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© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Designing for Availability
Brett Hollman
Solutions Architect at AWS
September 10th, 2013
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Designing for Availability
ME: Brett Hollman – Solutions Architect – Amazon Web Services
YOU: here to learn more about designing your applications for high availability on AWS
TODAY: about best practices and things to think about when building a highly available application
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
3 3
What is High Availability?
Availability: Percentage of time an application operates during its work cycle
Loss of availability is known as an outage or downtime
• App is offline, unreachable, or partially available
• App is slow to use
• Planned and unplanned
Goal
• No downtime
• Always available
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4 4
Availability is related to
Scalability
• Ability of an application to accommodate growth without changing design
• If app cannot scale, availability may be impacted
• Scalability doesn’t guarantee availability
Fault Tolerance
• Built-in redundancy so apps can continue functioning when components fail
• Fault tolerance is crucial to HA
AWS democratizes High Availability
• Multiple servers, isolated redundant data centers, regions across the globe, FT
services, etc.
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AWS GLOBAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
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US-WEST (Oregon) EU-WEST (Ireland)
ASIA PAC (Tokyo)
ASIA PAC
(Singapore)
US-WEST (N. California)
SOUTH AMERICA (Sao Paulo)
US-EAST (Virginia)
AWS GovCloud (US)
ASIA PAC (Sydney)
Regions
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
US-WEST (Oregon)) EU-WEST (Ireland)
ASIA PAC (Tokyo)
ASIA PAC
(Singapore)
US-WEST (N. California)
SOUTH AMERICA (Sao Paulo)
US-EAST (Virginia)
AWS GovCloud (US)
ASIA PAC (Sydney)
Availability Zones
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
Reference Model
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AWS BUILDING BLOCKS
Inherently Highly Available and
Fault Tolerant Services
Highly Available
with the right
architecture
Amazon S3
Amazon DynamoDB
Amazon CloudFront
Amazon Route53
Elastic Load Balancing
Amazon SQS
Amazon SNS
Amazon SES
Amazon SWF
…
Amazon EC2
Amazon EBS
Amazon RDS
Amazon VPC
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
LET’S BUILD A
HIGHLY AVAILABLE SYSTEM
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Vertical Scaling
From $0.02/hr
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) Basic unit of compute capacity
Range of CPU, memory & local disk options
13 Instance types available, from micro to cluster compute
Feature Details
Flexible Run windows or Linux distributions
Scalable Wide range of instance types from micro to
cluster compute
Machine Images Configurations can be saved as machine
images (AMIs) from which new instances can
be created
Full control Full root or administrator rights
Secure Full firewall control via Security Groups
Monitoring Publishes metrics to Cloud Watch
Inexpensive On-demand, Reserved and Spot instance types
VM Import/Export Import and export VM images to transfer
configurations in and out of EC2
Compute
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
#1 DESIGN FOR FAILURE
●○○○○
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
« Everything fails all the time »
Werner Vogels
CTO of Amazon
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AVOID SINGLE POINTS OF FAILURE
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AVOID SINGLE POINTS OF FAILURE
ASSUME EVERYTHING FAILS,
AND WORK BACKWARDS
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
YOUR GOAL
Applications should continue to function
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
AMAZON EBS ELASTIC BLOCK STORE
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Elastic Block Store High performance block storage device
1GB to 1TB in size
Mount as drives to instances
Feature Details
High performance
file system
Mount EBS as drives and format as required
Flexible size Volumes from 1GB to 1TB in size
Secure Private to your instances
Performance Use provisioned IOPS to get desired level of IO
performance
Available Replicated within an Availability Zone
Backups Volumes can be snapshotted for point in time
restore
Monitoring Detailed metrics captured via Cloud Watch
Storage
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
AMAZON ELB ELASTIC LOAD BALANCING
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Elastic Load Balancing Create highly scalable applications
Distribute load across EC2 instances in multiple
availability zones
Feature Details
Auto-scaling Automatically scales to handle request volume
Available Load balance across instances in multiple
availability zones
Health checks Automatically checks health of instances and
takes them in or out of service
Session stickiness Route requests to the same instance
Secure sockets layer Supports SSL offload from web and application
servers with flexible cipher support
Monitoring Publishes metrics to Cloud Watch
Compute
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
HEALTH CHECKS
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
#2 MULTIPLE
AVAILABILITY ZONES ●●○○○
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AMAZON RDS
MULTI-AZ
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Relational Database Service Database-as-a-Service
No need to install or manage database instances
Scalable and fault tolerant configurations
Feature Details
Platform support Create MySQL, SQL Server and Oracle RDBMS
Preconfigured Get started instantly with sensible default
settings
Automated patching Keep your database platform up to date
automatically
Backups Automatic backups and point in time recovery
and full DB backups
Provisioned IOPS Specify IO throughput depending on
requirements
Failover Automated failover to slave hosts in event of a
failure
Replication Easily create read-replicas of your data and
seamlessly replicate data across availability
zones
Database
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
AMAZON ELB AND
MULTIPLE AZs
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© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
#3 SCALING
●●●○○
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© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
AUTO SCALING SCALE UP/DOWN EC2 CAPACITY
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Auto-scaling Automatic re-sizing of compute clusters based upon demand
Trigger auto-scaling policy
Feature Details
Control Define minimum and maximum instance pool
sizes and when scaling and cool down occurs
Integrated to
CloudWatch
Use metrics gathered by CloudWatch to drive
scaling
Instance types Run auto scaling for on-demand instances and
spot. Compatible with VPC
as-create-auto-scaling-group MyGroup
--launch-configuration MyConfig
--availability-zones eu-west-1a
--min-size 4
--max-size 200
Compute
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Scaling Data Tier
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RDS - Push-Button Scaling
scale up or down to the desired instance class
scale up to an 8-core server with 64 GB of RAM
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Use Cases Reporting and ETL
Discrete read/write transactions (browsers vs buyers)
Scale-out with one or more read servers master-slave
architecture
scaling READS
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• Optimize master for OLTP and read slaves for table scans
• Resize slaves as needed to boost reporting performance
• Use short-term slaves to save cost during monthly reporting
• Promote to standalone server.
scaling READS Tech tips
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Scaling for Writes on the Data Tier
At large scale, you may start to run into issues with your database around contention on writes to the master.
How can you solve it?
• Federation ( splitting into multiple DBs based on function)
• Sharding ( splitting one data set up across multiple hosts)
• Moving some functionality to other types of DBs ( NoSQL )
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Database Federation • Split up Databases by
function/purpose
• Harder to do cross function queries
• Essentially delaying the need for
something like sharding/NoSQL until
much further down the line
• Won’t help with single huge
functions/tables
ForumsDB
UsersDB
ProductsDB
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Sharded Horizontal Scaling
• More complex at the application
layer
• ORM support can help
• No practical limit on scalability
• Operation complexity/sophistication
• Shard by function or key space
• RDBMS or NoSQL
User ShardID
002345 A
002346 B
002347 C
002348 B
002349 A
A
B
C
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
#4 SELF-HEALING
●●●●○
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HEALTH CHECKS
+ AUTO SCALING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
HEALTH CHECKS
+ AUTO SCALING
=
SELF-HEALING
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DEGRADED MODE
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AMAZON S3 STATIC WEBSITE
+ AMAZON ROUTE 53
DNS Failover
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
#5 LOOSE
COUPLING ●●●●●
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
BUILD LOOSELY COUPLED SYSTEMS
The looser they are coupled, the bigger they scale,
the more fault tolerant they get…
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
SOA
Move services into their own tiers/modules. Treat each of these as 100% whole-y separate pieces of your infrastructure and scale them independently.
Amazon.com and AWS do this extensively! It offers flexibility and greater understanding of each component.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Loose coupling sets you free!
The looser they're coupled, the bigger they scale
Independent components
Design everything as a black box
Decouple interactions
Favor services with built in redundancy and scalability than building your own
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
AMAZON SQS SIMPLE QUEUE SERVICE
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
Amazon SQS
Processing
task/processing trigger
Processing results
Amazon SQS Reliable, highly scalable, queue service
for storing messages as they travel
between instances
Feature Details
Reliable Messages stored redundantly across
multiple availability zones
Simple Simple APIs to send and receive messages
Scalable Unlimited number of messages
Secure Authentication of queues to ensure
controlled access
Application Services
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
PUBLISH&
NOTIFY RECEIVE TRANSCODE
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PUBLISH&
NOTIFY RECEIVE TRANSCODE
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© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
VISIBILITY TIMEOUT
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
CLOUDWATCH METRICS FOR AMAZON SQS
+ AUTO SCALING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
YOUR GOAL
Applications should continue to function
© 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
IT’S ALL ABOUT
CHOICE BALANCE COST & HIGH AVAILABILITY
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AWS ARCHITECTURE CENTER http://aws.amazon.com/architecture
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