
Carboxyl groups consist of a _______________________________________(CO) attached to a _________________________________________ (-OH)
Carboxylic Acids
A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group
The general formula for a carboxylic acid is _____________________________
Contains a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (-OH)
Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods a distinctive ____________________________________
Naming Carboxylic Acids
1. The longest continuous chain containing the carboxyl group is considered to be the parent compound.
2. The carboxyl carbon is part of the parent chain and is always considered to be in the #1 position.
3. The suffix __________________ is added to the name of the parent compound, and the word __________________ is added to the name.
Properties of Carboxylic Acids
_________________________________, but odor ________________ as number of C-atoms increases
Carboxyl group is often found in _____________________________________, that are natural occurring in fats and oils
Esters
Esters contain a _____________________ group and an ____________________ link to the carbonyl carbon
General formula for a ester is ______________________________
Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the _________________ of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an __________ from an alcohol
Naming Esters
1. Determine the name of the _____________ group (alcohol).
2. Place the name of the R group in front of the name of the parent acid, forming two words. Change the ending to _____________
3. Determine the name of the parent acid, and change its suffix from ___________ to ___________ Drop the word acid.
Preparation of Esters
Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Properties of Esters
Amines
Organic compounds related to ____________________________________
Three kinds:
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Naming Amines:
1. Primary Amines
Primary amines are named by treating the NH2(amino) group as a __________________________ on the longest (parent) chain
Number the chain so you have the _______________________________
Indicate the number the amino group is on
2. Secondary & Tertiary Amines
Secondary and tertiary amines are named according to a common naming system
When naming secondary and tertiary amines, _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Amides
A carboxyl group that has _____________ replacing the ___________________
Naming Amides:
Identify the carboxylic acid from which the amide was derived and change the suffix from ___________ to _________________ and drop the word acid
Add the names of any branch chains