axalcixis raionSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis...

axalcixis raionSi

Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis

kompleqsuri teqnikuri angariSi

(Zegli IV-261 Worati, 241-e km)

avtorebi

m. baramiZe, g. fxakaZe

moamzada:

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

oTar lorTqifaniZis

arqeologiis centri

uznaZis q. #14

0102 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

gadaeca:

BTC/ SCP milsadenis kompanias

saburTalos q. #38

0194 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

samuSaoebi Sesrulda kontraqtebis safuZvelze:

C-06-BTC-116628

C-06-SCP-116630

HL-243

2007

Zegli IV-261 Worati, 241-e km, kompleqsuri teqnikuri angariSi

2

sarCevi

mokle mimoxilva .................................................................................................................... 3

1.0 Sesavali .................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 garemo foni .................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Zeglis mdebareoba da aRwera ................................................. 5

2.2 warsuli garemo ................................................ 6

2.3 miwis gamoyenebis istoria ............................................... 7

3.0 kulturul foni .................................................................................................... 8

3.1 preistoriuli da istoriuli konteqsti .................... 8

3.2 warsulSi Catarebuli kvlevebis mimoxilva ........... 16

4.0 meTodologia ............................................................................................................... 17

4.1 savele meTodebi ................................................................................... 17

4.2. laboratoriuli meTodebi ......................................................... 17

5.0 Sedegebi .................................................................................................................................. 18

5.1 ZiriTeadi monacemebis molke mimoxilva ........................ 18

5.2 Zeglebi .................................................................................................................... 19

5.3 artefaqtebi ................................................................................................ 20

6.0 interpretacia ..................................................................................................... 23

7.0 daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ........................................................................... 25

8.0 bibliografia .................................................................................................... 26

tabulebis sia

tabula I saqarTveloSi Zeglis mdebareobis

aRmniSvneli ruka ..........................................................................

tabula II erTi kilometris radiusSi mdebare

Zeglebis ruka ..........................................................................

tabula III pedologiuri da arqeologiuri stratigrafia ......

tabula IV samarxi #2 .......................................................................................................

tabula V artefaqtebi II donidan ........................................................

tabula VI artefaqtebi #2 samarxidan ........................................................

tabula VII artefaqtebi I da II doneebidan ..........................................

tabula VIII artefaqtebi I donidan ..........................................................

tabula IX kraniologiuri masala #1 da #2 samarxebidan .......� ��


3

mokle mimoxilva

angariSi warmoadgens navTobsadenisa da gazsadenis samSeneblo

proeqtTan dakavSirebiT Catarebul arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis

Sedegebs, Zeglze IV-261 241+600 km. niSnulze. savele da

laboratoriuli samuSaoebi Catarda erovnuli muzeumis oTar

lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis centris mier 2004, 2005 da 2006 wlebSi

malxaz baramiZis xelmZRvanelobiT. samuSaoebi daafinansa BTC da SCP milsadenebis kompaniam.

kontraqtebi HL-114, HL-126, HL-113, HL-137 (savele) da HL-214, HL-230, HL-243 (laboratoriuli). Zegli IV-261 mdebareobs samxreT saqarTveloSi, axalcixis raionSi,

daba valeSi. Zegli orfeniania da Sedgeba klasikuri xanis

samarovnisagan da adreSuasaukuneebis saTavsoebisa da ormoebisgan.

gaTxrebi mimdinareobda 2004 wels navTobsadenis mxares, xolo 2005

wels gazsadenis.

mTlianobaSi gaiTxara 220 metri sigrZis, 14 metri siganisa da 1.2

siRrmis farTobi, romelmac gamoavlina 3 saTavso, 21 ormo, 48

samarxi. mopovebuli artefaqtebidan 202 iyo keramikisgan

damzadebuli, 17 liTonisgan, 10 qvisgan, sami minisgan, 11 Tixisa da

xisagan, romlebic samSeneblo masalis naSTebs warmoadgenda.

am teritoriaze momavalSi, raime samSeneblo samuSaoebis Catarebis

win aucilebeli iqneba Zeglis dauzianebeli nawilis

arqeologiuri Seswavla.


4

1.0 Sesavali

gaTxrebis mizani

BTC da SCP milsadenebis mSeneblobis procesSi gamovlenili

orfeniani Zeglis klasikuri xanis samarovnisa da

adreSuasaukuneebis nasaxlaris gadarCena da misi SeZlebisdagvarad

gamokvleva warmoadgenda gaTxrebis mizans, romelic iwarmoeboda

axalcixis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier, doqtor malxaz

baramiZis xelmZRvanelobiT. adgil WoratSi gaTxrebis Sedegad

gamovlinda 3 saTavso, 21 ormo, 48 samarxi da 243 artefaqti.

proeqtis damfinansebeli

savele kvleva-Zieba da laboratoriuli samuSaoebi dafinansebuli

iyo BTC/SCP milsadenebis kompaniebis mier.

nebarTvebi da kontraqtebi

nebarTva #11, forma #1 gaica saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

prezidiumTan arsebuli arqeologiuri komisiis mier malxaz

baramiZis saxelze, axalcixis raionSi sofel orWosanSi

arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Casatareblad.

aRniSnuli samuSaoebTi mimdinareobda Semdegi kontraqtebis

safuZvelze:

savele samuSaoebi HL-114, HL-126, HL-113, HL-137; laboratoriuli samuSaoebi HL-206, HL-214, HL-230, HL-243. samarTlebrivi safuZveli

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis prezidiumTan arsebuli arqeologiuri komisia

uflebamosili iyo nebarTva gaeca yvelanairi arqeologiuri

samuSaoebis warmoebaze saqarTvelos teritoriaze. arqeologiuri

samuSaoebi unda Catarebuliyo arqeologiuri komisiis moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad.

gaTxrebis TariRi

adgil WoratSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi iwarmoeboda 2004-2005

wlebSi.

savele samuSaoebi BTC/SCP milsadenebis mxares warimarTa.

masalis Senaxvis adgili

Zegl IV-261-ze mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala da masTan

dakavSirebuli savele Tu laboratoriuli angariSebi inaxeba

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis

cenrtSi, axalcixis eqspediciis sacavSi, uznaZis 14, 0102 Tbilisi,

saqarTvelo tel. 995 32 952920


5

2.0 garemo foni

axalcixis raioni istoriuli samcxis provinciis nawilia. igi

mdebareobs axalcixis qvabulSi da moicavs mtkvris xeobas

musxidan awyuramde da focxovis xeobas qvablianis SesarTavs

qvemoT. CrdiloeTidan raions sazRvravs mesxeTis qedi, samxreTidan

_ eruSeTis qedi.

raionis teritoriis didi nawili agebulia oligocenuri asakis

qviSaqvebiTa da TixebiT, mcire nawili (eruSeTis qedis kalTebi) _

eocenuri tuf-breqCiebiT, tufebiTa da andezitebiT. reliefi

moicavs meridianul xeobebs, mcire qvabulebs, vulkanur mTebs da

terasebs. terasebi ramdenime safexurisgan Sedgeba da zRvis

donidan 1020 m mdebareobs.

xeobebisa da mTagoriani landSaftis gamo axalcixis raionis hava

sakmaod mkacria. es ufro mTis stepis havaa. axasiaTebs civi mcire

Tovliani zamTari da xangrZlivi cxeli zafxuli. ianvris

saSualo temperaturaa 3.8 gradusi C-iT, agvistos ki 20.5 gradusi C-iT. amgvarad temperaturis amplituda saSualod 22-24 gradusis

farglebSia. naleqebis saSualo wliuri raodenoba dablobSi 520

mm-s ar aRemateba, mTian zolSi ki 1200 mm-mde aRwevs.

axalcixis raioni ZiriTadad subalpur zonaSia moqceulia, Tumca

baris zolic gamoiyofa.

regionis zonaluri daraioneba ganapirobebs mcenareul safars.

mcenareuli safaridan raionSi gabatonebulia kldis qserofituli

buCqebi da naxevarbuCqebi (Rvia, glerZa, zRarba), agreTve

qserofituli mravalwliani balaxeuloba. mTis tyis qveda zonaSi

gavrcelebulia muxa da rcxila, zeda zonaSi _ naZvi da soWi.

cxovelTa samyarodan gvxvdeba iremi, Sveli, arCvi, gareuli Rori,

wavi, Wreltyava, focxveri, gareuli kata, daTvi, mgeli, mela, maCvi,

kverna, dedofala, kurdReli, ciyvi, wylis memindvria, tyis Tagvi.

bevria gareuli mtredi, qedani, gvriti, yvavi, kaWkaWi, SoSia, mwyeri.

mdinareSi aris kalmaxi, wvera, murwa, xramuli.

dablobSi vxvdebiT yavisfer da ruxyavisfer sustad

gakulturebul niadags, tyis zolSi ki tyis yavisfer niadags

(petriaSvili 1975).

wiaRiseuli sabadoebidan vales qvanaxSiris sabadoa aRsaniSnavi.

ukanasknel xanebSi tyis masivebis gaCexvam da lafniWamias gaCenam

didi ziani miayena garemos, ramac uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia

regionis klimatsa da reliefze, magaliTad gaxSirda mewyeris

Camowolis SemTxvevebi.

2.1 Zeglis mdebareoba da aRwera

Zegli IV-261, Woratis nasaxlari da samarovani daba valedan

Crdilo-dasavleTiT 1.5 kilometris moSorebiT, axalcixis raionSi

mdebareobs.


6

Woratis namosaxlari da samarovani ganfenilia sasoflo-sameurneo

terasaze, romelsac mdinare focxovi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT

Camoudis.

2.2 warsuli garemo

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili olduvaisa da adreaSeluri periodis

paleontologiuri da paleobotanikuri masalis kvlevam didi

mniSvneloba iqonia saqarTveloSi meoTxeuli periodis

(pleistocenidan adre holocenis CaTvliT) bunebrivi garemos

formirebis procesis Sesaswavlad. mindelis epoqis dasawyisamde (0,6-0,7 milioni wlis win) dRevandeli

saqrTvelos teritoriaze iyo zomierad Tbili hava da savanis

tipis landSafti. havis mkveTr gauaresebas adgili hqonda mindelis

epoqis dasawyisSi. es movlena saqarTvelos teritoriasac Seexo,

Tumca misi samxreTuli mdebareobis gamo aciebas ar hqonia didi

masStabi. amis Semdeg iwyeba mindel-risis Tbili epoqa, romelsac

dedamiwis istoriaSi yvelaze didi _ risuli gamyinvareba cvlis.

risis gamyinvarebas enacvleba risi-viurmis gamyinvarebaTa

Soriseuli Tbili epoqa, romlis asaki 120-70 aTasi wlis winandeli

droiTaa gansazRvruli. daaxloebiT 70 aTasi wlis win daiwyo Zlieri acieba, ramac

ganapiroba viurmuli gamyinvareba. am gamyinvarebam didi gavlena

moaxdina qvis xanis adamianis gansaxlebaze. mkacri acivebis gamo

adamiani tovebs saSualo da maRalmTian mxareebs da maT mxolod

zafxulis Tbil sezonSi iyenebs, ZiriTadad sanadirod. am epoqaSi

adamians mudmiv sacxovreblad gamoyenebuli hqonda mxolod

saqarTvelos bari. Zveli qvis xanidan axali qvis xanisaken gadasvla moxda

zedapleistocenidan holocenisaken gardamaval etapze (daaxloebiT

12 000-10 000 wlis win). am dros mkveTrad Seicvala hava, rac

sagrZnob daTbobaSi gamoixata. mezoliTSi adamiani kvlav daubrunda maRalmTian raionebs,

romelic wina, viurmuli gamyinvarebis dros miatova. aqedan

moyolebuli adamiani saqarTvelos teritoriis yvela landSaftur

sartyels iTvisebs sacxovreblad. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom

gamyinvarebis momdevno xanaSi (holocenSi) bunebriv garemos

arsebiTi cvlilebebi ar ganucdia (saqarTvelos arqeologia 1991). pleistocenuri faunisa da floris monacemebze dayrdnobiT,

garkveul donemde SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos teritoriaze

paleoekologiuri suraTis rekonstruqcia. adre pleistocenidan

adre holocenamde klimaturi pirobebi mkveTrad ar Secvlila.

hava iyo zomierad mSrali da Tbili (gabunia, vekua 1997).

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos reliefi Rrma xeobebiT danawevrebuli

saSualo simaRlis mTagoriani masivebiT xasiaTdeboda. mcenareTa

namarxi naSTebis SeswavliT dadginda, rom im drois aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos baris tyeebSi xarobda Tbili da zomierad teniani


7

havis moyvaruli jiSebi _ muxa, tirifi, Zelqva, verxvi, aryi, Txili

da sxv. (gabunia, vekua, 1978). namarxi ZuZumwovrebis Zvlovani

masalis kvlevis Sedegad dadasturda cxovelTa Semdegi saxeobebi:

enotisebri ZaRli, afTari, focxveri, xmalkbila vefxvi, maCvzRarba,

mastadoniti, giganturi danama, martorqa, spilo, gaSlilrqiani

iremi, Sveli, rqagrexili antilopa, urqo Zroxa, frinvelebidan _

siraqlema da sxva. (gabunia, vekua 1997).

2.3 miwis gamoyenebis istoria

es teritoria ZiriTadad samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobisaTvis

gamoiyeneboda. aseve vargisi iyo saZovrad da saTibad.

adamianTa msgavsi sameurneo saqmianoba cxadia niadagis erozias

iwvevs, rac arqeologiuri Zeglebis zeda fenebs azianebs.


8

3.0 kulturuli foni

3.1 preistoriuli da istoriuli konteqsti

qveda paleoliTi (2 000 000 � 100 000 wlis win)

qveda paleoliTi geologiurad pleistocenis adreul safexurs

Seesabameba. am dros gaCnda agebulebis mxriv Tanamedrove adamiani.

gvaris Homo (Homo erectus) pirveli warmomadgenlebi cxovrobdnen

mcire jgufebad da ikvebebodnen sacxovreblis garSemo arsebuli

bunebrivi resursebiT. am periodis obieqti saqarTvelos

teritoriaze gamovlenilia dmanisSi. aq qvis inventarsa da

pliocenis faunis naSTebTan erTad mikvleulia Homo erectus-is naSTebi, romlebic uZvelesia afrikis kontinentis gareT

aRmoCenilTa Soris. isini, iordanes velis ubdaisas obieqtTan

erTad, gviCvenebs Zveli hominidebis migraciis gzas afrikis gareT.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobs 16 ubani, sadac aRniSnuli

periodiT an ufro gviandeli droiT daTariRebuli aSeluri tipis

qvis iaraRebis kompleqsia aRmoCenili. aqedan ori ubani mdebareobs

qveynis samxreT nawilSi milsadenis derefnis mimdebare

teritoriaze.

orWosanis terasa aTvisebuli qveda paleoliTidan Cans. Zeglis

siaxloves zedapirulad Segrovili masala andezitisa da

bazaltisagan damzadebul xelculebsa da saxokebs Seicavs.

aSkaraa, rom orWosani da saerTod mdinare focxovis xeoba ukve

aSelis periodidan aris aTvisebuli.

Sua paleoliTi (100 000 � 35 000 wlis win)

es periodi emTxveva uZvelesi Homo sapiens-is, neandertaleli

adamianis warmoSobas. evropaSi da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi

adamianis istoriis am periodis gviani etapi gamoirCeva e. w. musties

qvis iaraRebis kulturiT, romelic aSelurTan SedarebiT, ufro

ukeT damuSavebuli da ufro mravalferovani formis iaraRebiTaa

warmodgenili. iseve, rogorc CrdiloeT evropam, saqarTvelomac am

periodis ZiriTadi dro glaciur da peri-glaciur garemoSi

gaatara.

saqarTveloSi musties qvis iaraRebis 75-ze meti adgilsamyofelia

gaxsnili. amaTgan Svidi napovnia samxreT saqarTveloSi, proeqtis

sivrcis ZiriTad raionSi.

musties dasasrulisTvis situacia mkveTrad icvleba. viurmis

gamyinvarebis periodSi mosaxleoba, rogorc Cans tovebs samcxis

teritorias da gadadis ufro zomieri klimatis zonaSi, dasavleT

saqarTveloSi.

zeda paleoliTi (35 000 _ 14 000 wlis win)

zeda paleoliTi Seesabameba gvian pleistocenur periods. am

periodSi qvis iaraRebis damzadebis teqnologia mkveTrad

umjobesdeba. zogierTi arqeologis varaudiT, sxvadasxva

adgilebSi aRmoCenili qvis iaraRebis gansxvavebuloba miuTiTebs am

periodSi kulturulad gansxvavebuli jgufebis arsebobaze.


9

varaudoben, rom am periodSi Camouyalibda adamians metyvelebis

unari. zeda paleoliTis adamianebi saqarTveloSi dakavebuli unda

yofiliyvnen jgufuri nadirobiT. isini xocavdnen irems, bizons,

gareul cxens, gareul Txas, daTvs, gamoqvabulis loms, romelTa

naSTebi didi raodenobiT aris nanaxi zeda paleoliTis ZeglebSi.

adamiani saxlobda bunebriv gamoqvabulebSi, kldeebis RrmulebSi,

mosanadirebeli cxovelebis bilikebis maxloblad.

saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili sul cota 33 mniSvnelovani zeda paleo-

liTuri obieqtidan sami samxreT saqarTveloSia. arcerTi maTgani

ar aris milsadenis derefanSi an mis maxloblad.

mezoliTi (Zv. w. 12 000 � 8 000 wlebi)

mezoliTis periodis dasawyisi ganisazRvreba pleistocenis epoqis

dasasruliTa da holocenis dasawyisiT. ganvlilma viurmis

glaciaciam Seqmna ufro zomieri klimati, ris gamoc gaCnda

SedarebiT didi sivrceebis aTvisebis saSualeba. nadiroba

cxovrebis ZiriTad wyarod rCeboda, magram adamianma daiwyo ufro

mravalferovani msxverplis Zieba. nadirobdnen rogorc jogurad,

ise gancalkevebiT mcxovreb sxvadasxva zomis cxovelebze _

irmebze, cxenebze, cxvrebze.

ekonomikis mniSvnelovani nawili gaxda sezonuri mcenareuli

produqtebis sistematuri mopoveba. adamiani gadavida gamoqvabulis

sivrcidan Ria sivrceebis dakavebaze. es erTnairad xdeboda

saqarTveloSi, mTels evropaSi da samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi. am

periodis gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebaa iaraRis masalis da

iaraRis nairsaxeobebis mkveTri gamravalferovneba. mikroliTebi

(kaJis da obsidianis saWrelebi) da gaprialebuli samtvrevi qvebi,

romlebic mcenareebis dasamuSaveblad gamoiyeneboda, am periodSi

Cveulebrivi movlenaa. qvis sawafebi da harpunebi miuTiTebs

TevzWeris popularobaze. zeda paleoliTis sazogadoebidan

mezoliTis sazogadoebaze gadasvla martivad ganixileba rogorc

holocenis zomieri garemoTi ganpirobebul mravalferovan da

ufro xelmisawvdom resursebTan Seguebis procesi. saqarTveloSi

mezoliTis 12 mniSvnelovani obieqtia cnobili. aqedan arcerTi ar

aris milsadenis derefnis siaxloves.

neoliTi/eneoliTi (Zv. w. 8 000 � 4 000 wlebi)

neoliTuri periodis dasawyisi cnobilia, rogorc revoluciuri,

ramdenadac am dros moxda mkveTri Zvrebi adamianis ekonomikur

cxovrebaSi. adamianma daiwyo nadirobidan da Semgroveblobidan

cxovelebis da mcenareebis moSenebaze gadasvla da xeli mihyo

miwaTmoqmedebas da mesaqonleobas. amavdroulad daiwyo meTuneoba

dagrovebuli mcenareuli sakvebis Sesanaxad da mosamzadeblad.

farTod dainerga iseTi qvis iaraRebi, rogoricaa xelculi, waldi,

namglis CasarTebi, sasres-safqvavebi da Toxi, romlebic miwis

gasasufTaveblad da gasafxviereblad ixmareboda.


10

paleoliTis da mezoliTis periodebisgan gansxvavebiT,

saqarTvelos neoliTur arqeologiur kompleqsebSi ZiriTad

naSTebs meTuneobis produqciis (sakvebis mosamzadebeli da Sesanaxi

WurWlis) namsxvrevebi warmoadgens, rac sakvebis damzadebis da

Senaxvis did mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs.

pirveli gancalkevebuli neoliTuri saxlebi saqarTvelos

teritoriaze Sedgeboda erTmaneTSi gamavali mrgvali an elifsuri

oTaxebisagan. maT aliziT aSenebdnen da, savaraudod, xis ZelebiT

amagrebdnen; xuravdnen xis totebiT da SlamiT. dasaxlebis

organizaciis magaliTia imiris goris ubani qvemo qarTlSi.

Zv. w. VI-V aTaswleulebSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

Camoyalibebulia maRalganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebis kultura.

dadasturebulia sxvadasxva jiSis xorbleulis, qeris, fetvis,

Svriis, agreTve parkosnebis (muxudo, ospi), nesvis, mJaunas da

sxvaTa naSTebi. aRmoCenili yurZnis wipwebi miCneulia kulturul

vazze gardamaval formad. dadasturebulia martivi sairigacio

sistemis gamoyenebac.

saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 60 neoliTuri Zeglia cnobili.

umravlesoba dasavleT saqarTveloSia, Tumca maTi koncentracia

aRiniSneba qveynis samxreT mxareebSic.

eneoliTuri nasaxlarebi cnobilia adigenis raionSi, abasTumansa

da mdinare ocxes marjvena napirze. axalcixis raionSi sofel

WoratTan axalcixis eqspediciis mier ori adresamiwaTmoqmedo

kulturis Zegli iqna dafiqsirebuli. am periodis masalebi

orWosanis nasaxlarzec kargad gamoCnda adrebrinjaos xanis

masalebTan erTad. aseve aRmoCnda SemTxveviTi monapovris saxiT

enoliTuri kaJis lamelebi da namglis CasarTebi. kaJi samcxis

regionSi ar gvxvdeba, qvis es jiSi aq dasavleT saqarTvelos

teritoriidan Cans Semotanili, nedleulisa Tu mza nawarmis saxiT,

rac mowmobs samxreT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas Soris

garkveuli kavSirebis arsebobas. kaJis namglis CasarTis aRmoCena

adasturebs, rom eneoliTidan moyolebuli am midamoebSi mcxovrebi

mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobis erT-erT dargs miwaTmoqmedeba,

kerZod marcvleulis moyvana Seadgenda.

brinjao/rkinis xana (Zv. w. 4 000 800 wlebi )

brinjaos xana iyofa adre, Sua da gvianbrinjaos periodebad.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze am epoqis uadresi kulturaa mtkvar-

araqsis kultura (Zv. w. 3500-2500 wlebi). is xasiaTdeba alizis, qvis

an Tixalesili sar-lastis nagebobebiT, maRalganviTarebuli

sameTuneo, metalurgiuli saqmianobiT da amave dros ganviTarebuli

miwaTmoqmedebiT da mesaqonleobiT. am kulturis naSTebi

koncentrirebulia samxreT saqarTvelos centralur nawilSi. is

aseve vrceldeboda Tanamedrove somxeTis, azerbaijanisa da

aRmosavleT TurqeTis teritoriaze da ufro samxreTiTac, siria-

palestinamde.


11

axalcixis raionSi gamovlenili adrebrinjaos xanis Zeglebis

mixedviT im periodis mosaxleoba mWidrod dasaxlebuli Cans.

SedarebiT zomieri mikroklimati, iaraRisTvis saWiro nedleuli,

mdidari flora da fauna, wylis resursebi karg pirobebs qmnida am

teritoriaze mosaxleobis gansaxlebisTvis.

am regionis adrebrinjaos xanis Zeglebidan gamoirCeva amiranis

gora gora-nasaxlari, romelmac gamoavlina terasulad

ganlagebuli qviT nagebi oTxkuTxa Senobebi, Tixatkepnili

iatakebiT, kerebiT, kedelTan taxtiseburi SemaRlebiT. iqve

aRmoCnda Tanadrouli samarovani, sadac ori tipis samarxi, qvayuTi

da nalisebri akldama dadasturda.

nasaxlari mtkvar-araqsul kulturas ganekuTvna da masze

adrebrinjaos xanis ramdenime qronologiuri etapi gamoiyo

(CubiniSvili 1963).

orWosanis nasaxlaris masala gviCvenebs, rom am periodis

mosaxleobis saqmianoba miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobasTan

erTad meTevzeobac iyo. rasac brinjaosa da Zvlis ankesebis

mravalricxovneba da nairsaxeoba da paleozoologiuri da

paleobotanikuri kvleva adasturebs.

iseve rogorc samxreT saqarTvelos adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis

Zeglebi, adrebrinjaos xanis masalebic mWidro urTierTobas

avlenen dasavleT saqarTvelos sinqronul ZeglebTan da

imavdroulad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mtkvar-araqsis

kulturasTan. samxreT saqarTvelo (samcxe-javaxeTi) warmogvidgeba

im zonad, sadac erTmaneTs enacvlebodnen da urTierTgavlenas

axdendnen aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturebi.

mtkvar-araqsis kulturas cvlis adreyorRanuli kultura,

romelSic ori etapi gamoiyofa: martyofuli da bedenuri.

mecnierebis garkveuli jgufi adreyorRanul kulturas

adrebrinjaos xnas miakuTvnebs, nawili ki _ Suabrinjaos.

Suabrinjaos xanaSi gavrcelebulia e. w. TrialeTis kultura (Zv. w.

2500-1500 wlebi). misi gavlena vrceldeboda dRevandeli

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareTac, samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT.

kulturis saxelwodeba modis TrialeTis platodan

(samxreT-centraluri saqarTvelos teritoria, romelsac kveTs

milsadenis derefani), sadac 1930-ian wlebSi pirvelad iqna

Seswavlili TrialeTuri yorRanebi. TrialeTis kultura

xasiaTdeba didi zomis yorRanuli samarxebiT, brwyinvale

sameTuneo nawarmiT, brinjaos metalurgiiTa da saiuveliro

xelovnebiT. sadReisod TrialeTis kultura Seswavlilia mxolod

samarxeuli kompleqsebis meSveobiT. am kulturis matarebeli

sazogadoebis namosaxlarebi jerjerobiT ucnobia.

Sua brinjaos xana samcxis teritoriazec yorRanuli samarxebiT

aris warmodgenili. misi erT-erTi jgufi orWosanis nasaxlaris

(Zegli IV-323) siaxloves aris dafiqsirebuli.


12

gviani brinjaos xanaSi swrafad mimdinareobs samxreTqarTveluri

tomebis konsolidaciis procesi, romlis gamoxatulebac iyo

monaTesave tomebis arealSi vrceli teritoriis momcveli

erTgvarovani kulturis Camoyalibeba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi

gviani brinjaos xanaSi viTardeba kolxuri kultura. Zv w XIII-XII

saukuneebSi maT safuZvelze Seiqmna didi winasaxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianebebi _ diaoxi (istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT

mxare, axla TurqeTSia) da kolxa (dasavleT saqarTvelo).

gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis (Zv. w. XIV-VIIss) Zegli mdebareobs

sofel orWosanTan. Zv. w. XI-X saukuneebis ganZi aRmoCenilia sofel

udeSi, romelsac brinjaos da rkinis satevrebi, Subispirebi,

kolxuri culi da samkauli Seadgens.

rkinis xana/klasikuri periodi (Zv. w. 800 _ 500 wlebi )

Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi brinjaos damuSavebidan rkinis

metalurgiaze gadasvlam mniSvnelovani Zvrebi gamoiwvia ekonomikis

ganviTarebaSi da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi rkinis warmoebis uZvelesi kera iyo

rkinis madnebiT mdidari qvemo qarTli. rkinis xanis Zeglebi

gamovlenilia walkisa da borjomis raionebSic.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi rkinis warmoebis centrebi

dadasturebulia rogorc SavizRvispireTSi, ise Sida regionebSi,

saidanac farTod xdeboda rkinis madnis eqsportireba berZnul

polisebSi.

samcxis regionis am periodis Zeglebze kolxuri inventaria

gabatonebuli da es mxare kolxuri (dasavleT saqarTvelo)

kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi eqceva.

klasikuri/elinisturi xana (Zv.w. 500 _ 65 wlebi)

aRmosavleT saqarTvelo am periodSi aqemeniduri sparseTis Zlieri

politikuri da kulturuli gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. am gavlenas

adasturebs axalgoris ganZi da cixiagoraze mopovebuli

arqeologiuri masala. amave dros mimdinareobda calkeul tomTa

konsolidaciis procesi, romelSic wamyvani roli mesxur tomebs

ekuTvnodaT.

am periodTan asocirdeba mtkvris xeobaSi samcxis pirveli qalaqebi

oZrxe, wunda, Tmogvi. Woratis Zeglzec vlindeba klasikuri xanis

arqeologiuri masala.

elinistur xanaSi saqarTveloze gadioda erT-erTi savaWro-

satranzito magistrali, romlis meSveobiTac qveyanaSi

vrceldeboda berZnuli saqoneli (keramika, torevtika, gliptika da

sxva). dainerga elinisturi samoneto sistema: kolxeTSi Wridnen

lisimaqes, xolo iberiaSi aleqsandres staterebis oqros

minabaZebs.

elinistur xanaSi aRiniSneba urbanizaciis procesis gaZliereba da

qalaqebis dawinaureba. farTod vrceldeba elinisturi samSeneblo

wesebi. elinisturi gavlena daetyo xelosnobis zogierT dargsac _


13

magaliTad, safeiqro warmoebaSi dainerga vertikaluri saqsovi

dazga. gavrcelda berZnul-elinisturi religiuri kultebi

(gansakuTrebiT farTod _ dionisesi). da rwmena-warmodgenebi, rac

dakrZalvis wesebSic aisaxa _ magaliTad, samarxSi monetis Cataneba

qaronisaTvis misacemad.

am periods emTxveva samcxis regionSi awyuris dawinaureba da misi

regionis urbanul centrad qceva. awyuris naqalaqaris teritoriaze

gamovlenilia qvis arqiteqtura, romelSic dagegmarebis mixedviT

ori tipis Senobebi gamoiyofa: wriuli da oTxkuTxa. funqciis

mixedviT gamijnulia sacxovrebeli da sakulto Zeglebi.

gamovlenili arqeologiuri masala dawinaurebuli saqalaqo

cxovrebis maniSnebelia. aq koncentrirebulia samxreT kavkasiis

Sida raionebisaTvis unikaluri berZnuli importis koleqcia,

romelSic Tavmoyrilia arqauli, klasikuri da elinisturi xanis

keramikuli nawarmi (Zv. w. VI-II saukuneebi).

samcxis elinisturi xanis Zeglebidan aRsaniSnavia wnisis

samarovani. elinistur samyarosTan politikurma, savaWro-

ekonomikurma da kulturulma kontaqtebma qveynis ganviTarebaze

didi gavlena iqonia.

romauli periodi

axali welTaRricxvis I saukunis meore naxevridan gaZlierebas

iwyebs qarTlis samefo. igi afarToebs Tavisi gavlenis sferos

ZiriTadad samxreTis mimarTulebiT. amdenad sustdeba kolxuri

kulturis gavlena da samcxis teritoria eqceva iberiis samefos

arealSi. arqeologiuri monacemebi zustad asaxavs am process.

Woratsa da orWosanSi gaTxrili samarxebi da iq mopovebuli

masala analogebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebsa da nivTebTan

poulobs (mcxeTa, aRaiani).

statistikuri analizi gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi samcxis

mosaxleoba sakmaod mravalricxovania da mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli.

aSkarad SeiniSneba mosaxleobis socialuri diferenciacia.

adreuli Sua saukuneebi (IV � X saukuneebi)

saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebis periodis dasawyisad miRebulia

qarTlis qristianobaze moqcevis weli _ 326 an 337. qristianobis

damkvidreba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ukavSirdeba wminda ninos.

V-VI saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi Tavisi gavlenis dasamyareblad

ibrZodnen bizantiis imperia da sasaniduri irani.

627 wels qarTlze ilaSqra bizantiis imperatorma heraklem.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, man aq ramdenime eklesia aaSena da

maT Soris awyuris kaTedralic. wm. grigol xanZTelis TaosnobiT

am mxareSi gaSlil did samonastro moZraobas kulturis mZlavri

ganviTareba mohyva.

X saukunis II naxevarsa da XI saukunis dasawyisSi aRiniSneba

arqiteqturisa da xelovnebis araCveulebrivi aRmavloba. am

periodis SesaniSnavi Zeglia awyuris kaTedrali _ erT-erTi


14

udidesi saeklesio nageboba saqarTveloSi. kaTedralma nangrevebis

saxiT moatana Cvens dromde. mis teritoriaze gaiTxara ori ufro

adrindeli nageboba: mcire eklesia da monumenturi karibWe.

eklesiis SuaSi, iatakSi Casmuli iyo Tokiseburi sartylebiT

ornamentirebuli qvevri. aseTive qvevrebi gamovlinda eklesiaze

aRmosavleTidan miSenebul maranSi. maT mixedviT eklesia SeiZleba

adreuli Sua saukuneebiT daTariRdes.

taZarTan axlos, mtkvris piras mdebareobs awyuris cixe, romelic

werilobiT wyaroebSi XI saukuneSi moixsenieba, Tumca bevrad adre

unda iyos daarsebuli.

adreuli Suasaukuneebis ori Zegli iqna Seswavlili axalcixis

eqspediviis mier, Worati da orWosani. Worati patara, soflis tipis

dasaxleba unda yofiliyo. sayuradReboa, rom am dasaxlebas

sakuTari X saukunis eklesiac hqonia, romelic nasaxlaridan 1,5 km

moSorebiT mdebareobda da XV saukunemde ramdenjerme gadakeTda

da aRsdga.

ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebi (XI � XV saukuneebi )

savaraudoa, rom daaxloebiT XI s-Tvis Woratsa da orWosanSi

dafiqsirebuli ngrevis niSnebi Turq-seljukTa erT-erT

SemoWrasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Turq-seljukTa ganadgurebis Semdgom

samcxis teritoria kulturul-ekonomiur siZlieres aRwevs. am

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa orWosanis nasaxlaris

mimdebare teritoria, sadac 0.5 km. radiusSi 4 eklesia, cixe-simagre,

saTvalTvalo koSki da sameurneo nagebobebia gamovlenili. es

aris ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis xanis mZlavri dasaxlebis

erTi mTliani sistema, romlis savaraudo farTobi 5 heqtars mainc

aRwevs. Znelia mTeli am kompleqsis daTariReba. monapovari

masala, keramikuli nawarmi, rkinis lursmnebi da nalebi,

danispirebi konkretul TariRs ar iZleva. erTaderTi nivTi

rusudan dedofliseuli moneta, romelic 1227 w. aris moWrili da

mimoqcevaSi 1246 wlamde iyo gamodgeba dasaTariReblad.

gviani Sua saukuneebi (XVI � XVIII saukuneebi)

gviani Sua saukuneebi saqarTveloSi Rrma politikuri, ekonomikuri

da kulturuli krizisis periodia. samefo-samTavroebad daSlili

qveyana gareSe mtrebs ver umklavdeboda. samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelo (samcxe-saaTabago) osmaleTma 1570-ian wlebSi pirdapir

miierTa. 1628 wels aq axalcixis safaSo Camoyalibda. daiwyo

qristiani mesxi mosaxleobis Seviwroveba da gamahmadianeba. am

periods unda emTxveodes orWosanis nasaxlaris ganadgurebac.

osmalTa batonobis periodSi samcxe kvlav mWidrod Cans

dasaxlebuli. amas mowmobs milsadenis 201-e km-ze taZrisTan

gamovlenili XVII-XVIII saukuneebis nasaxlaris nawili (ramiSvili,

mindoraSvili 2005).


15

axali dro (XIX �XX saukuneebi)

XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde samcxis teritoriaze ZiriTadad

gamahmadianebuli qarTveli mosaxleobaa dasaxlebuli. XIX saukunis

meore naxevris ruseT-TurqeTis omisa da XX saukinis dasawyisis

genocidis Sedegad samcxis mosaxleobas somexi ltolvilebic

daemata da regionis demografiuli suraTi mkveTrad Seicvala.

1941-45 ww. saomari situaciidan gamomdinare, adgilobrivi

gamahmadianebuli mesxi mosaxleoba gadasaxlebul iqna Sua aziaSi,

rac ganpirobebuli iyo Turquli orientaciis arsebobiT. XX s. 90-

ian wlebidan daiwyo moTxovnebi am mosaxleobis dabrunebis

Sesaxeb. swored am droidanve Cndeba termini `Turqi-mesxi~.

orWosanis nasaxlarze, aqeologiuri samuSaoebis warmoebis dros

mikvleul iqna e.w. `Turqi-mesxebis~ samarovani, romelic TiTqmis

adreSuasaukuneebis xanis samarovnis sazRvrebs emTxveoda.

3.2 warsulSi Catarebuli kvlevis mimoxilva

Woratis nasaxlarisa da samarovnis erTi kilometris radiusSi

axalcixis eqspediciis mier sxvadasxva periodis 5 arqeologiuri

Zeglis identificireba moxerxda. Zeglebis CamonaTvali

warmodgenilia cxril #1.

cxrili #1

Zeglis

nomeri

Zeglis tipi TariRi gaTxris

TariRi

1 Ria sadgomi aSeli, mustie gauTxreli

2 nasaxlari adre

samiwaTmoqmedo

Zv. w. V-IV aTasw.

gauTxreli

3 samarovani gvianbrinjao-

adre rkina

gauTxreli

4 nasaxlari adreSuasaukuneebi gauTxreli

5 eklesia Suasaukuneebi


16

4.0 meTodologia

4.1 savele meTodebi

gaTxrebis dawyebamde nasaxlaris teritoria aigegma da

Teodolitis daxmarebiT Sedga topografiuli ruka, romelzec

datanil iqna pirobiTi nulovani wertili. nulovani wertili

sakvlev teritoriaze iqna aRebuli. Zegli dakvadratda 10 m X 10 m

zomis kvadratebad. zogierTi monakveTi, saWiroebis mixedviT, ufro

mcire 2 m X 2m, 4 m X 4 m an 6 m X 6 m danayofebad. Crdilo-

samxreTis xazze laTinuri asoebi daewera., aRmosavleT-dasavleTis

xazze ki cifrebi.

Zeglis gavrcelebis arealis dasadgenad sakvlev ubanze sacdeli

Txrili keTdeboda.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi ZiriTadad xeliT iwarmoeboda, baris,

niCabis, weraqvis, danis, lancetisa da funjis saSualebiT.

humusovani da nayari miwis moxsna moxda mZime teqnikis daxmarebiT.

artefaqtebi ZiriTadad kulturuli fenebidan iqna mopovebuli.

mxolod mcire nawili warmoadgenda SemTxveviT monapovars.

artefaqtebs velze ukeTdeboda etiketi kvadratis, siRrmisa da

fenis aRniSvniT. TiToeuli maTgani calcalke SeifuTa da Calagda

polieTilenis parkSi da Semdeg muyaos yuTSi.

yvela mopovebuli artefaqti waRebuli iqna velidan

laboratoriuli damuSavebisaTvis.

gaTxrebis sxvadasxva etapze xdeboda Zeglisa da misi yvela

komponentis Caxatva da foto fiqsacia.

Zeglze Segrovda anTropologiuri, paleozoologiuri,

paleobotanikuri da palinologiuri masala, romelic Sesaswavlad

gadaecaT Sesabamis specialistebs. dawvrilebiTi informacia maTi

kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb ixileT darTul interdisciplinarul

angariSebSi.

4. 2 laboratoriuli meTodebi

artefaqtebi dajgufda masalis mixedviT. Tixis artefaqtebi

funjiT gaiwminda da gairecxa marilmJavas xsnariT gazavebul

wyalSi. ris Semdegadac Catarda maTi stilisturi da tipologiuri

analizi.

yvela artefaqti dainomra, aRiwera da gatarda katalogSi,

gaukeTda etiketi da moTavsda polieTilenis parkSi.

gadaTeTrda savele dokumentacia.

Catarda paleoanTropologiuri, paleozoologiuri,

paleobotanikri, palinologiuri da liTonis qimiur-teqnologiuri

laboratoriuli samuSaoebi, restavracia�konservacia Cautarda

liTonisa da keramikis nivTebis nawils. analizis meTodebi

detalurad aRwerilia darTul interdisciplinarul angariSebSi.

savele da laboratoriul samuSaoebTan dakavSirebuli

dokumentaciis eleqtronuli da nabeWdi versiebi inaxeba


17

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis oTar lorTqifanZis

arqeologiis centrSi.


18

7.0 daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

Woratis nasaxlaris Seswavla uSualod milsadenebisaTvis

gankuTvnil teritoriaze 241+600 km-dan 241+820 km-mde

dasrulebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca, farTobi milsadenebs

Soris da aseve koridorebis farglebs greT nasaxlarisa da

samarovnis gauTxrel nawilebs Seicavs da raime samSeneblo

samuSaoebis warmoeba maT siaxloves dauSvebelia.

kargi iqneboda arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Catareba Woratis

terasis aRmosavleT nawilSi da milsadenis 240-e km-ze, sadac

adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis uZravi fenebi dafiqsirda.


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