A[ym-]I klmbn · sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ¢mkvap-dn-I-fnepw Iºyq-´¿ em_nepw sF.-kn.Sn...

1

IX

tIcf k¿°m¿

s]mXp-hn-Zym- ymk hIp∏v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv

hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶XnIhnZy

A[ym-]I klmbn

2

Prepared by :

IT@School ProjectPoojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, Keralafor State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala

Website : www.itschool.gov.in, www.scertkerala.gov.in

email : [email protected], [email protected]

Phone : 0471-2529800, 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2529810, 0471-2341869

Type setting : IT@School Project

Layout : IT@School Project

Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi

© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

A[ym]Iklmbn (IcSv)

3

Ign™ A[y-b\h¿jw apX¬ F´mw-¢m-knse ]T-\-Øn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°nb

sF. -kn . -S n . A[n -jvTnX ]mT -]p -kvXIw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T -\-t_m-[\w

ck-I-chpw Ffp-∏hp-am-°m≥ \nßsf hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-®n-´p-≠m-Ip-at√m? Cu h¿jw

H≥]-Xmw-¢m-kn-te°v sF.-kn.-Sn. ]T-\-Øn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw

hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn\pw ]T-\m-\p-_-‘-ambn sNtø≠ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw

Iºyq- ¿, C‚¿s\‰v F∂nh ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ Xc-Øn-emWv Bkq-XWw

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ¢mkvap-dn-I-fnepw Iºyq-´¿ em_nepw sF.-kn.Sn A[n-jvTn-X-ambn ]mT-`m-

K-ßƒ hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v A[ym-]-I¿ FSp-t°≠ aps∂m-cp-°-ßƒ, A[nI hnh-c-

ßƒ F∂n-h-sbms° Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm-≠mWv Cu sF.-kn.-Sn. A[ym-]I klmbn Xbm-

dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]T-\m-\p-_-‘-ambn

sNtø≠ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-amWv ][m-\-ambpw sF.-kn.-Sn. ]T-\-Øn-eqsS \S-t°-≠-Xv.

sImfm-jv, ]ń-I-Iƒ, Nm¿´v, Km^v F∂nh Xbm-dm-°¬, ]ń-I-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°¬, A]-

K-Yn-°¬, dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°¬ F∂n-h-sbms° hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-

Øns‚ mK-ambn sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS hnhn[ B]vfn-t°-j≥ tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xn\pw AXv A\m-bmkw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ tijn-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ t\Sn-bn-cn-

°-Ww.

Iºyq-´¿ klm-b-tØmsS Pyman-Xob cq]-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n Ah-bpsS ]c-∏-f-hv, Np‰-

f-hv XpS-ßn-bh Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ym-k-co-Xn-Iƒ, aqe-

I-ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNø¬ XpSßn hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\sØ Dd-∏n-°p∂ hnj-bm-

\p-_-‘-amb ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n-hbpw sF.-kn.-Sn. ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-io-

en°-Ww. A]vse‰p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°¬, sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°¬, sh_vt]-Pn¬ NnX-

ßƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn `wKn-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂n-hbpw Ipń-Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw, Ah-bpsS [¿a-ßƒ Ch-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ icn-bmb [mcW Ipń-Iƒ°v

D≠m-I-Ww. B\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ

D]-tbm-Kn®v Ne-®n-X-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈

]cn-io-e-\hpw Ipń-Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww. PhET t]mep≈ Hm¨sse≥ hnZym-`ymk t]m¿´-ep-

Ifpw Ipń-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. IqSmsX Iºyq-´¿ t]mKm-ans‚ _me-]m-T-ßfpw

]cn-N-b-s∏- n-cn-°-Ww.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-®n-cn-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F√mw-Xs∂ kvIqfnse Iºyq-

´¿em_v kuIcyw ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Ipń-Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿

]tXyIw Xmev]cyw ImWn-°-Ww. Cu A[ym-]I klmbn \nßƒ°v A[ym-]-\-Øn\v IqSp-

X¬ Bfl-hn-izmkw \¬Ip-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. CXv IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈

\n¿tZ-i-ßfpw A`n-]m-b-ßfpw kzmKXw sNbvXp-sIm-≠v,

hnP-bm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

s]m^. Fw.F. JmZ¿

UbdIvS¿

Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn.

]nb A[ym-]-Itc,

4

]Zo]vIpam¿ amćamÃ¿ sSbn-\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw

lssk\m¿ a¶S

amÃ¿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw

]tamZv. sI. hnamÃ¿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tImgnt°mSv

PbtZh≥. kn. FkvamÃ¿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, FdWmIpfw

i‡n[c≥. ]n. ]namÃ¿ sSbn-\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, IÆq¿

lcnIpam¿. sI. PnF®v. Fkv. F.

Fkv.Un.]n.ssh. sI.]n.Fw.F®v.Fkv.

FSh\°mSv

AwKßƒ

A[ym-]I klmbn cN\mkanXn

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy IX

sNb¿am≥sI. A≥h¿ kmZØv

FIvkn-Iyq-óhv Ub-d-IvS¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv

tPmk^v B‚WnPn√m tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿,sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw.

aplΩZv AkvemwPn√m tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Be-∏p-g.

cmtPjv sI. H.amÃ¿ sSbn\¿ (tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-j≥)sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Ip´\mSv.

aplΩZv A_vZpƒ \mk¿amÃ¿ sSbn-\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tImgn-t°mSv.

jm\hmkv sI.

amÃ¿ sSbn\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ]me°mSv

IrjvW≥. Fw. ]n.amÃ¿ sSbn\¿

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw.

tIm˛Hm¿Unt\‰¿

chni¶¿ Sn. F.

A°mZanIv Hmôk¿ (sF.kn.Sn)

sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mP-IvSv.

5

D≈-S°wD≈-S°wD≈-S°wD≈-S°wD≈-S°w

sF.kn.Sn. F¥v? Fßs\? ......................... 06˛10--

1. \nd∏In´m¿∂ temIw........... ....................... 11-˛20

2. hnhctiJcWhpw hniIe\hpw ..................... 21˛32-

3. KWnXIuXpIßƒ......... ........................... 33˛51

4. sh_vt]PpIfpsS clkyw........................... 52˛63

5. Iºyq´dpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv ...................... 64˛75

6. Btµmf\w tZme\w................. ................... 76˛82

7. i_vZteJ\w \ΩpsS Iºyq´dn¬ ..................... 83˛92

8. Iºyq´¿ `mj........................ ................... 93˛107

9. Ãm¿ v , B£≥..................................... 108˛118

10. Ne\ßfpsS PohimkvX ]T\w..................... 119˛126

11. ùXnIimkvX hnkvabw ............................... 127˛133

12. Bib]Imi\Øn\v tªmKv .......................... 134˛149

7

sF.-kn.-Sn.

hnhc hn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy C∂v PohnXØns‚ \n¿WmbI i‡nbmbn

amdnbncn°p∂p. Npcpßnb Imew sIm≠v \ΩpsS PnhnXcoXnIsf AXns‚

kt¶Xßfpw \bßfpw am‰nsbSpØncn°p∂p. Adnhns\ \n¿an°p∂Xn\pw

kw`cn°p∂Xn\pw hn\nabw sNøp∂Xn\pw sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\pw

]Z¿in∏n°p∂Xn\pw a‰psa√map≈ kt¶Xßƒ hnhc hn\nab kmt¶XnI

hnZybpsS ]cn[nbn¬ hcp∂p.

sF.-kn.-Sn. ]T\w

hnhc hn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy \¬Ip∂ Ahkcßsf hnZym`ymk cwKhpw

C∂v e]Zambn D]tbmKn®p hcp∂p. hn⁄m\ hnkvt^mS\Øns‚ bpKØn¬

¢mkv dqw A[ym]\Ønepw hnhc hn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS A\¥

km[yXIƒ a‰v taJeIsft∏mse kzm[o\w sNepØpI kzm`mhnIw Xs∂.

sF kn SnbpsS km[yXIƒ ]camh[n hnZym`ymk]Inbbn¬

]tbmP\s∏SpØptºmgmWv sF.kn.Sn. ]T\w bmYm¿YyamIp∂Xv.

sF.-kn.-Sn. ]T\w F¥n\v ?

imkvX kmt¶XnI cwKØv FÆa‰ KthjWßƒ ssZ\wZn\w \S∂p

sIm≠ncn°p∂p. CXv ]pXnb hnhcßfpsS I≠p]nSpØØntebv°v \bn®p

sIm≠ncn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ e`yambXns\bpw hnXcWw

sNtø≠Xns\bpw kw_‘n® hnShv A\pkyqXambn XpScpIbpw sNøp∂Xv

\ap°p ImWm≥ Ignbpw. kmºZmbnIamb kw`cW- hn\nabcoXnIƒ H∂pw

Xs∂ C∂v hnet∏mIn√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ KpW\nehmcap≈ hnhcßƒ

`mjmt`Zat\y e`yam°p∂Xn\pw tiJcn®v ê]Zambn D]tbmKs∏Sp

Øp∂Xn\pap≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v hnhc hn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZym ]T\w

]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.

AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ B[p\nI t_m[\imkvXw apt∂m´p hbv°p∂

⁄m\\n¿amW]Inb G‰hpw Imcy£aambn ]tbmKØn¬ hcpØm≥

Ignbp∂ kt¶Xw IqSnbmWv sF.kn.Sn . hnZymebßfpsS `cWw,

]T\]h¿Ø\ßfpsS BkqXWw, hnhctiJcWw, AhXcWw, aqey\n¿Wbw

XpSßnb taJeIfnep≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ KpW\nehmcap≈Xm°p∂Xn\pw

sF.kn.Sn km[yXIƒ hfsc ]tbmP\s∏Sp∂p. CXn\memWv tZiob

]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSn¬ sF kn SnbpsS ]m[m\yw FSpØp ]d™ncn°p∂Xv.

Cu ]m[m\yw Xncn®dn™XpsIm≠mWv tIcf]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSn¬ hnhn[

sF.-kn.-Sn. ]T\w F¥v? F¥n\v ? Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww?

8

hnjbßfpsS ]T\]Inb XzcnXs∏SpØp∂ Hcp kt¶Xsa∂ \nebn¬ sF

kn Sn D]tbmKs∏SpØWsa∂pw sF kn Sn km[yX ]tbmKn°p∂Xns\°pdn®v

A[ym]I¿ \nc¥cw ]co£Wßfpw ]T\ßfpw InbmKthjWßfpw

\SØpIbpw AhbpsS A\p`hßƒ ]ckv]cw ]¶psh®v sa®s∏SpØpIbpw

thWsa∂pw \n¿tZin®ncn°p∂Xv.

sk°‚dn XeØn¬ sFknSn ]T\w Fßs\bmbncn°Ww?

sk°≠dn XeØnse sF.kn.Sn ]T\w Xmsg ]dbp∂ hkvXpXIsf

ASnÿm\am°nbp≈Xmbncn°Ww. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ ]mT`mKßƒ ssIImcyw

sNøptºmƒ Cu hkvXpXIƒ Hm¿t°≠Xp≠v.

kzbw ]T\ØneqsS BibKlWhpw kmaqlyam‰ßƒ A∏t∏mƒ

Kln°p∂Xn\p≈ Ignhpw km[yam°p∂ XcØnembncn°Ww.

sF.kn.Sn cwKØp≠mIp∂ am‰ßfpw hf¿®bpw bYmkabw

Dƒs°m≈m≥ Ignbp∂ XcØnep≈Xmbncn°Ww.

hnhc kmt¶XnI cwKØv ]men°s∏tS≠ aqeyßƒ, at\m`mhßƒ,

BtcmKyIcamb D]tbmKw F∂nh cq]s∏Sp∂ XcØnep≈

Xmbncn°Ww.

a‰p hnjbßfpsS ]T\Øn\p klmbn°p∂Xpw ]ckv]c]qcIßfmbn

\nesIm≈p∂Xpambncn°Ww.

IpńIfpsS k¿KmflIX ]ISn∏n°p∂Xn\v Ahkcw Hcp°p∂Xm

bncn°Ww.

klh¿ØnX ]T\Øn\p klmbn°p∂ km[yXIƒ D≠mbncn°Ww.

ss]adn XeØn¬ t\Snb ASnÿm\ ss\]pWnIƒ Dd∏n°p∂Xn\pw

IqSpX¬ hn]peamb Hcp XeØntebv°v IpńbpsS hnPvRm\taJesb

hym]cn∏n°p∂Xn\pw DXIp∂ XcØnep≈Xmbncn°Ww.

HºXmw ¢mknse ]mTßfpsS sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ ASnÿm\w F¥mWv ?

apIfn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂ hkvXpXIƒ km[qIcn°p∂ XcØnep≈

D≈S°amWv HºXmw ¢mknse ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ Dƒs°m≈n®n´p≈Xv.

sF.kn.Sn bnep≈ ss\]pWn t\Sp∂Xn\pw a‰p hnjbßfpsS ]T\sØ

klmbn°p∂ sF kn Sn km[yXIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\pw ]mT]pkvXIw

Hcpt]mse Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p.

9

hnhn[ hnjbßfnse Aaq¿Øamb Bibßƒ efnXambpw

kzm`mhnIambpw t_m[ys∏SpØp∂ \n¿anXnIƒ kzbw ]co£n®v

t_m[ys∏SpØp∂ XcØnep≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ ]pkvXIØnepƒs∏Sp

Ønbn´p≠v. ASnÿm\ imkvXhpambn _‘s∏´ k¿°o´pIfpsSbpw B‰w

amXrIIfpsSbpw \n¿anXnbpw PntbmPn_ D]tbmKn®p≈ PymanXob

\n¿anXnIfpw CØcØnep≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°pZmlcWßfmWv.

`mjm]T\Øn\p klmbIcamb D≈S°hpw ]mT]pkvXIØnepƒs°m

≈n®n´p≠v. IpńIfpsS k¿KmflIamb IgnhpIƒ ]ISn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈

sF.kn.Sn km[yXIfmb hoUntbm FUn‰nwKv tkm^v‰v-shbdpIsf Ipdn®p≈

]T\w, tªmKpIfpsS \n¿amWw F∂nh CØcØnep≈XmWv.

PohimkvX]T\w Ffp∏am°p∂ B\ntaj≥ tkm^v‰v-shbdpIfpw

]pkvXIØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. C‚¿s\‰pw CXc sF kn Sn kt¶Xßfpw

BtcmKyIcambpw KpWmflIambpw D]tbmKnt°≠Xn\p≈ am¿K\n¿tZihpw

]mT]pkvXIw \¬Ip∂p≠v.

]T\]h¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn Xbmdm°p∂ D¬∏∂ßƒ

tImUoIcn°p∂Xn\pw sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pw BI¿jIam°p∂Xn\pw

AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\pw sF Sn km[yXIƒ ]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂Xn\v

klmbn°p∂ mKßƒ (Hm∏¨ Hmôkv) Cu ]mT]pkvXIØnep≠v. Iºyp´¿

A[njvTnX t]mÃ¿ \n¿amWw, t^mt´m FUn‰nwKv XpSßnb tijnIƒ

t\Sp∂Xn\p klmbn°p∂ tkm^v‰v -shbdpIƒ (Pnºv), F√m tkm^v‰v -

shbdpIfpsSbpw \n¿amWØn\v ]n∂nep≈ Iºyp´¿ `mjsb°pdn®p≈

(ss]Ø¨) ]T\w F∂nhbpw HºXmw ¢mknse ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

Dƒs°m≈n®n´p≠v.

t_m[\w Fßs\bmbncn°Ww?

hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy icnbmb coXnbn¬ ssIImcyw

sNøp∂Xn\p≈ tijnIƒ Hmtcm hnZym¿Ynbpw ssIhcnt°≠Xp≠v. Cu tijn

CXc hnjbßfpsS ]T\Øn\v ]tbmP\s∏SpØpIbpw thWw. AXpsIm≠p

Xs∂ sF kn Sn ]mT]pkvXI hn\nab kabØv Xmsg ]dbp∂ Imcyßƒ

i≤nt°≠Xp≠v.

kzbw ]T\w t]m’mln∏n°p∂Xn\pw t\Snb AdnhpIƒ

]¶pshbv°p∂Xn\pap≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v ]m[m\yw e`n°p∂

hn[Ønembncn°Ww hn\nabcoXn.

k¿KmflIX hf¿Øp∂Xn\pw X\Xv kr„nIƒ a‰p≈hcpambn

10

]¶phbv°p∂Xn\pw D]Icn°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ Dƒs∏SpØnbmbn

cn°Ww sF kn Sn ]mT`mKßƒ hn\nabw sNtø≠Xv.

⁄m\ \n¿anXnbneq∂nbp≈ Kq∏v ]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS sF kn Sn

tijnIƒ t\Sp∂ XcØnemhWw hn\nabcoXn.

hnjbßfpsS GtIm]\hpw hnhc tiJcWhpw sF kn Sn tijnIfpsS

]cnioe\ØnepsS km[yamIWw. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ F√m A[ym]Icpw

sF kn Sn ]mT]pkvXIw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]cym]vXcmbncn°Ww.

apIfn¬ ]d™ Imcyßƒ ]mh¿ØnIam°Wsa¶n¬ IpńIƒ°v Iºyq´¿

]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ Ahkcw [mcmfw e`nt°≠Xp≠v. Xnbdn ¢mkpIƒ

s]mPŒdpIfpsS klmbtØmsSbp≈ Demonstration ¢mkpIfmIWw.

Xnbdn°p≈ AX Xs∂ ]ncoUpIƒ ]mŒn°¬ sNøp∂Xn\pw Hmtcm Ipń°pw

e`nt°≠Xp≠v. t\Snb sF kn Sn ss\]pWnIƒ ]cnioen°p∂Xn\v DXIp∂

hn[Øn¬ A¿Y]q¿Wamb ]h¿Ø\ßfpƒs°m≈n®psIm≠v Hmtcm

]h¿Ø\Øn\pw ]cnioe\`mKhpap≠mbncn°Ww.

11

BapJw

CtaPv FUn-‰nwKn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \nc-h[n tkm v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ C∂v e`y-

am-Wv. ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \S-tØ≠ t_m[-h¬°-cW ]h¿Ø-

\-Øn-\p≈ t]mÃ¿ \n¿am-Ww, UnPn-‰¬ amK-kn≥ \n¿amWw apX-emb ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ°v CtaPv FUn-‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. IqSmsX UnPn-

‰¬ Iyma-d, samss_¬ t^m¨ apX-em-bh D]-tbm-Kn®v FSp-°p∂ NnX-ß-fn¬

Bh-iy-amb am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw CtaPv FUn-‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. CØ-c-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ kzX¥ CtaPv FUn-

‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshb¿ BWv Pnºv. t^mt´m-tjm∏v t]mep≈ DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ap≈

CtaPv FUn-‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshbdpw C∂v e`y-am-Wv.

Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ NnX-c-N\ F´mw-¢m-kn¬ Ipń ]cn-N-

b-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. F´mw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn® Pnºv tkm^v‰vshbdns‚ XpS¿®-bmWv Cu

A[ym-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Hcp CtaPv FUn-‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshb¿

Bb Pnºn¬ NnXw hc-bv°p-∂-Xpw temtKm \n¿an-°p-∂Xpw Fß-s\-sb-∂mWv

ap≥¢m-kn¬ ]cn-N-bs∏ńcn-°p∂Xv. Pnºv Fßs\ Hcp CtaPv FUn-‰nwKv

tkm^v‰vshb-dmbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂p F∂ [mcW D≠m-°p-I-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-

Øn-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. IqSmsX a‰v hnj-b-ß-fnse hnhn[ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb¿ GsXms° coXn-bn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-

SpØmw F∂ [mcW ]Tn-Xm-°-fn¬ FØn°mw F∂Xpw Cu A[ymbw e£y-an-

Sp-∂p-≠v. ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp sImfmjv \n¿an-

°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Pnºns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ Ah-

X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ

Hcp CtaPv FUn-‰nwKv tkm v‰vshb¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Pnºv tkm v‰vshb-

dns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥∂ [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

Pnºv tkm v‰vshb-dn¬ \n›nX hen-∏-Øn¬ Hcp Iym≥hmkv \n¿an-°p∂

hn[w a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

Hcp NnXw Pnºn-eqsS Xpd-°p∂ coXn-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v.

Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb-dnse hnhn[ ske-£≥ Sqfp-IfpsS D]-tbmKsØ°p-

dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.

1. \nd-∏-In- m¿∂ temIw

12

CtaPv FUn-‰nw-Kn\v klm-bn-°p∂ hnhn[ FUn-‰nwKv Sqfp-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ tijn t\S¬.

Pnºv tkm v‰vshb-dn¬ seb-dns‚ ]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw CtaPv

FUn-‰nw-Kn¬ seb¿ sIm≠p≈ ]tbm-P-\-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈

tijn t\S¬.

hyXykvX NnX ^b¬ t^m¿am-‰n-s\-°p-dn®pw Hcp NnXw hyXykvX

^b¬ t^m¿am-‰n¬ tkhv sNøp-∂-Xns‚ hyXymkw kw_-‘n-®p≈

[mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn\v.

hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ, sImfm-jp-Iƒ F∂nh

I-ºyq-´-dn¬ Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xn-\p≈ tijn t\Sp-∂-Xn\v.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS

NnX-hn-i-I-e\w

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \evInb sImfmjv (NnXw 1.1) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ssPh-

ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw, F¥mWv Hcp

sImfmjv F∂ [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø-\w- e£y-

an-Sp-∂-Xv.

NnXw hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-Øns‚

]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]mTm-h-X-cWw \S-Ømw. kvIqfn¬

\S-Ønb ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£W h¿jm-N-c-W-hpambn _‘-s∏´ ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ AXp kw_-‘n® s]mXp-N¿®-bmhmw Chn-sS. Cu ]T-\-

]-h¿Ø\w Ipń-I-fn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£W Ah-t_m[w hf¿Øp∂

Xe-Øn-te°v Db-cp∂ coXn-bn¬ N¿®-bn¬ Bh-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

\S-Ø-Ww. t_m[-h¬°-cW ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ \s√mcp D]m-[n-bm-Wv sImfmjv

F∂ [mcW ssIh-cn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ N¿® tImUo-I-cn-°-s∏-S-Ww.

`qap-J-Øp≈ hyXy-kvX-amb Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS km∂n[yw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-

\p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-amWv Biological Diversity or Biodiversity F∂-

Xv. Hcp ]tZ-isØ hyXy-kvX-amb Bhmk hyh-ÿ, kv]ojn-kp-Iƒ,

Po\ pIƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-´-XmWv B ]tZ-isØ ssPh-ssh-hn[yw F∂p-

]-d-bmw. `qan-bnse Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬]ns‚ ASn-ÿm\w ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-am-

Wv. `qan-bnse at‰-sXmcp ]tXy-I-X-I-sf-°mƒ ][m-\-s∏-´Xpw k¶o¿W-hp-

amWv `qan-bnse ssPh-ssh-hn-[yw. AtXt]mse-Xs∂ ][m-\-amWv a\p-jy-

s\bpw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß-sfbpw ssPh-ssh-hn[y timjWw Fßs\ tZmj-I-

c-ambn _m[n-°p∂p F∂Xpw. 1992 ¬ dntbm Un P\o-tdm-bn¬ \S∂ ua D®-

13

tIm-Sn-bn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-[ysØ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ \n¿h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.

Biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources,including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems andthe ecological complexes of which they are part : this includes diversity withinspecies between species and of ecosystems”.

sImfmjv Iºyq-´-dn¬

Iºyq-´-dn¬ sImfmjv \n¿an-°p-∂-Xns‚ sa®-ßƒ a\- n-em-°¬, sImfmjv

\n¿an-°p-tºmƒ Fs¥√mw Imcy-ßƒ i≤n-°Ww F∂ [mcW ssIh-cn-°¬,

sImfmjv \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ NnXw tiJ-cn-°¬, sImfm-jn¬ NnX-`m-K-ßƒ

tN¿°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v a\- n-em-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW B¿Pn-

°-emWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w sIm≠v e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. ¢mknepw em_nepw h®v \S-

Øp∂ \mev ]In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w Ipń-I-fn-se-tØ-≠-Xv.

Iºyq-´-dn¬ sImfmjv \n¿an-°p-∂-Xns‚ sa®-ßƒ

hnZym¿Yn-Isf Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-°p-I. Iºyq-´-dn¬ sImfmjv \n¿an-°p-∂-

Xns‚ sa®-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ¢mkn¬, NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-

ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp s]mXp-N¿®-bmWv \√-Xv. IqSp-X¬ kqN-I-ßƒ

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ

\mw km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp sImfmjv \n¿an-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?

sImfmjv \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb kma-Kn-I-fpsS e`yX.

\n¿an® sImfm-jn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm-\p≈ km[yX.

Iºyq-´-dn¬ sImfmjv \n¿an-°p-∂-Xns‚ sa®-ßƒ.

sImfmjv

NnX-ßƒ, NnX- m-K-ßƒ, ]X-°- n-wKp-Iƒ, s]bn‚nw-Kp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Iem-

`w-Kn-tbmsS Hcp NnX-Øntem, Iym≥hm-kntem Hń-®p-tN¿Øv ]pXn-sbmcp

Zriyw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ Iem-hn-Zy-bmWv sImfm-jv. t]∏-dns‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-

tØmsS ssN\-bn-emWv sImfmjv F∂ kt¶Xw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p

XpS-ßn-bXv F∂p-]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]i (Glu) F∂¿Yw hcp∂ Coller F∂

^©v ]Z-Øn¬\n-∂mWv sImfmjv (Collage) F∂ ]Z-ap-≠m-b-Xv. Ombm-Nn-

X-ßƒ, Ombm-NnX `mK-ßƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v \n¿an-°p∂ sImfmjv

BWv t^mt´m-sam-≠m-jv. CØcw sImfmjv \n¿am-W-Øn¬ CtaPv FUn-

‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshb-dns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°pw. 1912

14

¬ ]mtªm ]n°mtkm BWv sImfmjv F∂ Iem-krjvSn Hmbn¬ s]bn‚nw-

Kn¬ BZy-ambn krjvSn-®Xv F∂mWv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw. F∂m¬ ^©v NnX-

Im-c-\mb tPm¿÷v ªm°v CtX-b-h-k-c-Øn¬Øs∂ BZysØ sImfmjv

\n¿an®p F∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb¿

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]T-\-°p-dn∏v D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp CtaPv

FUn-‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshb¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb-dns‚ ]tXy-I-X-

Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w ChnsS \¬Imw. Pnºns‚ Ncn-XsØ

kw_-‘n® ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬Inb Ipdn∏v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

General Image Manipulation Programme F∂-Xns‚ Npcp-s°-gp-ØmWv BZy-

Im-eØv GIMP F∂-dnb-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ C∂v GIMP F∂Xv GNU ImageManipulation Programme F∂Xns‚ Npcp-s°-gp-Øm-Wv. 1995¬ Imen-

t^m¿Wnb bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse Bekerly Iymº-knse hnZym¿Yn-I-fmb

Peter Mattis, Spencer Kimbell F∂-nh¿ tN¿∂mWv Pnºns‚ BZy ]Xn-∏n\v

cq]w \evIn-b-Xv. 1986 ¬ ÿm]n-X-amb eXperimental Computing Fecility (XCF)F∂- kwL-S-\°v Iogn-em-bn-cp∂p Ch¿ ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. th¿j≥ 0.54

F∂ BZy ]Xn∏v 1996 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ BWv ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-b-Xv. temI-Ønse

BZysØ kuP\y CtaPv am\n-∏p-te-j≥ t]mKmw Bbn-cp∂p CXv. ]n∂oSv

Henrik Brix Andersen, YoshinoriYama kava XpSßn [mcm-fw-t]¿ tN¿∂mWv

Pnºns\ ]cn-jvI-cn®v ]pXnb ]Xn-∏n-d-°n-b-Xv.

NnX-ß-fn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nc-h[n kwhn-[m-\-

ßƒ D≈ Hcp tkm^v‰vshb¿ BWnXv. NnXw hc-bv°m\pw s]bn‚nw-Kn\pw

klm-bn-°p∂ _jp-Iƒ, s]≥kn-ep-Iƒ, Fb¿ _jp-Iƒ, t¢m¨ XpS-ßnb

Sqfp-Iƒ, Htc ka-bw-Xs∂ H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ NnX-ßƒ Pnºn-eqsS Xpd-∂p-h-

bv°m-\p≈ km[y-X, ]mfn-I-fp-sSbpw Nm\-ep-I-fp-sSbpw km∂n-[yw, hnhn[

Sm≥kvt^mw Sqfp-Iƒ, ske-£≥ Sqfp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Pnºns‚ Nne khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ amX-am-Wv. .bmp, .gif, .jpeg, .mng, .pcf, .pdf, .png, .ps, .psd,.svg, .tiff, .tga, .xpm XpSßn \nc-h[n ^b¬ t^m¿am-‰p-I-fn-ep≈

NnX-ßƒ Pnºv D]-tbm-Kn®v Xpd-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

Ubuntu 10.04 se Pnºv th¿js\ ASn -ÿm-\-am -°n -bmWv ]mT-

]p-kvXIw Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Sqƒt_m-Ivkn-ep≈ sa\p-_m¿ NnX-Pm-e-

I-Øn-te°v am‰n-b-Xv, Pnºv Xpd-∂p-h-cp∂ ka-bØv ]h¿Ø-\-k-÷-amb sa\p-

_m-tdmSp IqSnb iq\y-amb NnX-Pm-eIw BZysØ NnXw Xpd-°p-tºmƒXs∂

km[m-cW coXn-bn-ep≈ NnX Pme-I-ambn amdp-∂-Xv, Dialogs sa\p

15

Windows F∂ t]cp-am‰w apX-em-bh IT@School GNU/Linux 3.2 th¿j-

\n¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ GIMP th¿j-\n¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb Nne

]tXy-I-X-Iƒ amX-am-Wv.

NnX tiJ-cWw

sImfm-jn-\m-h-iy-amb NnX-ßƒ C‚¿s\-‰n¬\n∂pw Uu¨temUv sNbvtXm,

\¬Ip∂ hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ NnX-ßƒ ¢mkn¬ e`y-am-°ntbm Cu

]h¿Ø\w sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tiJ-cn® NnX-ßƒ Kq∏p-I-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[n®v

tbmPn-®h Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Cu L´-Øn¬ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v

\¬I-Ww.

NnX- m-K-ßƒ ˛ s]mXp-N¿®

]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ß-fp-sSbpw NnX-ti-J-c-W-L-

´-Øn¬ \S-Ønb \nco-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sImfm-jn-\mbn tiJ-

cn® NnX-Øns‚ GsX√mw `mK-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw F∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n®

N¿® \S°-Ww. s]mXp-N¿®-bpsS tImUo-I-cWw NphsS \¬Inb coXn-bn-

em-hmw.

tImUo-I-cWw

tiJ-cn® NnX-Ønse D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn®v NnXw hyXykvX

hen-∏-Øn¬ sImfm-jn¬ Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. AtX-t]mse NnX-Øns‚

F√m mK-ßfpw sImfm-jn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠n hcn-√. sImfm-jns‚ hnj-b-Øns‚

A\p-tbm-Py-Xbv°v A\p-k-cn®v Iym≥hm-kn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ NnX-`mKw Xocp-

am-\n-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww. IqSmsX ap≥¢m-kn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ temtKm \n¿an®v

sImfm-jn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

CtaPv FUn-‰nwKv

NnXw Pnºn¬ IqSn Xpd-°p∂ am¿Kw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬, Hcp NnX-Øns‚ Uyqπn-

t°‰v FSp-°p-∂-Xns‚ am¿Khpw sa®hpw a\- n-em-°¬, ]pXnb Iym≥hmkv Bh-

iy-amb hen-∏-Øn¬ \n¿an-°¬ F∂o ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ a\- n-em-°-emWv Cu

]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS \mw e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. aq∂v ]In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu

]h¿Ø\w ¢mknepw em_n-ep-ambn hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xv.

NnXw Pnºn-eqsS Xpd-°¬

Pnºv CtaPv Pme-I-Ønse File → Open F∂ Ia-Øn¬ ¢n°p-sN-bvXmWv

km[m-cWbmbn Hcp NnXw Pnºn-eqsS Xpd-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Xpd-t°≠ NnX-

Øn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv Pnºv CtaPv hn≥tUm-bn-te°v UmKv sNbvtXm, Xpd-t°≠

16

NnX-Øn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°p-sNbvXv Open with Gimp image editor F∂-Xn¬ ¢n°p-

sNbvtXm NnXw Pnºn-eqsS Xpd-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

NnX-Øns‚ Uyqπn-t°‰v FSp-°¬

D]tbmKn°p∂ NnXØns‚ kzm`mhnI cq]Øn\v bmsXmcp am‰hpw hcmsX

Xs∂ sImfmjn\mhiyamb NnXßƒ Uyqπnt°‰v FSpØv Xbmdm°p∂

]h¿Ø\w. CXn\mhiyamb ]h¿Ø\Iaw ]mT -]p -kvX -IØn¬

\¬Inbncn°p∂Xv i≤n°pI. Cßs\ Uyqπnt°‰v FSp°ptºmƒ

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v NnX bens‚ t]cv i≤n®m¬ aXn. Uyqπnt°‰v bens‚

t]cv Untitled F∂mbncn°pw. Uyqπnt°‰v ^b¬ \ne\n¿Øn HdnPn\¬

ASbv°pI.

Bhiyamb hen∏Øn¬ Iym≥hmkv Xpd°¬

]mT]pkvXIØnse Ipdn∏v hniIe\w sNbvXpsIm≠v Bhiyamb

hen∏Øn¬ Hcp Iym≥hmkv Xpd°p∂Xv Fßs\sb∂v a\- n-em°p∂ XcØn¬

]h¿Ø\w BkqXWw sNømw. F¥n\v th≠nbmtWm \mw Hcp NnXw Pnºn¬

Xbmdm°p∂Xv AXn\mhiyamb hen∏Øn¬ Iym≥hmkv IaoIcn°p∂XmWv

\√Xv. DZmlcWambn A4 hen∏Øn¬ D≈ (Width 2480, Height 3508 Pixels)Hcp UnPn‰¬ amKkns‚ ]pdwN´bmWv ¢mkn¬ Xbmdm°p∂sX¶n¬

Iym≥hmkns‚ hen∏w A4 hen∏Øn¬ IaoIcn°Ww.

ske£≥ SqfpIƒ

hnhn[ ske£≥ SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn®v Bhiyamb NnXßtfm

]XIńwKpItfm apdns®Sp°p∂Xv Fßs\sb∂v a\ nem°pIbmWv Cu

]h¿Ø\ØneqsS e£yanSp∂Xv.

hnhn[ ske£≥ SqfpIfpsS D]tbmKsØ kw_‘n® Hcp N¿®

]mT]pkvXIØnse Ipdn∏v ]cntim[n®v ¢mkn¬ \St°≠Xp≠v. ap≥

]h¿Ø\Øn¬ tImUoIcn® hnhcßfpw ChnsS ]tbmP\s∏Sp

tØ≠XmWv. (NnXØns‚ GsX√mw `mKßƒ Dƒs∏SpØWw F∂ `mKØv)

NnXw PnºneqsS Xpd∂Xn\ptijw GsX¶nepw ske£≥ Sqfn¬ ¢n°p

sNøpI. XpS¿∂v NnXØn¬ apdns®Spt°≠ `mKw skeIvSv sNøpI. Editsa\phn¬ Copy F∂Xn¬ ¢n°p sNøpI. Hńt°≠ NnXPmeIØnse Editsa\phn¬ Paste F∂Xn¬ ¢n°p sNøpI. NnXPmeIØn\p≈n¬ GsX¶nepw

`mKØv aukv ¢n°psNøp∂tXmsS Cu NnX `mKw Paste sNøs∏Sp∂p.

NnXPmeIØnse (image window) \nehnep≈ ]mfnbnembncn°pw (Layer) Cu

NnX`mKw Paste sNøs∏´Xv. CXv ]pXnb ]mfnbnemsb¶n¬ amXsa \ap°v

Bhiym\pkcWw \o°m≥ Ignbp. CXn\mbn NnXPmeIØnse Layer → NewLayer F∂Xn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬ aXn.

17

Iym≥hmkn\v \ndw ]Icmw

Iym≥hmkn\v \ndw \¬Ip∂Xv Fßs\sb∂ a\ nem°pIbmWv Cu

]h¿Ø\ØneqsS e£y-anSp∂Xv. A[nI ]h¿Ø\ambn tKUnb‚ v Sqƒ Cu

L´Øn¬ ]cnNbs∏SpØmw.

Blend Tool (Gradient)

(Gradient Tool) sF°Wn¬ ¢n°psNbvX tijw Iym≥hmkn¬ aukv

¢n°v sNbXv UmKv sNøptºmƒ Forground Colour BZyhpw BackgroundColour ]n∂oSpw hcp∂ coXnbn¬ tKUnb‚ v If¿ Iym≥hmkn¬ Zriyamhpw.

Pnºv Sqƒ t_mIvknse sF°¨ i≤n®nńt√. CXn¬ Idp∏v

\ndØn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ `mKw Forground Colour Dw sh≈ \ndØn¬

ImWs∏Sp∂ mKw Background Colour Dw BWv. Cu sF°Wn¬ apIfnep≈

IdpØ ]XeØn¬ (Forground Colour ) ¢n°psNbvXv \ap°mhiyamb

\ndw sXcs™Sp°mw. AtXt]mse Xmsgbp≈ sh≈ ]XeØn¬ (Back-

ground Colour ) ¢n°psNbvXv \ndw am‰n t\m°q. XpS¿∂v (Gradient

Tool) sF°Wn¬ ¢n°psNbvX tijw Iym≥hmkn¬ aukv ¢n°psNbXv

UmKv sNøptºmƒ Forground Colour BZyhpw Background Colour ]n∂oSpw

hcp∂ coXnbn¬ tKUnb‚ v If¿ Iym≥hmkn¬ Zriyamhpw.

Transparent Background

km[mcWbmbn Hcp Iym≥hmkv \n¿an°ptºmƒ ]›mØe \ndtØmSp

IqSnbmWv ZriyamhpI. CXn¬ apdns®SpØ GsX¶nepw Hcp NnX`mKw

Hń°ptºmƒ skeIvSv sNbvX AXbpw NnX`mKØn\v ]pdsa Iym≥hmkv

IqSn Dƒs∏sSbmWv NnXw tkhv sNøs∏SpI. Cu NnXw Hcp tUmIypsa‚n¬

Dƒs∏SpØptºmƒ Iym≥hmkns‚ ]›mØe \ndw Dƒs∏sS Zriyamhpw.

CXn\p≈ Hcp ]cnlmcamWv Background\v Transparency \¬I¬.

CsXßs\sb∂v t\m°mw.

]pXnb Iym≥hmkv Xpd°ptºmƒ

Zriyamhp∂ Create a New ImagePmeIØnse Advanced Options ¢n°p

sNbvXv Fill with F∂ `mKØp≈ tImtºm

t_mIvkn¬ Transparency F∂ `mKw

sXcs™Sp°pI. OK _´Wn¬ ¢n°p

sNøpI. Xpd∂phcp∂ Iym≥hmkv Transpar-ency Mode ¬ Xpd∂p hcpw. (NnXw 1.1,1.2) NnXw 1.1

18

CØcØn¬ Transparency Mode ¬

Xpd∂phcp∂ Iym≥hmkn¬ apdns®SpØ NnXßƒ

Hń®m¬ apdns®SpØ NnX`mKw amXta tkhv

sNøs∏SpIbp≈q. NnXw tkhv sNøptºmƒ .pngt^m¿am‰n¬ tkhv sNøWw. .jpg t^m¿am‰n¬ tkhv

sNbvXm¬ NnXØns‚ TransparencyBackground Dƒs∏sS amXsa tkhv sNøm≥

km[n°pIbp≈q.

]mfnIƒ

hnhn[ ske£≥ SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn®v tiJcn® NnXßƒ Hcp

Iym≥hmkn¬ Hń°p∂sXßs\sb∂pw, ]mfnIsf kw_‘n®pap≈ [mcW

t\SpIbmWv CXneqsS e£yanSp∂Xv.

Iym≥hmkn¬ NnXßƒ tN¿°¬

tiJcn® NnXßfpsS Bhiyamb `mKßƒ hnhn[ ske£≥ SqfpIƒ

D]tbmKn®v apdns®SpØv ]pXnb Iym≥hmkn¬ Hń°pI. ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

t]Pv 10 ¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ hnhn[ ske£≥ SqfpIƒ kw_‘n® Ipdn∏v

hniIe\w \SØm≥ Bhiyamb \n¿tZißƒ Cu L´Øn¬ \¬Imw.

]mfnIƒ

NphsS \¬Inb c≠v ]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS Cu ]h¿Ø\w

sNømhp∂XmWv.

]h¿Ø\w 1

Hcp NnXØns‚ skeIvSv sNbvX mKw Edit → Paste F∂ IaØn¬ Hcp

]pXnb Iym≥hmkn¬ Paste sNøm≥ Bhiyamb ]h¿Ø\w ChnsS \¬IWw.

Paste sNbvX NnXßƒ Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v \o°m≥ Bhiys∏SWw. Cu

L´Øn¬ NnXw Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v \o°m≥ Ignbpw.

]h¿Ø\w 2

Hcp NnXØns‚ skeIvSv sNbvX `mKw Edit → Paste F∂ IaØn¬

Hcp ]pXnb Iym≥hmkn¬ Paste sNøm≥ Bhiyamb Hcp ]h¿Ø\w ChnsS

\¬IWw. Paste sNbvX NnX mKw Iym≥hmkn\p≈n¬ FhnsSsb¶nepw aukv

¢n°psNøptºmƒ Paste sNøs∏Sp∂p. Paste sNbvX NnXßƒ Move SqƒD]tbmKn®v \o°m≥ Bhiys∏SWw.

c≠masØ ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Paste sNbvX NnXßƒ Bhiym\pkcWw

NnXw 1.2

19

\o°m≥ Ignbp∂n√ F∂ Xncn®dnhn¬\n∂v ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

\¬Inbncn°p∂ N¿®mkqNIßsf ASnÿm\am°n ]mfnIƒ \o°m≥

IgnbmØXv F¥psIm≠msW∂ tNmZyw ¢mkn¬ D∂bn°Ww. NphsS \¬Inb

coXnbn¬ Cu N¿® tImUoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. ]mT]pkvXIØnse seb¿,

seb¿ ]me‰v F∂o Ipdn∏pIƒ Cu N¿®bn¬ ]tbmP\s∏SptØ≠XmWv.

tImUoIcWw

apdns®SpØ NnXßƒ Iym≥hmkn¬ Hń®tijw Iym≥hmkn¬ GsX¶nepw

`mKØv ¢n°psNbvXtijw Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v \o°nbm¬ Iym≥hmkv

]›mØew Dƒs∏sS apgph\mbmWv \oßpI. \mw ]pXpXmbn Hń® NnXw

]›mØe \ndw D≈ AtX ]mfnbn¬ Xs∂ Hń°s∏´XmWv CXn\v ImcWw.

Sm≥kvt^mw SqfpIƒ

hnhn[ Sm≥kvt^mw SqfpIfpsS D]tbmKsØ kw_‘n® [mcW

t\SpIbmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\Øns‚ e£yw.

sImfmjv `wKnbm°mw.

hnhn[ Sm≥kvt^mw SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn®v ]T\]h¿Ø\Øns‚ mKambn

\n¿an® sImfmjv `wKnbm°p∂ ]h¿Ø\amWv ChnsS \StØ≠Xv. CXn\mbn

]mT]pkvXIØnse t]Pv 12¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ Ipdn∏ v ]tbmP\

s∏SptØ≠XmWv. kvaUvPv (Smudge) Sqƒ ]tbmP\s∏SpØn, \n¿an®

sImfmjns‚ AcnIpIƒ ebn∏n®v tN¿Øv sImfmjv IqSpX¬ `wKnbm°p∂

]h¿Ø\hpw Cu L´Øn¬ sNtø≠XmWv.

NnX^b¬ t^m¿am‰pIƒ

hnhn[ NnX^b¬ t^m¿am‰pIƒ ]cnNbs∏SpIbmWv Cu

]h¿Ø\Øns‚ e£yw.

hnhn[ ^b¬ t^m¿am‰n¬ tkhv sNø¬

Pnºv CtaPv km[mcWbmbn .xcf ^b¬ t^m¿am‰n¬ BWv tkhv

sNøs∏SpI. ^b¬ t^m¿am‰v Fs¥∂pw AXns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ Fs¥∂pw

A[ymbw 7 ¬ i– Ne®nX b¬ t^m¿am‰pIsf ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ mKØv

hy‡am°nbn´p≈Xv i≤n°pat√m. .jpg, .png,.gif,.tif ,.bmp apXembh

hyXykvX NnX^b¬ t^m¿am‰pIfmWv. \n¿an® sImfmjv hyXykvX

t^m¿am‰n¬ tkhv sNbvXv AhbpsS ^b¬ hen∏Ønep≈ (Size) hyXymkw

Ipdns®Spt°≠XmWv. hyXykvX ^b¬ t^m¿am‰n¬ tkhv sNbvXv Ahbn¬

ssddv ¢n°psNbvXv ^bens‚ Properties ¬ ¢n°psNbvXv ^bens‚ Size

20

a\ nem°m≥ km[n°pw. IqSmsX tkhv sNbvX ^bepIƒ Pnºn¬ Xpd∂v

.xcf extenstion ¬ tkhv sNbvXhbpw .jpg,. Png,.gif,.tif apXemb t^m¿am‰n¬

tkhv sNbvXhbpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw a\ nem°n sF.Sn t\m´p_p°n¬

Ipdn°m≥ Bhiys∏SWw.

21

2. hnh-c-ti-J-c-Whpw hni-I-e-\hpw

BapJw

]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS mK-ambn ]e-t∏mgpw tUmIyp-sa‚p-Ifpw ]ń-I-Ifpw

Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw Xbm-dm-t°≠ kml-Ncyw D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v. Cu Bh-iy-Øn\v

klm-bn-°p∂ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ Hmôkv ]mt°-Pp-I-fn¬ e`y-am-Wv. hnhn-[-

Xcw Hmôkv ]mt°-Pp-Iƒ C∂v \ne-hn-ep-≠v. AXn¬ ]ap-J-amWv Hm∏¨

Hmôkv Hm¿Kv, en_¿ Hmô-kv, Fw.-F-kv.-Hm-ôkv XpS-ßn-b-h. Hm∏¨ Hmô-

kn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ F√m kuI-cy-ßfpw a‰v Hmôkv ]mt°-Pp-I-fnepw e`y-am-Wv.

Hmôkv ]mt°-Pn-epƒs∏-Sp∂ ssd‰¿, Im¬Iv, Cw] v F∂o tkm^v‰v

shbdpIƒ IpńIƒ ap≥ ¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn®n´p≠v. ssd‰dn¬ Hcp IØp

Xbmdm°m\pw Im¬In¬ am¿°v enÃv Xbmdm°m\pw Cw] n¬ at\mlcamb

Hcp ]kt‚j≥ Xbmdm°phm\pw Ipń°dnbmw. F¶nepw \nXyPohnXØnse

]e Bhiyßƒ°pw Ch D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\v Cu Adnhv A]cym]vXamWv.

ssd‰¿ D]tbmKn®v Hcp t]mPŒv dnt∏m¿ v Xbmdm°p∂Xn\pw Im¬Iv D]tbmKn®v

ZØßƒ hniIe\w sNøp∂Xn\pw Ah\v IqSpX¬ ]cnioe\w Bhiyap≠v.

Hm∏¨ Hmôknse CØcw Imcyßƒ°v IpńIsf k÷cm°p∂Xn\mWv Cu

bqWn‰v e£yanSp∂Xv.

]T\e£yßƒ

hnhn[ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn e`n°p∂ hnhcßƒ Hm∏¨ Hmôkv

Im¬Iv D]tbmKn®v ]ńIs∏SpØp∂Xn\v

Im¬Iv D]tbmKn®v ]ńIs∏SpØnb hnhcßƒ ]cntim[n°p∂Xn\mbn

hcn, \nc Ch ôkv sNøp∂Xn\v

Im¬Iv D]tbKn®v ]ńIs∏SpØnb hnhcßƒ hniIe\w sNøp∂Xn\mbn

Bhiyap≈ coXnbn¬ ^n¬‰¿ sNøp∂Xn\v.

Im¬Iv D]tbKn®v ]ńIs∏SpØnb hnhcßƒ A]KYn°p∂Xn\mbn

hnhn[ ^Mvj\pIƒ D]tbmKn°phm\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

ssd‰dnse kvss‰¬ kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v ]T\ t]mPŒns‚ dnt∏m¿´v

`wKnbm°p∂Xn\v

Hm∏¨ Hmôkv ssd‰dn¬ lnµn, aebmfw F∂o `mjIfn¬ ssS∏v

sNøphm\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v

Hm∏¨ Hmôkv ^bens\ ]n. Un. F^v t^m¿am‰nte°v am‰p∂Xn\p≈

tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

IpńIƒ km[mcWbmbn ssIImcyw sNtø≠nhcp∂ hnhn[ ^b¬

22

FIvÃ≥j\pIƒ Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v.

]T\ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn Xbmdm°p∂ hnhn[ ^bepIƒ ]n‚ v

FSp°p∂Xn\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v

]T\ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn Xbmdm°nb hoUntbmIƒ Cw] n¬

Dƒs∏SpØphm\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

D≈S°w

IpńIfpsS BtcmKyk¿t∆bpambn _‘s∏´ hnhctiJcWw,

ZØßfpsS A]KY\w, t]mPŒv dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°¬, t]mPIvSv AhXcWw

F∂o ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬°qSnbmWv apIfn¬ ]d™ e£yßƒ t\tS≠Xv.

hnhctiJcWØn\pw dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°p∂Xn\pw Bhiyap≈ kabw

e`n°Ø°hn[ØnemWv ]mT`mKw hn\nabw sNtø≠Xv.

Hm∏¨ Hmôkv Hm¿Kv

]eXcw Hmôkmhiyßƒ°p]tbmKn°mhp∂Xpw hnhn[ Hm∏td‰nwKv

knÃßfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xpamb Hcp Hm∏¨ tkmgvkv Hmôkv ]mt°PmWv

Hm∏¨ Hmôkv Hm¿Kv. CXv \qdne[nIw mjIfn¬ e`yamWv. F¨]XpIfn¬

the StarOffice suite F∂ t]cn¬ Star Division Bcw`n® Cu Hmôkv t]t°Pv

1999 ¬ Sun Micro systems s‚ ssIIfn¬ FØn. StarOffice CXn\ptijw

Open Source BhpIbpw 2000˛¬ Open Office.org Bbn ]Jym]n°s∏SpIbpw

sNbvXp. CXns‚ hnIk\Øn\v t\XrXzw \evIp∂ t]mPŒpw CtX

t]cn¬Xs∂bmWv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. 10 h¿jtØmfw CXns‚ hnIk\Øn\v

Np°m≥ ]nSn® Sun Micros ystems s\ 2010˛¬ Oracle kz¥am°nbt∏mƒ

CXns‚ hnIk\hpw Oracle s‚ ssIIfnembn. Ct∏mƒ CXns‚ hnIk\w

apJyambpw Oracle s‚ klmbtØmsSbmWv. Hm∏¨ Hmôkv ]mt°Pn¬

[mcmfw Bπnt°j\pIƒ D≠v. \Ωƒ km[mcW D]tbmKn°p∂ ssd‰¿,

Im¬Iv, ]kt‚j≥, tUm F∂nh°v ]pdta t_kv, amØv apXembh CXn¬

NneXmWv. Hm∏¨ Hmôknt‚X√mØ b¬ t^m¿am‰n¬ bepIƒ tkhv

sNømsa∂Xv CXns‚ ta∑bmWv.

Hm∏¨ Hmôkv ssd‰dn¬ ]ńI Xbmdm°pI

BtcmKy k¿t∆bpsS hnhctiJcWØn\mhiyamb ]ńI Hm∏¨ Hmôkv

ssd‰dn¬ Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ kqN\ Xmsg \evIp∂p.

]ńI tUmIypsa‚n¬ Xmtgm´v \o°p∂Xn\v Fs¥¶nepw _p≤nap´v

A\p`hs∏Sps∂¶n¬ aukv t]mbn‚¿ ]ńIbpsS CSXp`mKØv ]pdØv

sIm≠ph∂v apIfnesØ hcn apgph≥ skeŒv sNbvXXn\p (t]mbn‚¿ ‘→’BIrXnbnembm¬ ¢n°psNøpI.) tijw F‚¿ Io Aa¿Ønbm¬ aXn.

23

]ńI Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v

sa\p-_m-dn¬ Table → Insert → table F∂ Ia-Øntem Insert → tableF∂ Ia-Øntem ¢n°p-sN-øp-I.

CXn¬ Bh-iy-ap≈ hcn, \nc Ch \evIn OK ¢n°p-sN-øp-I.

IqSp-X¬ hcn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v

Bh-iy-ap≈ hcnbn¬ ¢n°psNbvXXn\ptijw Table → Insert → RowsF∂IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. XpS¿∂v hcp∂ hn≥tUmbn¬ number, positionCh \evIn OK _´¨ ¢n°psNøpI.

IqSpX¬ \ncIƒ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\v

Bhiyap≈ \ncbn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXXn\ptijw Table → Insert →Columns F∂IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ hn≥tUm-bn¬ number,position Ch \evIn OK _´¨ ¢n°psNøpI.

sk√v hn`-Pn-°p-∂-Xn\v

Bh-iy-ap≈ sk√n¬ ¢n°p-sN-bvX-Xn-\p-tijw Table → Split CellsF∂IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ hn≥tUm-bn¬ Split cell into,Direction Ch \evIn OK _´¨ ¢n°psNøpI.

]ńIbnse (]mT-]p -kvX-I-Ønse NnXw 2.2) ASnÿm\hnhcw

Fs∂gpXnbncn°p∂ sk√v i≤n®nt√? CXv c≠v hcnbpw Bdp \ncbpw IqSn

tN¿∂-Xm-Wv.

sk√pIƒ Cßs\ sa¿Pv sNøp∂Xn\v Cu sk√pIƒ skeIv‰v

sNbvXXn\ptijw Table → Merge Cells F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬ aXn.

]ńIbnse (]mT-]p-kvX-IØnse NnXw 2.2) ¢mkv, hbkv, Dbcw F∂nh

ew_ambmWv FgpXnbncn°p∂Xv. Cßs\ FgpXp∂Xn\v sSIvÃv skeŒv

sNbvXXn\ptijw Format → Character F∂IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI.

NnXw 2.1

24

XpS¿∂v Position Sm_n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Rotation 90o B°n OK _´¨

¢n°psNøpI. sSIvÃnse NnXw 2.2 amXrIbn¬ Hcp hnhctiJcW∏ńI

Xbmdm°n IpńIƒ hnhctiJcWw \SØs´. CXn\v Bhiyamb kabw e`n®p

F∂v A[ym]I≥ Dd∏phcpØWw.

Im¬°n¬ ]ńIs∏SpØpI

hnhctiJcWw \SØnbXn\p tijw IpńIƒ AXv Im¬In¬

]ńIs∏SpØs´ (sSIvÃnse NnXw 2.3).

Im¬In¬ sk√pIƒ sa¿Pv sNøp∂Xn\v sk√pIƒ skeIv‰v

sNbvXXn\ptijw Format → Merge Cells → Merge And Center Cells/MergeCells F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI.

sk√n¬ FgpØpIƒ ew_ambn IaoIcn°p∂Xn\v sk√pIƒ skeIv‰v

sNbvXXn\ptijw Format → Cells ¢n°psNbvXv (NnXw 2.2) Alignment Sm_n¬

Text orientation 90o B°nbm¬ aXn (NnXw 2.2).

hcn-Ifpw \nc-Ifpw ôkp-sNømw

hnhctiJcWØn\p tijw Im¬In¬ ]ńIs∏SpØp∂ hnhcßƒ Hcp

kvIo\n¬ IqSpXep≈Xn\m¬ BZysØbpw Ahkm\sØbpw hcnIfpw

\ncIfpw Htc kabw ImWphm≥ km[n°msX hcnIbpw ZØßƒ hniIe\w

sNøp∂Xn\v _p≤nap´p≠m°pIbpw sNøpat√m. CXv ]cnlcn°phm\p≈

am¿Kßƒ IpńIƒ N¿®bneqsS Is≠Øs´. a‰p am¿Kßƒ IpńIƒ

\n¿tZin°pIbmsW¶n¬ (DZm Font size Ipdbv°pI) AXns‚ ]cnanXn

NnXw 2.2

25

Nq≠n°mń H∂masØ hcnbpw \ncbpw ÿncam°n hbvt°≠ BhiyIX

t_m[ys∏SptØ≠XmWv.

ôkpsNøm\pt±in°p∂ hcnbnepw \ncbnepw Dƒs∏SmØ BZysØ

sk√n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Xmsg sImSpØ IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI.

Window → Freeze

A[nIhnhcw

ôkv Hgnhm°p∂Xn\v Window → Freeze F∂IaØn¬ icn Nn”w

Hgnhm°nbm¬aXn. ôkn\p]Icw CtXcoXnbn¬ Split sNbvXm¬ jo‰v c≠p

hn≥tUmIfmbn hn`Pn°s∏Sp∂p. Hmtcm hn≥tUmhn\pw ]tXyIw scroll barD≠mbncn°p∂XmWv.

]h¿Ø\w 4

th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp°mw hnh-c-ßsf (Filter)[mcmfw hnh-c-ßƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp ]ńIbn¬\n∂pw Bhiyap≈

hnhcßƒ amXw Zriyam°p∂Xn\p≈ kuIcyamWv CXv.

^n¬‰¿ sNbvXXn\ptijw apgph≥ hnhcßfpw ZriyamIp∂Xn\v AtX

AºSbmfØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv All skeŒv sNbvXm¬aXn.

]h¿Ø\w 5

^n¬‰¿ sNbvX hnhcßƒ tIm∏n sNbvXv ]tXyIw ^bembn tkhv

sNø¬.

]h¿Ø\coXn

^n¬‰¿ sNbvXv ZriyamIp∂ hnhcßƒ skeŒv sNbvXXn\ptijw tIm∏n

sNøpI. AtX ^bens‚ ]pXnsbmcp jot‰m ]pXnsbmcp ^b¬ Xs∂tbm

Xpd∂v AXnte°v t]Ãv sNøpI. ^b¬ tkhv sNøpI.

sSIvÃnse XpS¿]h¿Ø\ßƒ°p≈ kqN\Iƒ

1. H≥]Xmw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn°p∂ apgph≥ IpńIfpsSbpw hnhcßƒ as‰mcp

^benem°n kq£n°pI.

]ńIbnse XehmNIw Dƒ∏Sp∂hcn skeIv‰v sNbvXXn\ptijw

sa\p_mdn¬ Data → Filter → Auto Filter F∂IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. H≥]Xmw

¢mkn¬ ]Tn°p∂ apgph≥ IpńIsfbpw kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcw

sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\v Cu hnhcw Dƒs°m≈p∂ \ncbpsS XehmNItØmSv

tN¿∂p\nev°p∂ AºSbmfØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. Xpd∂v hcp∂ enÃn¬ \n∂v

“9” F∂Xv sXcs™Sp°pI.

26

^n¬‰¿ sNbvXv ZriyamIp∂ hnhcßƒ skeŒv sNbvXXn\ptijw tIm∏n

sNøpI. AtX ^bens‚ ]pXnsbmcp jot‰m ]pXnsbmcp ^b¬ Xs∂tbm

Xpd∂v AXnte°v t]Ãv sNøpI. ^b¬ tkhv sNøpI.

2. kkym-lmcw amXw Ign-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS ]ńI Xbm-dm-°pI.

apI-fn¬ ]d™ coXn-bn¬ CXpw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w 6

tPmen Ffp-∏-am-°p∂ ^Mvj-\p-Iƒ

Hcp ]tXyI ]h¿Ø\w sNøp∂Xn\v ap≥Iqń Xbmdm°nb sNdnb

t]mKmamWv Mvj≥. kqXhmIyw AdnbmsX Hcp ]hrØn sNømw F∂XmWv

CXns‚ sa®w. Function Wizard D]tbmKn®p sNøp∂ GsXmcp ]h¿Ø\hpw

t^m¿ape t\cn´v ssS∏psNbvXpw sNømhp∂XmWv. XpS°Øn¬ FunctionWizard D]tbmKn°p∂XmWv Ffp∏w. CXn\mbn ew ]Xy£s∏tS≠ sk√n¬

¢n°psNbvXXn\p tijw Insert → Function F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI.

XpS¿∂v hcp∂ hn≥tUmbn¬ Next _´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv Bhiyap≈ hnhcßƒ

\¬InbXn\ptijw OK _´¨ ¢n°psNbvXm¬ êw ]Xy£s∏Sp∂p.

Function Wizard ¬ Formula Fs∂gpXnbncn°p∂Xn\p Xmsg t^m¿ape

]Xy£s∏Sp∂XmWv. CXv t\cn´v sk√nte°v ssS∏psNbvXmepw CtX êw

e`n°p∂XmWv.

sSIvÃnse Ipdn∏ns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ BMI IpńIƒ kzbw Is≠Øs´.

CXn\p≈ kqXhmIyw ]ńIbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn a‰p IpńIfpsS BMI bpw

IW°m°p∂Xn\v Ahsc klmbn®m¬ aXnbmIpw.

klmbw: BMI ]Xy£s∏tS≠ sk√n¬ kqXhmIyw ssS∏v sNbvXv enterkey Aa¿Ønbm¬aXn. kqXhmIyØn\p apºv = Nn”w CSm≥ ad°cpXv.

sk√nse hneIƒ°p ]Icw sk¬ AU v BWv \evtI≠Xv.

DZm: =G4/(F4*F4)

BMI bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ hyXykvX Xc°mcpsS FÆw Is≠Øn

AhcpsS ioeßƒ, `£WIaw, F∂nhbpw BtcmKyhpambn XmcXayw

sNøptºmƒ hymbmaioeßƒ°v ]m[m\yw sImSp°phm≥ i≤n°Ww. Sn hn,

Iºyq´¿ F∂nhbpsS ap∂n¬ A[nIkabw sNehgn°p∂Xv AhcpsS

BtcmKysØ Fßs\bmIpw _m[n°pIsb∂v t_m[ys∏SpØm≥ A[ym]I\v

IgnbWw. CØcw Is≠ØepIƒ°v ]mapJyw e`n°p∂ coXnbnembncn°Ww

dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°m≥.

27

]h¿Ø\w 7

ae-bmfw ssS∏nwKv

C≥kvIn]v‰v

`mcXob `mjIfpsS en]nbnse kmayX Ahew_n®p≠m°nb Hcp C≥]p´v

coXnbmWv C≥UnIv kvIn]v‰v AYhm C≥kvIn]v‰v. Cu coXnbn¬ F√m

`mcXob `mjIƒ°pw Htc Io ÿm\ßfmWp≈Xv. AXpsIm≠v Hcp `mj

Adnbmsa¶n¬ F√m mjIfpw Ffp∏Øn¬ ssS∏psNømhp∂XmWv. IqSmsX,

A£cßfpsS hn\ymkw Ffp∏w Hm¿Øncn°m\pw thKØn¬

D]tbmKn°m\pw Ignbp∂ coXnbmWnXv. s^mW‰nIv, ssS∏v ssd‰¿ F∂o

C≥]p´v coXnIfpw \nehnep≠v. t\cn´v lnµn, aebmfw apXemb `mjIfn¬

ssS∏p sNøm≥ Ffp∏w C≥kvIn]v‰v coXnbmWv.

Iºyq-´-dn¬ ae-bmfw/lnµn kpK-a-ambn ssS∏p-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v Nne Iao-I-c-

W-ßƒ hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

1. Iot_m¿Uv teHuń¬ `mj Dƒs∏SpØpI.

Steps in School GNU/Linux 3.2

Desktop → Preferences → Keyboard

Layouts → Add

Available layouts : India → Malayalam (aebmfw Dƒ∏SpØp∂Xn\v)

Available layouts : India (lnµn Dƒ∏SpØp∂Xn\v)

OK

2. ]m\en¬ Iot_m¿Uv C≥Unt°‰¿ tN¿°pI.

Steps in School GNU/Linux 3.2

]m\ense Hgn™ ÿeØv Right Click sNøpI.

Add to panel skeIv‰vsNøpI. Xpd∂phcp∂ hn≥tUmbnep≈ keyboardindicator ¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Add _´¨ ¢n°psNøpI.

(D_p≠p en\Ivkn¬ CXv ]tXyIw sNtø≠Xn√).

3. Hm∏¨ Hmôkn¬ CTL(Complex Text Layout) Enable sNøpI. Tools →Option F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. XpS¿∂v hcp∂ hn≥tUmbn¬

28

Language Settings → Language IaØn¬ Enabled for complex text layoutF∂Xv tick sNbvXv OK _´¨ ¢n°psNøpI.

4. Tools → Option F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. XpS¿∂v hcp∂ hn≥tUmbn¬

OpenOffice.org Writer → Basic Fonts (CTL) IaØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv F√m

t^m≠pIfpw, Rachana B°nbXn\ptijw OK _´¨ Aa¿ØpI.

Note: ]pXnb D_p≠p en\Ivkn¬\n∂pw Rachana font tIm∏n sNbvXv

(hgn /sur/share/fontst/ruteype/ttf-indic-fonts-core/ or FhnsSbmtWm Rachanafont D≈Xv AhnsS\n∂v) 3.2 hns‚ home ¬ .fonts Fs∂mcp t^mƒUdp≠m°n

AXn¬ t]Ãv sNbvXm¬ Nne Iq´£cßƒ ssS∏psNøptºmƒ hcp∂

_p≤nap´v Hgnhm°mw.

ssÃem°mw dnt∏m¿´v

IpńIfpsS ]T\Ønse Is≠ØepIƒ ssS∏psNbvXv Xbmdm°nbXn\v

tijw amXamWv Cu mKw XpStc≠Xv. IpńIƒ FgpXnØbmdm°nb dnt∏m¿´pw

TB bn¬ X∂ncn°p∂ NnXtam IqSpX¬ `wKnbp≈ at‰sX¶nepw t]tPm

XmcXayw sNbvXv TB bnse ]h¿Ø\w ]q¿ØoIcn°mhp∂XmWv.

Bhiysa¶n¬ Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ kqN\Ifpw D]tbmKn°mw.

io¿jIßƒ°v s]mXphmb hen∏hpw ÿm\hpw BIrXnbpw thWw.

D]io¿jIßƒ°v s]mXphmb hen∏hpw ÿm\hpw BIrXnbpw thWw.

hcnIƒ°nSbn¬ A\ptbmPyamb AIew thWw.

JfinIIƒ XpSßp∂Xv Htc AIeØnembncn°Ww.

A\ptbmPyamb am¿Pn≥ thWw.

kvss‰¬kv B‚ v t^m¿am‰nwKv : Hcp tUmIypsa‚ns‚ LS\ wKnbm°phm≥

klmbn°p∂ SqfpIfmWv ChnsSbp≈Xv. kvss‰¬ \evtI≠ mKØv Igvk¿

shbv°pItbm kvss‰¬ \evtI≠ `mKw skeIv‰ v sNøpItbm

sNbvXXn\ptijw Bhiyamb kvss‰en¬ U_nƒ ¢n°p sNbvXmWv CXv

]tbmKn°p∂Xv. CXn¬ e`yamb A©pXcw kvss‰epIƒ ChbmWv.

1. ]mcKm^v kvss‰¬ : Hcp JfinIbv°v apgph≥ \evImhp∂

kvss‰epIfmWv ]mcKm^v kvss‰en¬ D≈Xv. Hcp JfinIbv°v apgph≥

Hcp ]tXyI A£c`wKntbm \ndtam Ffp∏Øn¬ \evIp∂Xn\v CXv

klmbIcamWv. skeIv‰v sNbvX JfinIIƒt°m Igvk¿ Ccn°p∂

JfinIbvt°m BWv CXv ]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

29

2. IymcIv‰¿ kvss‰¬ : Hcp A£cØnt\m hm°nt\m \evImhp∂

kvss‰epIfmWv IymcIv‰¿ kvss‰en¬ D≈Xv. io¿jIßƒ

D]io¿jIßƒ F∂nhbv°v Hcp ]tXyI A£c `wKntbm \ndtam

Ffp∏Øn¬ \evIp∂Xn\v CXv klmbIcamWv. skeIv‰vsNbvX

A£cßƒt°m Igvk¿ Ccn°p∂ A£cØnt\m BWv CXv

]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

3. s^bnw kvss‰¬ : Hcp s^bnapIƒ `wKnbm°p∂Xn\v klmbn°p∂

kvss‰epIfmWv s^bnw kvss‰en¬ D≈Xv. s^bnapIƒ°v ]tXyI

ÿm\w, hep∏w, BIrXn F∂nh Ffp∏Øn¬ \evIp∂Xn\v CXv

klmbIcamWv. s^bnw skeIv‰v sNbvXtijw kvss‰en¬ U_nƒ ¢n°p

sNbvXmWv CXv ]tbmKn°p∂Xv.

4. t]Pv kvss‰¬ : t]Pn\v \evImhp∂ hnhn[ kvss‰epIfmWv t]Pv

kvss‰en¬ D≈Xv. t]PpIƒ°v ]tXyI hep∏w, BIrXn F∂nh

Ffp∏Øn¬ \evIp∂Xn\v CXv klmbIcamWv. t]Pn¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXtijw kvss‰en¬ U_nƒ ¢n°p sNbvXmWv CXv ]tbmKn°p∂Xv.

5. enÃv kvss‰¬ : hnhn[ XcØnep≈ enÃnwKv kvss‰epIfmWv CXnep≈Xv.

JfinIIƒ°v Ffp∏Øn¬ \ΩpsS C„]Imcap≈ enÃnwKv kvss‰epIƒ

\evIp∂Xn\v CXv klmbIcamWv. skeIv‰vsNbvX JfinIIƒt°m

Igvk¿ Ccn°p∂ JfinIbvt°m BWv CXv ]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

A\p-tbm-Py-amb IymcIv‰¿ kvss‰¬, ]mcKm v kvss‰¬ F∂nh Is≠Øn

hbv°pItbm ap≥Iqń \n¿an®phbv°pItbm sNbvXXn\ptijw IpńIƒ ssS∏p

sNbvXv Xbmdm°nb dnt∏m¿ń¬ Ch Assπ sNøpIbmWv CXns‚ coXn.

hnhn[XcØnep≈ kvss‰epIƒ enÃv sNø¬

Styles and fomatting hn≥tUmbnep≈ hnhn[XcØnep≈ sF°WpIfn¬

aukv sIm≠pt]mbm¬ ChbpsS t]cpIƒ ZriyamIp∂XmWv. Bhiysa¶n¬

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ enÃpw D]tbmKn°mw.

]mcKm^v kvss‰¬

IymcIv‰¿ kvss‰¬

s^bnw kvss‰¬

t]Pv kvss‰¬

enÃv kvss‰¬

]pXnb ]mc-Km^v ssÃ¬ \n¿an-°¬

CXv Hcp JfinIbv°v apgph\mbn ]tbmKn°phm\p≈XmbXn\m¬ henb

t^m≠v D]tbmKn°mXncn°m≥ i≤n°Ww. dnt∏m¿ń\v Bhiyamb Ht∂m

30

ct≠m kvss‰¬ \n¿an®v dnt∏m¿´v wKnbm°m≥ IpńIƒ°v \n¿tZiw \evIWw.

\n¿an°p∂hn[w TB bn¬ D≠v.

]pXnb IymcŒ¿ kvss‰¬ \n¿an°¬

CXv Hcp ]ZØn\v amXambn ]tbmKn°phm\p≈XmbXn\m¬ henb

t^m≠pIfpw A\ptbmPyamb \ndßfpw D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.

tIµa¥n°v dnt∏m¿´v \evImw

lnµnbn¬ dnt∏m¿´ v Xbmdm°p∂Xn\v lnµn Iot_m¿Uv

Dƒs∏SpØWsa∂dnbmat√m. aebmfw Iot_m¿Uv Dƒ∏SpØnb coXnbn¬

Xs∂bmWv CXpw sNtø≠Xv. aptº \evInb klmbw ImWpI.

tIµa¥n°v dnt∏m¿´v Ab®psImSp°pIsb∂Xv km[yhpw IpńIƒ°v

Xm¬]cyap≈Xpamb Hcp ]h¿Ø\w BsW¶nepw CXn¬ Hcp kmt¶XnI

]iv\w D≠v. tIcfØnse ]ØmwXcØnse apgph≥ IpńIfpw GsX¶nepw

Hcp ]tXyI hy‡n°v e-mail Ab°pIbmsW¶n¬ AhcpsS mail box\ndbphm\nSbmIp∂XmWv. AXv IpńIsf t_m[ys∏SpØn \nßfpsS kvIqfnse

lnµn A[ym]I\v dnt∏m¿´v Ab®psImSp°p∂Xmbncn°pw DØaw.

Hcp hy‡n°v e-mail Bbn dnt∏m¿´v Ab®psImSp°Wsa¶n¬ Nne

Imcyßƒ BhiyamWv.

1. dnt∏m¿ v Abt°≠ Bfn\pw e`nt°≠ Bfn\pw email ID D≠mbncn°Ww.

2. dnt∏m¿´v e`nt°≠ Bfns‚ email ID Abt°≠ Bfn\v e`yamIWw.

]n Un F^v ^bepIfm°mw

Hcp ^b¬ C˛-sabnen¬ A‰m®v sNbvXv Ab®psImSpØm¬ AXv

hmbn°p∂h¿°p≠mIp∂ _p≤nap´pIƒ IpńIƒ N¿®bneqsS Is≠Øs´.

Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ kqN\IfneqsS N¿® \nb¥n°mhp∂XmWv.

ChnsS D]tbmKn® Bπnt°j≥ AhnsS D≠mhWsa∂n√

AhnsS D]tbmKn°p∂ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw CXv Xs∂ BhWsa∂n√

ChnsS D]tbmKn® `mj B knÃØn¬ D≠mhWsa∂n√

ChnsS D]tbmKn® t^m≠v B knÃØn¬ D≠mhWsa∂n√

Cu ^bens\ as‰mcp ^bem°n am‰phm≥ IgnbWsa∂n√.

31

]ńI ]qcn-∏n°q...

]qcn-∏n® ]ńI Xmsg \¬Ip-∂p.

en\Ivkn¬ km[mcW D≠mhp∂ ]nUnF^v hyqh¿ BWv tUmIypsa‚ v

hyqh¿ AYhm evince. Hcp ^b¬ kzm`mhnIambn tUmIypsa‚ v hyqhdn¬

Xpd∂phcp∂ns√¶n¬ ^ben¬ Right Click sNbvXv Open With OtherApplication → Use a custom command F∂ IaØn¬ evince F∂v

ssS∏psNbvXv Xpd∂pt\m°mhp∂XmWv. Cu BhiyØn\p]tbmKn°mhp∂

as‰mcp tkm^v‰vshbdmWv xpdf.

]nUnF^v ^bepIƒ°v [mcmfw ta∑Ifp≠v Ahbn¬ NneXv i≤n°q.

1. Cu ^bepIƒ GXv Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØnepw Xpd∂v hmbn°phm≥

km[n°p∂p.

2 Cu ^bepIƒ°v XmcXtay\ hep∏w IpdhmWv

3. Cu ^bepIƒ am‰w hcpØphm≥ Ffp∏a√mØXn\m¬ kpc£nXamWv.

4. an°hmdpw F√m tUmIypsa‚pIfpw ]nUnF^v cq]-Øn-te°v am‰phm≥

km[yamWv.

^b¬

FIvkvs‰≥j≥

icnbmbn

]h¿Øn∏n°mhp∂ Bπnt°j≥

.xcf GIMP

.odt Open Office Writer

.png Image Viewer, Gimp

.pdf Document Viewer, xpdf

.ods Open Office Calc

.mp3 Xmms, vlc

.jpg Gimp, Image Viewer

.xls Open Office Calc, Excel

.doc Open Office Writer, Word

.mpg vlc, movie player, Media Player

.html Mozilla Firefox, Epiphany, Opera, Internet Explorer etc.

.txt Gedit, notepad etc.

32

5. sshdkpIƒ BIan°phm≥ km[yX IpdhmWv.

6. ]nUnF^v hyqhdpIƒ hneboSm°msX e`yamWv.

]n‚v IaoIcWßƒ

]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\v knÃØn¬ ]n‚¿ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXncn°Ww.

]n‚ v \n¿tZiw \evInbn´pw ]n‚ v hcp∂ns√¶n¬ File → Print coXnbntem

Ctrl+P tjm¿´vI´v D]tbmKnt®m ]n‚ v \n¿tZiw t]mbncn°p∂Xv Dt±in®

]n‚dnte°p Xs∂bs√ F∂v ]cntim[n°mhp∂XmWv.

dnt∏m¿´hXcn∏n°m≥ ]kt‚j≥

]kt‚j\n¬ t\cnt´m en¶v hgntbm hoUntbm Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

knÃØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ F√m audio/video ^bepIfpw en¶v hgn

]kt‚j\n¬ Dƒ∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. ]kt‚j\n¬ ^b¬

]h¿Øn°p∂ns√¶n¬, B ^ben¬ ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv propetryskeIv‰vsNbvXv open with ¬ player am‰n ]cntim[n°mhp∂XmWv. Hm∏¨

Hmôkn¬ A\phZn®ncn°p∂ ^bepIƒ amXta ]kt‚j\n¬ t\cn´v

Dƒs∏SpØphm≥ km[n°pIbp≈q.

en¶v hgn ]kt‚j\n¬ Dƒ∏SpØp∂ coXn.

Insert → Hyperlink F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXm¬ e`n°p∂ hn¬tUmbn¬

CSXp`mKsØ Document ¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Path, Text Ch \evIn Apply _´¨

¢n°psN-øp-I.

33

3. KWnX IuXp-I-ßƒ

BapJw

hnhc hn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy A`ykn°p∂ Hcp Ipń, B hnjbØnse

X\Xmb ss\]pWnIƒ B¿Pn°p∂tXmsSm∏w Xs∂, CXchnjbßfpsS ]T\w

IqSn km[n°Ø°hn[ap≈ ]mTmkqXWw Xo¿®bmbpw Hcp sh√phnfnbmWv.

]t£ AXv XnI®pw Akm[ya√ Xs∂. hnhc hn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS

A`yk\w t\Sns°mSp°p∂ tijnIƒ CØcw kt¶XßfpsS ]T\ØneqsSbpw

t\SnsbSp°mhp∂tXbp≈p.

IpńIƒ hnZym`ymk aqeyßƒ B¿Pn°p∂Xv D≈S°Øns‚ anIhn\∏pdw,

]T\Øns‚bpw A[ym]I≥ kr„n°p∂ A¥co£Øns‚bpw

Imcy£aXbnemWv. Ah¿°v Xmev]cyapfhm°p∂ ]T\m¥co£w ¢mkpIfn¬

kr„ns®Spt°≠Xv AXpsIm≠pXs∂ A[ym]Is‚ BhiyamWv.

Iºyq´dpIfpw PntbmPn_ t]mep≈ tkm^v‰v-shbdpIfpw a‰p A\p_‘

D]IcWßfpw CØcsamcp Xmev]cyØns‚ A¥co£w D≠m°p∂p≠v.

ChbneqsS BI¿jIambpw IrXyXtbmsSbpw ]T\-t_m[\ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

\SØm\mIpw.

]T\ e£yßƒ

PntbmPn_ tkm^v‰v-shb¿ SqfpIƒ ]cnNbn°pIbpw Ahbv°v hnhn[

kmlNcyßfnep≈ ]tbmKßƒ Xncn®dnbpIbpw sNøpI. Cu SqfpIƒ

D]tbmKn°p∂Xn¬ ]mhoWyw t\SpI.

PntbmPn_ D]tbmKn®v KWnX \n¿anXnIƒ Xømdm°pI. Ahbn¬ \n∂v

KWnX Bibßƒ cq]oIcn°pI. cq]oIcn® Bibw Hcp s]mXpXXzamtWm

F∂v ]cntim[n°pI. Ah a‰p \n¿anXnIfn¬ D]tbmKn°pI.

KWnX imkvXØn\p ]pdta, a‰p hnjbßfnepw km[yamb

]T\]h¿Ø\ßƒ PntbmPn_bn¬ Xbmdm°pI. Xbmdm°nb

\n¿anXnIƒ XpS¿ ]T\]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v D]tbmKn°pI.

]T\ hnjbßƒ°p ]pdsa PntbmPn_ D]tbmKn°mhp∂ CSßƒ

Xncn®dnbpI. AØcw kµ¿`ßƒ°v tbmPn® \n¿anXnIƒ Xbmdm°pI.

D≈S° hniIe\w

PymanXob cq]ßƒ \n¿Ωn°p∂Xn\pw ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\pap≈

Iºyq´¿ t]mKmapIfmWv C‚dmIv‰ohv PymanXn tkm^v‰v-shbdpIƒ. Ne\

NnXßsfbpw (Video) \n›e NnXßtfbpw XmcXays∏SpØp∂Xp

34

t]msebmWv C‚dmIv‰ohv tkm^v‰v-shbdpIsfbpw PymanXob NnXßsfbpw

XmcXays∏SpØp∂Xv. (Dynamic geometry is to geometry as movies are tophotographs). Cßs\bp≈ F√m t]mKmapIfnepw _nµp°ƒ, hcIƒ,

hrØßƒ XpSßnb ASnÿm\ cq]ßfpw XpS¿∂v Ahsb B[mcam°n

IqSpX¬ k¶o¿Wamb a‰p \n¿anXnIfpw Xbmdm°mw. Cu \n¿anXnIfn¬ \n∂pw

cq]oIcn°mhp∂ PymanXob Bibßƒ B cq]-Øn\v hen∏, ÿm\, BIrXn

hyXymkw hcp-tºmgpw icnbmIptam F∂p ]cntim[n°pIbpw sNømw.

\n¿an®ncn°p∂ _nµp°fpsS ÿm\w kzX¥ambn am‰m≥

Ignbp∂XpsIm≠mWv CXp km[yamhp∂Xv.

1980 IfpsS BZy ]mZØn¬ \n¿an°s∏´ PntbmsaSnIv kt∏mk¿ BWv

C‚dmIv‰ohv PymanXn tkm^v‰v-shbdpIfn¬ BZytØXv. XpS¿∂v Im_n,

tUmbnMv tPymsaSn (Dr. Geo), sI C‚dmIv‰ohv PymanXn (KIG), Im¿sa‰¬,

PntbmPn_, PntbmsaSnb, kn≥sUd√ XpSßn At\IsaÆw cq]w sIm≠p.

Ch ·q / en\Ivkv, hn≥tUmkv, a°nt‚mjv XpSßn ]e Hm∏td‰nMv knÃßfn¬

]h¿Øn°p∂hbmWv. Im_n, kn≥sUd√ t]mep≈ s]mss]‰dn tkm^v‰v-

shbdpIfpw Iq´Ønep≠v. Dr. Geo, Kig, Carmetal, GeoGebra, Geometria F∂nh

kzX¥ tkm^v‰v-shbdpIfmWv.

http://www.wikipedia/List_of_interactive_geometry_software.html F∂

AU n¬ H´\h[n PymanXob tkm^v‰v-shbdpIsf°pdn®p≈ XmcXayw

ImWmw.

PntbmPn_

PymanXn, _oP KWnXw (Algebra), Ie\w (Calculus) F∂o KWnX

imJIsf ka\zbn∏n®ncn°p∂ Hcp KWnX ]T\ tkm^v‰v -shbdmWv

NnXw 3.1

35

PntbmPn_. ss]adn ¢mkp apX¬ bqWnthgvkn‰n hsc ]Tn°p∂

hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw ]T\-t_m[\ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°mbn Cu

tkm^v‰v-shb¿ D]tbmKn°m\mIpw. Atacn°≥ t]mKmadmb io. a¿Ipkv

tlmh≥hm¿S¿ 2001/2002 ¬ km¬kv_¿Kv bq\nthgvknddnbn¬ KWnXimkvXhpw

Iºyq´¿ kb≥kpw hnjbßfmb amkvt‰gvkv UnKn°p ]Tn°ptºmƒ

AhXcn∏n® KthjW ]_‘amWv Cu tkm^v‰v-shbdns‚ ASnÿm\

Bibw. At±lhpw anJ-tb¬ t_m¿sj-Unkv AS-°-ap≈ a‰p kl

t]mKma¿amcpw Cu tkm^v‰v-shb¿ Ct∏mgpw sa®s∏SpØns°m≠ncn°p∂p.

kvIqƒ ·q/en\Ivkn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈ 3.2 ]Xn∏mWv ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

\mw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv.

H≥]Xmw ¢mknse hnZym¿YnIƒ°v AƒPn_ PmeIhpw tIm¿Unt\‰v

A£ßfpw Bhiyan√t√m. View → Axes, View → Algebraic view F∂o

sa\pIfnep≈ sN°p am¿°pIƒ Hgnhm°p∂XneqsS \ap°v Ch ths≠∂p

shbv°m\mIpw. Ch C√mØ PmeIw ÿncambn sk‰p sNøp∂Xn\v Options→ Save settings F∂ coXn D]tbmKn°mw.

PntbmPn_ F∂ tkm^v‰v-shbdn¬ Hcp NnXw hc°p∂Xv Fßs\ F∂v

ImWn°p∂Xn\v amXambn Hcp ]T\ ]h¿Ø\hpw sNtø≠Xn√ F∂mWv

Cu A[ymbØns‚ s]mXp kao]\w. GsX¶nepw Hcp Bibw hn\nabw

sNøm\pt±in®p≈Xmbncn°Ww samØw ]mTmkqXWw. ]pkvXIØn¬

]Xn]mZn®n´p≈ ]T\hkvXp°sf kw_‘n®p≈ A[nI hmb\°p≈hbmWv

Xmsg ]dbp∂ Imcyßƒ. hniZamb ]mTmkqXWØn\mbn A\p_‘ambn

tN¿Øncn°p∂ kne_kv KnUv ImWpI.

_lp`pPßƒ

c≠n¬ IqSpX¬ t\¿hißfp≈ AS™ cq]ßfmWv _lp`pPßƒ.

Ahbvs°√mw FX hißfpt≠m AXbpw Dƒt°mWpIfpw D≠mbncn°pw.

AS™ cq]ßfmbXn\m¬ Chsb√mw \n›nX Afhv ]c∏v

Dƒs°m≈p∂hbmWv.

NnXw 3.2

36

]t£, apI-fn¬ ImWp∂Xpt]mse ]c∏n\ItØ°v Ipgn™ncn°p∂

cq]ßƒ KWnX imkvX]cambn _lp`pPßfmbn ]cnKWn°mdn√.

]e Xcw _lp`pPßƒ, AhbpsS Dƒt°mWpIƒ, hißfpsS \ofßƒ,

Np‰fhv , ]c∏fhv XpSßnbh N¿®sNøWw. Htc Sqƒ Xs∂ ]e

kmlNcyßƒ°\pkcn®v D]tbmKnt°≠Xv Fßs\ (DZmlcWambn Distanceor length Sqƒ _lp`pPØn\IØp ¢n°psNbvXm¬ Np‰fhv, hiØn\p apIfn¬

¢n°p sNbvXm¬ hiØns‚ \ofw F∂nßs\bmbncn°pw e`n°pI) F∂Xp

IpńIfnsetØ≠ BibamWv.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 1

Hcp XntImWw \n¿an°mw. (tool: Group 5, polygon) AXnse Hmtcm

hiØnt‚bpw a[y_nµp ASbmfs∏SpØWw. (tool: Group 2, midpoint orcentre) C\n GsX¶nepw c≠v hißfpsS a[y _nµphneqsSbp≈ ew_ßƒ

hc°pI. (tool: Group 4, perpendicular line) CXv Hcp _nµphn¬ k‘n°p∂p.

aq∂masØ hiØn\pw a[y ew_w hc°mw. CXv GXv _nµphn¬ IqSn IS∂p

t]mIpw? Cu _nµp tIµam°n GsX¶nepw Hcp io¿jØneqsS Hcp hrØw

hcbv°mw. (tool: Group 6, circle with centre and through a point) F¥mWv Cu

NnXw 3.3

NnXw 3.4

37

hrØØns‚ ]tXyIX? F√m Xcw XntImWßƒ°pw CXv _m[IamIptam ?

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 2

ta¬ ]d™ ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ XntImWØnse hißfpsS a[y

_nµphneqsSbp≈ ew_Øn\p ]Icw Hmtcm hiØnt‚bpw

FXn¿aqebneqsSbp≈ ew_ambmtem? (tool: Group 4, perpendicular line). Ch

k‘n°ptºmƒ e`n°p∂Xv D∂XnIfpsS kwKa _nµphmWv. C\n D∂XnIƒ°v

]Icw tImWpIfpsS ka`mPnIfmbmtem? (tool: Group 4, angle bisector).CØcw tNmZyßƒ kzbw tNmZn°p∂Xn\pw PntbmPn_ D]tbmKn®v Ah

]cntim[n°p∂Xn\pw IpńIsf t]m¬kmln∏n°Ww.

_lp`pPßfpsS hnI¿Wßƒ

Hcp _lp`pPØn¬ hcbv°mhp∂ hnI¿WßfpsS FÆhpw hißfpsS

FÆhpw XΩnep≈ _‘amWv hniIe\w sNtø≠Xv. ]eXcw _lp`pPßƒ

hcbv°pIbpw ]ńIs∏SpØpIbpw sNøWw. Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂ NnXßƒ

t\m°pI.

s]mXpth, n hißfp≈ Hcp _lp`pPØns‚ Hcp io¿jØn¬ \n∂pw

n-3 FÆw hnI¿Wßƒ hcbv°m\mIpw. n hißfp≈ Hcp _lp`pPØn¬

hcbv°mhp∂ BsI hnI¿Wßƒ BWv.

NnXw 3.5

NnXw 3.6

38

_lp`pPØns‚ io¿jßfpsS t]cpIƒ

Hcp XntImWw \n¿an°ptºmƒ AXns‚ io¿jßƒ°v A, B, C Ft∂m

P, Q, R Ft∂m at‰m (km[mcWbmbn Cw•ojv henb A£cßƒ) t]cp

sImSp°mdp≠v. Hcp XntImWØns‚ io¿jßƒ°v A, B, C F∂mWv t]cp

sImSpØncn°p∂sX¶n¬ AXns\ ∆ABC F∂p hnfn°p∂p.

PntbmPn_bn¬ Hcp cq]w \n¿an°ptºmƒ Xs∂ io¿jßƒ°v t]cv

sImSp°s∏Sp∂p≠v. Chsb tkm^v‰v-shb¿ X\nsb ]Z¿in∏n°p∂n√ F¶n¬

Xmsg ]dbp∂ coXnbn¬ \ap°v Cu t]cpIƒ ]Z¿in∏n°mw.

io¿jØns‚ apIfn¬ heXp aukv _´≥ Aa¿Øptºmƒ ]Xy£s∏Sp∂

sa\phn¬\n∂pw Object Properties F∂bn\w sXcs™Sp°Ww.

io¿jØns‚ t]cv apIfn¬ ]Z¿in∏n®ncn°p∂Xv t\m°pI. Bhiysa¶n¬

Cu t]cv \ap°v am‰n sImSp°pIbpw sNømw.

Cu t]cv ]Z¿in∏n°m≥ show label F∂Xn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv Name F∂Xv

sXcs™Sp°pI.

t]cn\p ]Icw Move Me ! F∂mWv ]Z¿in∏nt°≠Xv F¶n¬ CaptionF∂bnSØv Cu hmNIw ssS∏p sNbvX tijw show label F∂Xn¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXv Caption F∂Xv sXcs™Sp°pI.

NnXßtfmsSm∏w hniZoIcWßfpw

\nco£Wßsf ImcyamX]k‡amb ]kvXmh\Ifmbn FgpXpI F∂Xv

Xo¿®bmbpw t\tS≠ ss\]pWnbmWv. IpńIsfs°m≠v ]kvXmh\Ifpw

\nco£Wßfpw hniZoIcW°pdn∏pIfpw FgpXn°Ww. NnXßtfmsSm∏w Cu

hniZoIcWßfpw \n¿anXnbn¬ Xs∂ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\v sSIvÃv Sqƒ

D]tbmKn°mw. ChnsS \ap°v ]cnanXamb coXnbn¬ aebmfØnep≈

hnhcßfpw Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

NnXw 3.7

39

kvIqƒ ·q/ en\Ivkn¬ tN¿Øncn°p∂ PntbmPn_ 3.2 ]Xn∏n¬ tkm v‰v-

shb¿ `mjbmbn aebmfw Dƒs∏SpØnbnń√. tkm^v‰v-shb¿ PmeIØnse

Options → Languages F∂ sa\p ImWpI. PntbmPn_bnse C\n hcp∂

]Xn∏pIfn¬ aebmfw Dƒs∏SpØpw F∂p ]Xo£n°mw. PntbmPn_ Hcp

kzX¥ tkm^v‰v-shb¿ BbXn\m¬ sa®s∏SpØepw ]mtZinIh¬°cWhpw

Pmhm t]mKmanßv `mj Adnbmhp∂h¿°v sNømhp∂tXbp≈p. kzX¥

tkm^v‰v-shbdpIfpsS km[yXIsf°pdn®v IpńItfmSv ]dbp∂Xn\v Cu

kmlNcyw D]tbmKs∏SpØpat√m.

aebmfØnep≈ hnhcßƒ, Ah Dƒs∏SpØm\p≈ sSIvÃv

PmeIØn¬sh®v hmbn°m\mhns√¶nepw XeØn¬ tN¿Øp Ign™m¬

hmbn°m\mIpw. ]t£, ChnsS sh®v \ap°v A£cßfpsS t^m≠v am‰m\mhn√.

XeØnep≈ Hcp sSIvÃns‚ Properties FSpØv AXn¬ Text F∂ Sm_v

]cntim[n°pI. IqSpX¬ `wKnbp≈ sSIvÃv Dƒs∏SpØWsa¶n¬ thUv

t]mkkdntem at‰sX¶nepw aebmfw ssS∏p sNømhp∂ tkm^v‰v-shbdntem

Xbmdm°nb hcnIfpsS kvIo≥tjm´pIƒ \ap°v NnXßƒt]mse

Dƒs∏SpØmw. kvIo≥ tjm´pIƒ Xbmdm°p∂Xn\mbn sI kv\m]vtjm´v F∂

kvIo≥ Im]vNyq¿ tkm^v‰ v -shb¿ D]tbmKn°mw. sIkv\m]vtjm´v

D]tbmKn°p∂Xns\°pdn®p≈ hnhcßƒ°mbn Iºyq´dpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv

F∂ ]mT`mKw ImWpI.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 3

Hcp XntImWw hcbv°pI. CXns‚ Hcp hiw \oń hcbv°pI. (tool:Group 3, ray through two points) Cu hiØp≈ XntImWØns‚ _mlytIm¨

ASbmfs∏SpØpI (tool: Group 8, Angle). \oń hc® io¿jØn\v FXn¿

hiØp≈ c≠v Dƒt°mWpIfpw Afs∂gpXpI. Cu tImWpIfpsS XpI

FXbmbncn°pw? Cu XpIbpw _mlytImWns‚ Afhpw XΩnse¥p _‘amWv

NnXw 3.8

40

ImWp∂Xv? sSIvÃv tN¿°p∂ kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v \n¿anXnbpsS hißfn¬

Xs∂ Cu Is≠Ø¬ Dƒs∏SpØpI.

sSIvÃpw kahmIyßfpw

PntbmPn_bnte°v KWnX hmIyßƒ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp

]h¿Ø\w ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ ]Xn]mZn°p∂p≠v. ]mT]pkvXIØnteXn\v

kam\amb as‰mcp ]h¿Ø\amWv Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂Xv.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 4

Hcp XntImWw hcbv°pI. CXns‚ aq∂p hißƒ \oń hcbv°pI. (tool:Group 3, ray through two points) Cu hißfn¬ XntImWØns‚ aq∂p

_mlytImWpIfpw ASbmfs∏SpØpI. Cu tImWpIfpsS XpI

FXbmbncn°pw? sSIvÃv tN¿°p∂ kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v \n¿anXnbpsS

hißfn¬ Xs∂ Cu Is≠Ø¬ Dƒs∏SpØpI. XntImWØn\v ]Icw

NXp¿`pPambncp∂mtem? ]©`pPamsW¶n¬?

tImWpIfpsS hne FgpXn Iq´ptºmƒ ]et∏mgpw sNdnb sX‰pIƒ

hcmdp≠v. ]mtbmKnI kµ¿`ßfn¬ hcp∂ ]q¿W kwJyIf√mØ hneIsf

c≠p Zimwiÿm\ßfnte°v ]cnanXs∏SpØptºmƒ hcp∂XmWnXv

(Rounding error). IqSpX¬ IrXyamb êw In´p∂Xn\mbn Options →Rounding F∂bnSØv Zimwi ÿm\ßfpsS FÆw h¿[n∏n°mw.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 5

Hcp XntImWØnse sNdnb c≠p hißfpsS XpI F√mbvt]mgpw henb

hiØnt\°mƒ IqSpXembncn°ptam F∂ efnXamb Hcp KWnX ]iv\w

]cnKWn°mw.

Xmsg°mWp∂Xpt]mse Hcp XntImWw hc-bv°p-I. NnXØn\v heXp

NnXw 3.9

41

hitØ°v a bptSbpw b bptSbpw hneIƒ FSpsØgpXn Iqń t\m°Ww.

NnXØn¬ am‰w hcpØptºmƒ ChbpsS hneIƒ IqsS amdpIbpw thWw.

t]mfnK¨ Sqƒ FSpØv Hcp XntImWw hc®p sIm≠v \ap°v XpSßmw.

Hmtcm hiØnt‚bpw t]cpw Afhpw heXp aukv _´≥ sa\phnse Objectproperties → Show label → Name & Value F∂ coXnbn¬ ]Z¿in∏n°Ww.

C\n NnXØnse hneIƒ CSXp hiØp FSpsØgpXn Iqń t\m°Ww

F∂ncn°s´. CXn\v PntbmPn_bn¬ t^m¿apeIƒ FgpXp∂ kt¶Xw

D]tbmKn°mw.

Insert Text Sqƒ FSpØv NnXØns‚ CSXp hiØv Hgn™ Hcp ÿew

Nq≠n ImWn®p XpSßmw. sSIvÃv ssS∏p sNøp∂Xn\mbn ]Xy£s∏Sp∂

PmeIØn¬ a= F∂ tN¿°mw. XpS¿∂v a bpsS hne IqSn ¢n°p sNbvXp

ImWn®p sImSp°I. CtX coXnbn¬ b, c F∂nhbpw ]Z¿in∏n°mw.

C\n \ap°v sNdnb hißfmb abpw c bpw Iqń FgpXmw.

a + c = 4.66 + 3.73 = 9.56

NnXw 3.10

NnXw 3.11

42

F∂v c≠v hcnbmbn ]Z¿in∏n°Ww.

CXn\mbn ho≠pw sSIvÃv Sqƒ Xs∂ FSp°mw. ¢n°p sNøptºmƒ e`n°p∂

PmeIØn¬ “a + c =” F∂v ssS∏p sNøpI. am‰an√msX Xs∂

]Z¿in∏nt°≠Xn\m¬ D≤cWn Nn”ßƒ tN¿°m≥ ad°cpXv. C\n \ap°v

c≠p Ncßsf Iqń tbmPn∏n°Ww. + Nn”amWv CXn\v D]tbmKnt°≠Xv.

“a+c = ” + a + “ + ” + c . CSbv°p≈ + Nn”Øn\pw D≤cWn tN¿Øncn°p∂Xv

AXpw am‰an√msX ]Z¿in∏n°p∂Xn\mWv. a+c=, a, +, c F∂nhbmWv ChnsS

Hcpan®v tN¿Øncn°p∂Xv. C\n ASpØ hcnbn¬ CXns\ IqńsbgpXmw. AXn\v

“=”+(a+c) F∂ hmIyw aXnbmIpw. hmIyØns‚ bp‡n hniZoIcnt°≠Xn√t√m.

XntImWØns‚ io¿jßƒ Move Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v am‰n ]e

XntImWßƒ D≠m°nbm¬ t]mepw Cu ]tXyIX ]k‡amWv F∂pw

\nco£n°mat√m.

ss…UdpIƒ

C‚dmIv‰ohv PymanXn tkm v‰v-shbdpIfpsS lrZb`mKamWv ss…UdpIƒ.

PymanXnbn¬ amXa√, a‰p hnjbßfpsS ]T\-t_m[\ ]Inbbnepw Cu Sqfn\v

D]tbmKßƒ Is≠Øm\mIpw. ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ sImSpØn´p≈Xn\p ]pdta

H≥]Xmw ¢mknse KWnX A[ym]I klmbnbn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp \n¿anXn

Xmsg sImSp°p∂p.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 6

Xmsg∏dbp∂ ]h¿Ø\w sNbvXv \nßfpsS I≠p]nSpØw Hcp

]kvXmh\bmbn A]v-se‰n¬ Dƒs∏SpØpI.

NnXw 3.12

43

1. 3 apX¬ 100 hsc am‰mhp∂Xpw G‰w 1 BbXpamb a F∂ ss…U¿

\n¿an°pI

2. A hrØtIµhpw B hrØØnse Hcp _nµphpw Bb Hcp hrØw hc®v

AXn¬ C F∂ _nµp ASbmfs∏SpØpI.

3. tIµØn¬ Angle with Given Size Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v (360/a)o BIØ°hn[w

tIm¨ CACI hc°pI

4. C, CI F∂o _nµp°ƒ io¿jw BI-Ø-°-hn[w Regular Polygon SqƒD]tbmKn®v Hcp _lp-`pPw hc-bv°p-I. hißfpsS FÆw a Bbncn°-Ww.

5. ]c∏fhv ImWp∂Xn\p≈ Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v hrØØnt‚bpw

ka_lp`pPØnt‚bpw ]c∏fhv ImWpI. ss…U¿ \o°n a bpsS hne

am‰n t\m°pI.

io¿j-ß-fpsS FÆw IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu c≠v ]c-∏-f-hp-Ifpw XΩn¬

F¥p-_-‘-amWv Is≠-Øm-\m-hpI?

ta¬]d™ ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ ss…Udn¬ FSpØXv Hcp kwJymhnebmWv

(Number). tImWfhpIfn¬ ss…U¿ D]tbmKn°p∂ a‰p Nne \n¿anXnIƒ

IqSn Xmsg sImSp°p∂p.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 7

Hcp Dƒt°mWns‚ Afhv ss…Udp]tbmKn®v \nb¥n°mhp∂ Hcp

XntImWw \n¿an°pI. Xmsg ]dbp∂ ]h¿Ø\ Iaw D]tbmKn°mw.

1. XeØn¬ Hcp ss…U¿ Dƒs∏SpØn AXn¬ tImWfhv (Angle) F∂bn\w

sXscs™Sp°pI.

2. ss…Udns‚ hne 0O sXm´v 180O hscbmbn ]cnanXs∏SpØpI.

NnXw 3.13

44

3. XntImWØns‚ ]mZhiw hcbv°pI. (tool: Group 3 , Segment betweentwo points)

4. ]mZØns‚ BZy io¿jØn¬ ss…Udns‚ hne tImWfhmIØ° hn[w

Hcp tIm¨ \n¿an°pI. (tool: Group 8, Angle with given size). BZy

io¿jØn¬ tIm¨ \n¿an°m≥, ]mZØns‚ c≠masØ io¿jw apXemWv

_nµp°ƒ am¿°p sNbvXp XpStß≠Xv F∂v ]tXyIw Hm¿°pat√m.

5. Ct∏mƒ e`n® _nµphpw ]mZØns‚ io¿jßfpw tbmPn∏n®v XntImWw

]q¿Ønbm°pI. Cßs\ hcbv°ptºmƒ ka]m¿iz XntImWambncn°pw

e`n°pI. Aßs\b√mØ Hcp XntImWw \n¿an°m≥, c≠p

_nµp°fneqsSbpw Hcp hc \oń hc®v (tool: Group 3, ray through two points)AXn¬ aq∂masØ _nµp ASbmfs∏SpØnbm¬ aXnbt√m.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 8

Hcp XntImWØns‚ F√m Dƒt°mWpIfpw 90o bn¬ XmsgbmsW¶n¬

B XntImWsØ \yq\ XntImWw (Acute triangle) F∂mWv hnfn°mdp≈Xv.

Hcp tIm¨ 90o Bbm¬ AXns\ a´XntImWsa∂pw (Right triangle), 90o

bn¬ IqSpXembm¬ _rlXv XntImWw (Obtuse triangle) F∂pw hnfn°p∂p.

tImWns‚ Afhv ss…Udp]tbmKn®v \nb¥n°mhp∂ Hcp XntImWw

\n¿an°pI. tImWfhn\\pkcn®p≈ XntImWØns‚ t]cv \n¿anXnbpsS Hcp

hiØp Xs∂ Afh\pkcn®v amdp∂hn[w ImWn°pIbpw thWw. (]mT

]pkvXIØnse t_mIvkn\IØp≈ `mjm NcnXØnep≈ ]h¿Ø\w

ImWpI.)

ssUtej≥

Dilation F∂ hm°v Atacn°≥ Cw•ojmWv. _nójv Cw•ojn¬

NnXw 3.14

45

Enlargement F∂mWv ]Icw hm°v. CØcw hm°pIƒ A]cnNnXambn

tXm∂p∂psh¶n¬ tkm v‰v-shbdns‚ mj am‰mhp∂XmWv. Tools → LanguagesF∂ sa\phn¬ \n∂pw \ap°Xp sNømw. Hcp cq]Øn\v as‰mcp cq]Øn¬

\n∂p≈ AIeØn\v B\p]mXnIambmWv cq]ßƒ hepXm°s∏Sp∂Xv. Xmsg

sImSpØncn°p∂Xv Cu Sqfns‚ as‰mcp ]tbmKamWv.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 9

Hcp ]©`pPØns‚ hnI¿Ww \ap°v ssUtej≥ kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v

hcbv°mw. ]h¿Ø\ Iaw Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂p.

1. Hcp ]©`pPw hcbv°pI.

2. 0 apX¬ 1 hsc hneIƒ

kzoIcn°p∂ Hcp \º¿ ss…U¿

(a) \n¿an°pI

3. ]©`pPØns‚ GsX¶nepw Hcp

io¿jsØ as‰mcp io¿jw

B[mcam°n a aSßv ssUte‰p

sNøpI.

4. Ct∏mƒ e`n°p∂ _nµphns‚

Trace on sNøpI. (_nµphns\ Hcp hc D]tbmKn®v io¿jhp

ambn tbmPn∏n®mepw aXnbmIpw)

5. ss…Udnse Animation on F∂Xp IqSn ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°pI. tSkv

sNbvXp≠mb hc IfbWsa∂ps≠¶n¬, Ctrl+f F∂o IoIƒ D]tbm

Kn°mw.

PntbmPn_bpsS a‰p]tbmKßƒ

Hcp hkvXphn\v km[mcW

KXnbnep≈ D]tbmKØn\p ]pdsa

a‰t\Iw D]tbmKßƒ IqSn

I≠Øm\mIpw. Cßs\ PntbmPn_

bv°pw km[mcWbn¬ \n∂pw

hyXykvXamb ]tbmKßƒ

Is≠Øm\mIpw. DZmlcWambn Cu

tkm^v‰ v -shbdn¬ \n¿an® ]h¿

Øn°p∂ Hcp t¢m°ns‚ NnXw

t\m°pI.

NnXw 3.15

NnXw 3.16

46

http://www.geogebra.org/en/wiki/index.php/Asπ‰pIƒ F∂

sh_vssk‰n¬ \ap°nXp ImWmw. CØcw ]h¿Ø\ßƒ kzbw Is≠Øn

sNøp∂Xv IpńIfnep≈ _lpapJ _p≤ni‡nbpsS ]Xy£Ønep≈

]tbmKamWv. Ah Is≠Øp∂Xn\pw t]m¬kmln∏n

°p∂Xn\pw A[ym]I¿ ]tXyIw i≤nt°≠Xp≠v.

\n¿anXnIƒ tkhp sNøp∂Xpw FIvkv t]m¿´v sNøp∂Xpw

PntbmPn_bn¬ Xbmdm°nb ^bepIƒ ·q/en\Ivkn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂

at‰sXmcp tkm^v‰v-shbdnteXpt]msebpw tkhp sNøm≥ km[n°pw. Cu

tkm^v‰v-shbdns‚ X\Xp ^b¬ t^m¿am‰v .ggb F∂XmWv. Cu t^m¿am‰n¬

tkhv sNøptºmƒ NnXßfpw \n¿anXnIfpw ho≠pw PntbmPn_bn¬ Xpd∂v

am‰ßƒ hcpØp∂Xn\p≈ km[yXbpw kwc£n°s∏Sp∂p.

imkvX hnjbßfn¬ ]co£m tNmZyßfpw a‰pw Xbmdm°ptºmƒ

Ahbn¬ Dƒs∏SptØ≠ NnXßfpw UbKßfpw hcbv°m\pw PntbmPn_

D]tbmKn°mw. ChnsS \ap°v NnXw Xbmdm°n Ign™ tijw ho≠pw AXnse

(PntbmPn_bn¬ \mw sNøp∂Xp t]mse) hcIfpw _nµp°fpw

Nen∏nt°≠Xn√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ NnXØn\v .ggb t^m¿am‰ns‚

Bhiyhpan√. Hcp tkm^v‰v-shbdn¬ Xbmdm°nb ^b¬ AXns‚ X\Xp

t^m¿am‰nte°√msX as‰m∂nte°v tkhp sNøp∂Xns\ FIvkvt]m¿´v

F∂mWv kmt¶XnIambn hnfn°p∂Xv. tNmZy°SemkpIfnte°p≈ NnXßƒ

.png t^m¿am‰nte°v FIvkvt]m¿ v sNbvXv D]tbmKn°mw. NnXw hc®p Ign™v,

File → Export → Graphic View as Picture F∂ coXnbn¬ \ap°nXp sNømw.

Dr. Geo, Kig XpSßnb a‰p PymaoXob tkm^v‰v-shbdpIsf At]£n®v

PntbmPn_bpsS ta∑ AXnep≠m°p∂ ^bepIsf sh_v t]PpIfmbn (htmlt^m¿am‰nte°v) FIvkvt]m¿´p sNøm≥ km[n°pw F∂XmWv.

PntbmPn_bnep≈ \n¿anXnIƒ sh_v t]Pv Bbn FIvkvt]m¿´p sNbvXm¬

e`n°p∂ ^bens\ PntbmPn_ A]v -se‰ v F∂p hnfn°mw.

NnXw 3.17

47

H∂ne[nIw A]v-se‰pIsf hnjbØns‚ A\pIaa\pkcn®v ]ckv]cw en¶p

sNbvXp \ap°v _ukdn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ Hcp C-˛]pkvXIw \n¿an°pIbpw

sNømw. Bhiysa¶n¬ Cu t]PpIsf C‚¿s\‰n¬ A]vtemUp sNøpIbpw

Bhmw.

ChnsS aebmfhpw ssS∏p sNømw. PntbmPn_ 3.2 aebmfw

]n¥pW°mØXpsIm≠v ssS∏p sNøptºmƒ \ap°Xv hmbn°m\mhn√. ]t£,

FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøp∂Xv sh_v t]Pmbn´mbXn\m¬ ^b¿t^mIvkv t]mep≈

C‚¿s\‰v _uk¿ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ Ah icnbmbn Xs∂ ]Z¿in∏n°s∏Spw

Iwt]mk¿

s h _ v t ] P m b n

FIvkvt]m¿´p sNøs∏ń´p≈

PntbmPn_ ^bepIsf

en¶pIfp]tbmKn®v _‘n∏n®v

]pkvXIcq]Ønem°nbm¬

D]tbmKn°m≥ Ffp∏amhpw

F∂v \mw ap≥]v kqNn∏n®p

Ign™p. sh_v t]PpIƒ

km[mcWbmbn html mjbn¬

F g p X s ∏ ´ X m b n c n ° p w .

PntbmPn_ FIvkvt]m¿´v

sNbvXp e`n°p∂ t]PpIfpw

html `mjbn¬ Xs∂bmbn

cn°pw (A]v-se‰p mKw Hgn®v).

AXn\m¬ Xs∂ en¶pIƒ

tN¿°p∂Xn\pw, t]PpIƒ

\ndw sImSpØp `wKnbm°p

∂Xn\pw Cu html tImUpIsf

FUn‰p sNbvXm¬ aXnbmIpw.

html ^bepIƒ Xbmdm

°p∂Xn\p≈ Ffp∏ hgn

bmWv sh_v t]Pv FUn‰¿

tkm^v‰v -shbdpIƒ. htmltImUpIƒ t\cn´v FgpXmsX

Xs∂ t]Pv Unssk≥ sNøp∂Xn\p≈ tkm^v‰v-shbdmWnh. ·q/en\Ivkn¬

\ap°v D]tbmKn°mhp∂ Hcp sh_v t]Pv FUn‰¿ tkm^v‰v-shb¿ BWv

Iwt]mk¿.

NnXw 3.18

NnXw 3.19

48

NnXw 3.20

FIvkvt]m¿´p sNbvXp Xbmdm°nb sh_v t]Pn¬ ]ńIIƒ, NnXßƒ,

en¶pIƒ F∂nh tN¿°phm\pw t]Pn\pw ]ńIIƒ°pw \ndw \evIp∂Xn\pw

Cu tkm^v‰v-shb¿ D]Icn°pw.

A[nI hnhcßƒ

KWnXimkvX A[ym]I¿°pw PntbmPn_bn¬ Xmev]cyap≈

a‰p≈h¿°pw th≠n sSIvÃpw KWnXhmIyßfpw Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈

IqSpX¬ hnhcßƒ Xmsg kwKln®ncn°p∂p. Ch IpńIsf Dt±in®p≈hb√

Ft∂m¿°pat√m. A[ym]I¿°v t_m[\ klmbnIƒ \n¿an°p∂Xn\v Ch

D]Icn°pw.

emsSIv FUn‰dpw t^m¿apeIfpw

k¶o¿Wßfmb KWnX hmIyßfpw NnXßfpw ssS∏v -sk‰p

sNøp∂Xn\p≈ tkm^v‰v-shbdmWv emsSIv FUn‰¿. Hcp km[mcW sSIvÃv

FUn‰dntem, thUv s]mk dntem F∂Xv icnbmb cq]Øn¬

FgpXm\mhpIbn√. t^m¿apeIfn¬ CØcØnep≈ KWnX cq]ßƒ

D]tbmKnt°≠n hcptºmƒ emsSIv D]tbmKn®v CXv icnbmbn sk‰p sNømw.

PntbmPn_bn¬ CØcw KWnX hmIyßƒ FgptX≠n hcptºmƒ,

DZmlcWambn Fs∂gpXm≥ - sSÃvt_mIvkn\p Xmsgbp≈ emsSIv t^m¿ape

F∂ sN°v-t_mIvkv ]h¿Øn∏n®v AXn¬\n∂pw a/b sXscs™Sp°Ww.

XpS¿∂v ]Xy£s∏Sp∂ emsSIv t^m¿ape sk‰∏n¬ a bpw b bpw tN¿Øp

sImSp°pIbpw thWw. IqSpX¬ henb hmIyßƒ ]mT`mKØv

hniZoIcn®ncp∂Xp t]mse + Nn”w tN¿Øv \n¿ans®Sp°mw. emsS°nse a‰p

hmIyßfpw ]co£n®p t\m°q. Ch IqSmsX KWnX hmIyßƒ

Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ Ipsdb[nIw kt¶Xßƒ heXphiØv apIfnep≈

t_mIvkn¬ \n∂pw FSp°mw

49

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w 10

kwJyIfpsS h¿Kaqew ImWp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp A]v-se‰v \n¿an®v AXn¬

1 apX¬ 100 hsc hneIfp≈ Hcp ss…U¿ \n¿an°Ww. Cu ss…Udns‚ t]cv

a BsW¶n¬ a = 25 BIp∂ kabØv √a = √25 =5 F∂ coXnbn¬ amdp∂

Hcp KWnX hmIyw Xbmdm°pI.

]h¿Ø\ coXn

1. a F∂ Hcp ss…U¿ Xbmdm°pI. AXns‚ hne 1 apX¬ 100 hscbmIs´.

G‰w H∂pamIs´. ss…Udns‚ hoXn 500 B°nbm¬ BhiyØn\v hen∏hpw

ImWn°pw.

2. C\n sSIvÃv \n¿an°mw. CXn¬ √a Fs∂gpXm≥ Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂

coXnbn¬ emsSIv D]tbmKn°mw. emsSIv ]h¿Øn∏n®v h¿Kaqe Nn”w

sXcs™SpØv t^m¿apem t_mIvkn¬ ¢n°p sNøptºmƒ e`n°p∂

kaoIcWamb \sqrt F∂Xn¬, _m°‰n\IØv a F∂v FgpXn tN¿°Ww.

√a =F∂p In´p∂Xn\v Hcp kaNn”w IqSn Ahkm\w tN¿°mw.

3. as‰mcp sSIvÃv IqSn \n¿an°Ww. ]t£, ChnsS √a bv°IØv NcØns‚

hne ss…U¿ \o°p∂X\pkcn®v amdpIbpw thWw. (√8, √9, √10F∂nßs\). Cßs\ FgpXm≥ apIfnse t^m¿apebn¬ F¥pam‰w

hcpØWw? h¿Kaqew ImWp∂Xn\p≈ kqXhmIyw \sqrt F∂XmWv

F∂v \mw I≠p. CXn¬ a F∂v FgpXn tN¿°p∂Xn\v ]Icw ss…Udnse

a bn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXmtem. kqXhmIyw “\sqrt “ + a + ” ” F∂mbn amdp∂p.

4. apIfn¬ ]d™ c≠p KWnX hmIyßfpw kwtbmPn∏n®v Hcpan®v

FgpXpIbpw sNømw. Ah tN¿sØgpXp∂Xn\v + Nn”hpw Bhiyamb

D≤cWnIfpw tN¿°m≥ ad°cpXv . tN¿sØgpXptºmƒ

“\sqrt a =” + “\sqrt“ + a + ” ” F∂ kaoIcWamWv e`n°pI.

5. h¿KaqeØns‚ hne ImWp∂Xn\v CtX hmIyØn¬ F¥pIqSn tN¿t°≠n

hcpw? (sqrt(a)) F∂mbmtem? Cu hmIyw apIfnep≈ kaoIcWØns‚

hnebmbnXn\m¬ X\n®p \ne\n¬∏n√ F∂p IqSn Hm¿°Ww. AXpsIm≠v

“ =” + (sqrt(a)) F∂p tN¿°Ww. Ft∏msg¶nepw X\ns®gptX≠n h∂m¬

“ ” + (sqrt(a)) F∂v Xs∂ FgpXWw.

6. C\n \ap°v Cu aq∂p KWnX hmIyßtfbpw tN¿Øv, emsSIv

kaoIcWØn¬ “\sqrt a =” + “\sqrt“ + a + ” ” + “ =” + (sqrt(a)) F∂v

FgpXmw.

50

PntbmPn_bn¬ D]tbmKn°mhp∂ Nne hmIyßfpw t^m¿apeIfpw Xmsg

]ńIbmbn sImSpØncn°p∂p. Chtbmtcm∂pw ]co£n®p t\m°pat√m.

]knepIfpw ^¨ amØam‰nIvkpw

KWnX IuXpIßfn¬ Xmev]cyap≈ IpńIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw hfsc

ckIcamb At\Iw ]iv\ßfpsS \n¿[mcWßfpw kn≤m¥ßfpsS

hm°pIfn√m sXfnhpIfpw (wordless proof) PntbmPn_bn¬ \n¿ans®Sp°mw.

AØcØnep≈ Nne KWnX IuXpIßƒ Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂p.

]iv\w 1, ss]XtKmdkv kn≤m¥w

Hcp a´-Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ ew_-h-i-Øns‚ \ofw a, ]mZ-h-i-Øns‚ \ofw b,I¿W-Øns‚ \ofw c F∂nh Bbm¬ a2+b2=c2 Bbn-cn-°pw. Cu kn≤m¥w

Pntbm-Pn_ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWp-I. (NnXw 3.23).

]iv\w 2

Hcp ka]©`pPw. CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp sNdnb ka]©`pPw apdn®p

am‰n°gn™v _m°n hcp∂ `mKØns‚ AtX ]c∏fhp hcp∂ as‰mcp

ka]©`pPw \n¿an°m≥ km[n°ptam?

NnXw 3.21

NnXw 3.22

51

klmb ssk‰pIƒ

PntbmPn_sb°pdn®p≈ IqSpX¬ hnhcßƒ, ]T\ klmbnIƒ,

kwibßfpw adp]SnIfpw, sabnenMv enÃpIƒ F∂nh C‚¿s\‰n¬ kpeàmWv.

Xmsg ]dbp∂ sh_v ssk‰pIƒ Ahbn¬ NneXmWv. Cu tkm^v‰v-shbdns‚

D]tbmKhpw km[yXIfpw N¿®sNøp∂ bqk¿ t^mdßfpw hn°n πm‰v-

t^mapIfpap≠v. Chbn¬ \ap°pw ]s¶Sp°pIbpw \ΩpsS \n¿anXnIƒ

AhXcn∏n°pIbpw sNømw.

http://www.geogebra.org/cms/

http://www.geogebra.org/en/wiki/index.php/Malayalam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra

http://math4allages.wordpress.com/geogebra/

IqSpX¬ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

kvIqfpIfnse sF.Sn ¢-_pIfn¬ sF.kn.Sn . A[njvTnX ]T\

tkm v‰pshbdpIfn¬ hnZym¿YnIƒ ]cnioen°p∂Xn\v- Ahkcsamcp°pIbpw

hnhn[ hnjbßƒ sF.Sn.bneqsS ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym]I¿ Iºyq´¿

¢-_pIfn¬ kPohambn ]s¶Sp°pIbpw sNøWw. CXn\mbn kvIqƒ

kabØn\p]cnbmb kabw Is≠ØWw. IqSpX¬ tkm^v‰pshbdpIƒ

]cnNbs∏Sm\pw hnZym¿YnIfpsS A`ncpNnIƒ Xncn®dn™v Znimt_m[w

t\Sp∂Xn\pw CØcw kwL]T\ßƒ D]-Icn°pw. sF.Sn. tafIfnse

a’cbn\ßƒ ¢_v ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS A¿Y]q¿Wamb aqey\n¿WbØn\v

thZnbmIWw.

A[nI hnhcw e`n°p∂ sh_v ssk‰pIƒ

1. http://www.slu.edu/classes/maymk/GeoGebra/

2. http://docentes.educacion.navarra.es/~msadaall/geogebra/

3. http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/

NnXw 3.23

52

4. sh_vt]-Pp-I-fpsS clkyw

BapJw

C‚¿s\-‰nse hfsc ][m-\-s∏´ tkh-\-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv

www F∂ Npcp-°-t∏-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ thƒUv sshUv sh_v

(World Wide Web). sshhn-[y-am¿∂ At\Iw hnh-c-tkm-X- p-

I-fpsS Iq´-amWv thƒUv sshUv sh_v. GXp- hn-j-bsØ°p-dn®pw Ht´sd hnh-

c-ßƒ, NnXßƒ, Ne®nXßƒ, XpSßnbh -\-ΩpsS Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hfsc

thKw sXc-™p Is≠-Øm\pw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bp-∂-X-c-Øn¬ thƒUv

sshUv sh_n¬ e`yamWv. C‚¿s\‰v F∂p ]d-™m¬ thƒUv sshUv sh_v

F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Xc-Øn-te°v thƒUv sshUv sh_ns‚ ]Nmcw hym]n®p

Ign™p. thƒUv sshUv sh_n¬ hnh-c-ßƒ hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ][m-\-

ambpw sh_vt]-Pp-I-fm-bn-´m-Wv. sh_vt]-Pp-I-sf-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ cq]-Iev]-\-

sb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ [mc-W- Ipń-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-SpØp∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv

Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ D≈Xv.

hnhn[ hnj-b-ßfpsS ]T-\-Øn\pw ]T-\m-\p-_-‘-ambn sNtø≠ hnh-c-ti-

J-cWw, At\z-j-Ww, ]kn-≤o-I-cWw XpS-ßnb ]T-\-k-lm-b- ]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw

G‰hpw klm-b-I-c-hpw A\p-tbm-Py-hpamb H∂mWv sh_vt]Pp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

Adnhv. sh_vt]-Pp-I-fpsS LS\, sh-_vt]-Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

ssl∏¿ sSIvÃv am¿°v A]v `mj (F®v Sn Fw F¬), F®v Sn Fw `mj D]-

tbm-Kn®v sh-_vt]-Pp-Iƒ X-bm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXv wKn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-sam-s°-

bp≈ tijn, F∂nh-sbms° Cu A[ymbw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ t\Sn-

bn-cn°Ww. CXn-\mbn hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠.v Hmtcm ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\hpw e£y-an-Sp∂ tijn-Iƒ

t\Sp-∂-Xn\mbn ¢mkvap-dn-bnepw- I-ºyq- ¿ em_nepw IrXy-amb Bkq-X-W-tØmSpw

e£y-t_m-[-tØmSpw IqSn ]T-\hpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw Bkq-XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

¢mknse F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏- n- p≈ ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ sNbvXp ]cn-io-en°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬IWw. \n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈

]ocnbUn-\p-≈n¬ F√m Ipń-I-fp-tSbpw ]cn-io-e\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-™n-

s√-¶n¬ ¢mkv CXc ka-bØpw Iºyq-´¿ em_p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Ah-kcw Ipń-Iƒ°p \¬tI≠Xm-Wv.

]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ

sh_v t]Pp-I-fpsS LS-s\-sb°p-dn-®p≈ ]mY-anI [mcWt\S¬.

sh_vssk-‰p-Ifn¬ hnhn-[- sh-_vt]-Pp-Isf ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p

F∂ [mcWt\S¬.

53

sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Iºyq-´¿ `mj-bmWv

‘F®v Sn Fw `mj’ F∂ [mcW t\S¬.

F®v Sn Fw `mj D]-tbm-Kn®v sh_vt]-Pp-I-fpsS

Xe-hm-NIw `wKn-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

JWvUn-I-Iƒ Iao-I-cn-°¬

A£-c-ßƒ°v hen-∏, -cq-]hyXymk-ßƒ hcp-Ø¬

NnX-ßƒ, Ne-®nXw F∂n-h sh_vt]-PpI-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø¬

sh_vt]-Pp-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-\ndw am‰¬

sh_vt]-Pp-I-fnse A£-c-ßsf Nen-∏n-°¬

F∂o ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijnIƒ t\S¬.

sh_vt]-Pnse hnhn-[ -]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p≈ \n¿tZ-i-ß-fmb F®v Sn Fw

F¬ SmKpIƒ, Ah-bpsS BSn-_yq-´p-Iƒ F∂n-h Xncn-®-dnbp∂-Xn-\p≈

tijn t\S¬.

thƒUv sshUv sh_v cq]-I¬]\ sNbvXXv bqtdm-]y≥ ]m¿ń-°n-ƒ nkn-

Ivknse (The European Organization for Nuclear Research -commonly knownas CERN) Snw _¿tW¿kveo F∂ imkvX-⁄\mWv. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ hnh-c-

ßƒ hn\y-kn-°m≥ html (Hyper Text Markup Language) F∂ `mjm-co-Xnbpw

At±lw cq]-I¬]\ sNbvXp. CXp kw_-‘n® IqSp -X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

http://info.cern.ch/ F∂ sh_vssk-‰n¬ e`y-amWv. temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fn¬

]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ At\Iw Iºyq-´-dp-I-fnembn (sh_v sk¿h-dp-I-

fn¬) iXtImSn-°-W-°n\p hnh-c-ß-ƒ sh_v t]Pp-I-fmbn tiJ-cn®p h®n-cn-°p∂p.

Hmtcm sh_v t]Pn-t\bpw IrXy-ambn kqNn-∏n-°m≥ URL (Uniform ResourceLocator) AYhm sh_v hnemkw F∂ kw-hn-[m-\hpap≠v. Cu sh_v hnemkw

(URL) Adn-™n-cp-∂m¬ temI-Øns‚ GXp tImWn-epap≈ sk¿h-¿ Iºyq-´-

dpI-fn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ Hcp _uk¿ tkm^v‰vshb-dns‚ klm-b-

tØmsS A\m-bmkw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS Bh-iym -\p -k-cWw

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ignbpw.

km[m-cW sSIvÃv tUmIyp-sa‚p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-

kvX-ambn NnX-ßƒ, Ne-®n-Xw, kwKoXw, a‰psh_v

t]Pp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ en¶p-

54

Iƒ (ssl-∏¿en-¶p-Iƒ) Dƒs°m-≈p∂ tUmIyp-sa‚p-Isf ssl∏¿ sSIvÃp-Iƒ

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CØ-cw- ssl-∏¿

sSIvÃp-IfmWv F®v Sn Fw F¬

D]-tbm-Kn®p Xbm-dm -°p-∂-Xv.

ssl∏¿ sSIvÃv b-ep-Isf Ah

kq£n-®p-sh-®n-cn-°p∂ sk¿h¿

Iºyq-´-dp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw _uk¿

tkm v‰vshb-dns‚ klm-b-Øm¬

Iºyq-´¿ s\‰vh¿°n-eqsS a‰p

Iºyq-´ -dp -I-fn -te°p ssIam‰w

sNøp-∂-Xn\mbn Bhn-jv°-cn®

s]mXp \n_-‘-\-I-fmWv http(hyper text transfer protocol).

kam-\-X-bp-≈tXm ]c-kv]cw

_‘-ap-≈-tXm- Bb sh_v t]Pp-

Isf ssl∏¿ sSIvÃv kt¶Xw D]-

tbm-Kn®v _‘n-∏n®v cq]-s∏-

SpØnbncn-°p-∂-Xns\ sh_vssk‰v

F∂mWv km[m-cW hnfn-°p-∂Xv.

Hmtcm sh_vssk-‰n\pw Hcp

sh_vhnem-kw D≠m-Ipw. tIc-f-

Ønse H´p an° ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw

]ÿm-\-ßƒ°pw ]X-ßƒ°pw

][m-\-s∏- hy‡n-I-ƒ°pw kz¥w

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ D≠v. kwÿm\

k¿°m-cns‚ sh_vssk‰v hnem-k-

amWv www.kerala.gov.in. s]mX-p-

hn -Zym`ymk Ub-d -I vS -td‰ns‚

HutZym-KnI sh_v ssk‰mWv

www.education.kerala.gov.inF∂-Xv . ( ][m -\ -s∏´ Nne

sh_vssk‰v hnem-k-ßƒ ]tXy-

I-ambn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xp ImWp-

I.) C‚¿s\‰n¬ Ct∏mƒXs∂

tImSn-°-W-°n\v sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

D≠. v Zn\w]Xn -sb-t∂mWw

Ah-bpsS FÆw h¿[n®psIm≠n-

XntamØn tPm¨ _¿tW-gvknen 1955 Pq¨ 5

\v e≠-\n¬ P\n®p 1976 ˛¬ HmIvkv

t^m¿Un¬ \n∂pw nkn-Ivkn¬ _ncp-Zw-t\Sn

1980 ¬ bqtdm-]y≥ ]m¿ń-°nƒ ^nknIvkv

et_m-d- -dn-bn¬ I¨kƒ´‚ v tkm v‰vshb¿

F©n-\o-b-dmbn tN¿∂p. 1989 ¬ ssl∏¿

sSIvÃv t]mP-Iv‰p-ambn eo cwKØp hcp-Ibpw

]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°-s∏´ ssl∏¿ sSIvÃv

tUmIyp-sa-‚pI-fn-eqsS hnh-c-ßƒ ssIam-dp∂

coXn°v XpS-°-an´p. CXn-eqsS thƒUv sshUv

sh_v F∂ Bi-b-Øn -\mWv Snw

_¿tWgvkveo XpS-°-an-´-Xv. h¿[n®ph∂

C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-‡m-°-fpsS Bh-iym-¿∞w

1991 \v thƒUv sshUns\ ]cn-jv-°cn-®v URL,HTTP F∂n kt¶-X-ßƒ°p cq]w \¬In.

1994 ¬ thƒUv sshUv sh_v I¨tk¿jy

Øn\p (W3C) XpS-°-an-´Xpw eo Xs∂. A∂p-

ap-X¬ AXns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿ eo bmWv. Gsd

Ah-k-c-ß-fp-≠mbn-cp-∂n´pw Xs‚ I≠p-]n-

Sp-Ø-ßƒ hy‡n-]-c-amb kmº-ØnI t\´-

ßƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n√ F∂-XnemWv Snw

_¿tWgvkveo F∂ Iºyq-´¿ ]Xn-`bpsS

alXzw. IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ°v www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee.

HTML Fßs\ Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-

°p-∂Xpw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ th≠ \n¿tZi-

ßƒ \¬Ip-∂Xpw W3C (World Wide WebConsortium) F∂ Kq∏v BWv. C‚¿s\-‰p-

ambn _‘-s∏´ Ãm≥tU¿Up-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-

°p-∂Xpw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xpw W3C AYhm

WWWC BWv.

Snw _ÀtWgvkveo

55

cn-°p-I-bp-am-Wv. t]cp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xp t]mse Xs∂ temIw apgp-h≥ Hcp

het]mse ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p hym]n®p InS-°p∂ thƒUv sshUv sh_v

BWv C‚¿-s\‰n¬ \n∂v hnh-c-ßƒ B¿°pw A\m-bm-kw e`y-am-°ns°m≠v

C‚¿s\‰ns\ hym]-I-hpw P\-Io-bhpam-°p∂-Xn¬ apJy-]-¶ph-ln-®-Xv.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.1. sh_vt]-Pp-I-fpsS \nco-£Ww

IpńIsf Kq∏p-I-fm-bn-Xn-cn°p∂p.

Hmtcm Kq∏n\pw hnhn[ sh_vssk‰v hnem-k-ßƒ \¬Ip∂p.

Fs¥-√mw- kuI-cy-ß-fmWv Hmtcm sh_v ssk‰nepw D≈Xv F∂v Hmtcm

Kq∏pw \nco-£n®v t\m´p_p°n¬ Ipdn-°p-∂p.

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

Hcp ÿm]-\-sØtbm As√-¶n¬ hy‡n-sbtbm kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ

sh_vt]-Pp-I-fmbn Xbm-dm°n, a‰p-≈-h¿°p hn\-nabw sNø-s∏-Sp∂-Xn-\v

C‚¿s\‰p irwJ-e-bp-ambn ÿnc-_-‘ap≈ Hcp Iºyq-´-dn¬ tiJ-cn®ph®n-cn-

°pw. Cu hnhck©-bsØ sh_vssk‰v F∂mWv ]d-bp-I. C‚¿s\-‰nse

hnh-c-ßƒ CØcw sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \ap°v e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Iºyq-´-

dn¬ FØp∂ hnh-c-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ Ds≠-¶n¬ F√mw Hcp-an®v HcpkvIo\n¬

Zriy-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√t√m? At∏mƒ B hnh-c-ßƒ H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ kvIo\p-

I-fn-embn ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-Itbm ]e Xh-W-bmbn ]Z¿in∏n°p-Itbm thWw.

Cßs\ In´p∂ Hcp ‘kvIo≥hnh-c’sØ Hcp sh_vt]Pv F∂p ]d-bmw. Hcp

sh_vssk‰v F∂Xv \nch[n sh_vt]Pp-Iƒ IqSn-t®¿∂p≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

iXtImSn-°-W-°n\p sh_vssk-‰p-I-fmWv thƒUv sshUv sh_nep-f-f-Xv. Ch-

bn¬ Hmtcm sh_vssk‰n-s\bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp ]tXyI coXn-bn-ep-

ff hnemkw Hmtcm ssk‰n\pw \¬In-bn-cn°pw. CXmWv sh_vssk‰v hnemkw.

CXv sSen-t^m¨ irwJ-e-bnse Hmtcm -t^mWn\pw ]tXyIw t^m¨\-º¿

\¬In Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ coXnbv°v kam-\-am-Wv. sh_vssk‰v hnem-ksØ “sUmssa≥

\maw” F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. ]e- I-º-\n-Ifpw ]Xÿm]-\-ßfpw k¿°m¿

hIp-∏p-Ifpw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpw a‰pw Ah-bpsS sh_vssk‰phnem-k-

ßƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp i≤n®n-cn-°p-a-t√m. temI-sa-ßp-ap≈ Ht´sd hnZym-

`ymk Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ßƒ AhcpsS ]T-\-hnh-c-ßƒ, Kth-j-W- hn-h-c-ßƒ,

Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ XpSßn-b-h-sbms° thƒUv sshUv sh_n¬ X¬k-abw ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. CsXms° \ΩpsS ]T\t_m[\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v Bh-iym-

\p-k-cWw bYm-k-abw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™m¬ hnZym- ymkcwKØv A¤p-

X-I-c-amb Hcp IpXn®pNm´-am-bn-cn°pw D≠m-Ip-I.

BI¿j-I-amb sh_vt]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v kmt¶XnI ]cn-⁄m-\-

tØmsSm∏w `mh-\bpw \nco-£-Whpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ sh_vt]-Pp-I-

56

sf°p-dn®p≈ ]T-\-Øn\p apt∂m-Sn-bmbn hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

\nco-£n-°m-≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-k-cßƒ \¬tI-≠XmWv. amXr-I-bmbn ImWn-

°m-hp∂Xpw Ipń-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-ń-cn-t°-≠Xp-amb sh_vssk-‰pI-fpsS sh_v

hnemkw A[ym-]-I¿ Xs∂ ap≥Iqń Is≠Øn, Ah ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipń-Iƒ°v

ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn \n¿tZin-t°≠-Xm-Wv. Nne sh_vssk‰p-I-fpsS hnemkßƒ

NphsS sImSp-°p∂p.

InstitutionsKerala Legislative Assembly - www.niyamasabha.orgKerala Forest Research Institute - www.kfri.orgPeriyar Tiger Reserve Kerala - www.periyartigerreserve.comKerala Institute of Local Adminstration - www.kilaonline.orgRajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology - www.rgcb.res.inChalachitra Academy - www.keralafilm.comNational Institute of Speech and Hearing - www.nishindia.orgKerala Kalamandalam - www.kalamandalam.comThe State Institute of EncyclopaedicPublications - www.sarvavijnanakosam.kerala.gov.inUniversities/EducationCalicut University - www.calicutuniversity.ac.inCommissionerate of Entrance Examination - www.cee-kerala.orgKannur University - www.kannuruniversity.ac.inKerala University - www.keralauniversity.eduKerala Agricultural University - www.kau.eduMahatma Gandhi University - www.mguniversity.eduSree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit - www.ssus.ac.inCochin University of Science and Technology - www.cusat.ac.inDepartment of Telecommunications - www.keralatelecom.comGovernment of Kerala Official Web Portal - www.kerala.gov.in

General Education Department - www.education.kerala.gov.in

F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬. t]Pv Xbm-dm-°¬

F®v Sn Fw `mj (HTML) D]-tbm-Kn®v sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v

Pn˛-F-Un-‰v, t\m´v ]mUv F∂nh t]mep≈ sSIvÃv FUn-‰dpIƒ D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

Cßs\ sSIvÃv FUn-‰-dp-I-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ Xbm-dm-°p∂ ^b-ep-Iƒ html^b-ep-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

HTML D]-tbm-Kn®v sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v \n›n-X-amb Hcp

]Z-hn\ymkw (Syntax) D≠v. F√m HTML ^b-ep-Ifpw <html> F∂mWv

57

XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv </html> F∂pw. Chbv°nS-bn-emWv \ap°v Bh-

iy-amb hnh-c-ßƒ tN¿t°≠-Xv. Chsb F®v Sn Fw F¬ SmKp-Iƒ F∂p ]d-

bp-∂p. SmKp-Iƒ tPmUn-I-fm-bn-´mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp Hm∏-WnwKv SmKpw

(<html>) Hcp t¢mknwKv SmKpw </html>. <html> ...</html> F∂ Sm-Kp-Iƒ-°p-

≈n¬ th-Ww H-cp sh-_v t]-Pv Xp-S-ßm≥.

<html> F∂ SmKv henb A£-c-Øntem sNdnb A£-c-Øntem Fgp-Xm-hp-

∂-XmWv. AXm-bXv SmKp-Iƒ sIbvkv sk≥kn-‰ohv A√ F∂¿∞w.

sh_vt]-Pp-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ^b¬ FIvÃ≥j-\mWv .htmlAs√-¶n¬ .htm F∂-Xv. km[m-cW b¬ FIvÃ≥j-\p-Iƒ°v tUmń\p tijw

aq∂v A£-c-ß-ƒ F∂-XmWv Iogvh-g°w. AXn-\m-emWv .html F∂Xv .htmF∂mbn Npcp-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

sh_v t]Pp-I-fpsS LS-\

C‚¿s\-‰n¬ hnh-c-ßƒ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂Xv sh_v _uk-dp-I-fpsS klm-b-

Øm¬ sh_v t]Pp-I-fm-bn-´m-W-t√m? F®v Sn Fw F¬ F∂ Iºyq-´¿ `mj D]-

tbm-Kn-®mWv sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu `mj-bn¬ Xbm-dm-°n-

bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ sh_v _u-k-dn\p IrXy-ambn a\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-

bp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv hnh-c-ßƒ sh_vt]-Pp-I-fmbn Zriy-am-Ip-∂-Xv. NnX-ßƒ, A£-

c-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS \ndw, ]›m-Ø-e- \ndw XpSßn Hcp sh_vt]-Pn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-

®n-´p-ff F√m hnh-c-ßfpw Fßs\ GsX√mw Xc-Øn¬ Fhn-S-sbms° Zriy-am-

°Ww F∂v F®v Sn Fw `mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ \n¿tZi-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-am-bn-

´mWv sh_v _uk-dp-Iƒ sh_v t]Pp-I-fn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ Zriy-am-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-

c-W-Øn\v ]mN-I-°p-dn∏v D]tbm-Kn®v `£Ww Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xpt]m-se. sh_v

t]Pp-I-fpsS ]mN-I-°p-dn-∏p-I-fmWv F®v Sn Fw F¬ F∂pthW-sa-¶n¬ ]dbmw.

hnh-c-ßƒ, NnX-ßƒ, Ne-®n-X-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh t]Pp-I-fn¬ hn\y-kn-∏n°¬, -

A£-c-ßfpsS hen∏w, cq]w, \ndw, t]Pns‚ ]›m-Ø-e- \ndw, a‰p sh_vt]-Pp-

Iƒ XΩnepw a‰p hnh-c-ßƒ XΩn-ep-ap≈ _‘n∏n°¬, A£-c-ßƒ Nen-∏n-

°¬, XpSßn Hcp sh_vt]Pns‚ LS-\sb kw_-‘n® \n¿tZiß-fmWv Hcp

sh_v t]Pns‚ htmlcode ¬ D≈-Xv .

sh_vt] -Pp -I -fpsS

Iao -I -c -W -Øn\pw

t]Pp-I-fn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

Zriy-am -°p -∂-Xn -\p -

ambn F®v Sn Fw mj-

bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬. t]Ppw tkmgvkvtImUpw

Hcp sh_v t]Pns‚ html code ImWm≥ _uk-

dnse View sa\p-hn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬ Zriy-am-Ip∂

sa\p enÃnse Page Source F∂Xn¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXm¬ aXnbmIpw. Ctrl+u F∂ IoIƒ Aa¿Øn-

bmepw B t]Pns‚ F®v Sn Fw F¬ tImUv Zriy-

amIpw .

58

Hmtcm \n¿tZ-i-tØbpw F®v Sn Fw F¬ SmKp-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp∂p .

1980˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)BWv am¿°∏v mj-I-fn¬ BZy-tØ-Xv. SGML ][m-\-ambpw sSIvÃpIƒ amXw

]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ _uk-dp-Isf tIµo-I-cn-®mWv ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

]n∂oSv Km^n-°¬ bqk¿ C‚¿t^kv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hm∏-td‰nwKv knÃ-ßƒ

]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂-tXmsS CXn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v SGML \v Ht´sd ]cn-an-Xn-

Iƒ A\p -h-s∏´p. AtX-Øp-S¿∂mWv IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-ambpw wKn-bnepw sh_v

t]Pp-I-fn¬ hnh-c-ßfpw NnX-ß-fp-w a‰pw ]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ HTML]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p XpS-ßn-bXv. HTML \v t]mKm-anwKv Ign-hp-Iƒ C√ F∂-

XmWv CXns‚ henb \yq\X. - sh_v t]Pp-I-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw ]tXyI ]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw F∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn-\mbn php, java script, cssXpS-ßnb kvIn]v‰v emwtKz-Pp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.2. Hcp F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬. t]Pv \n¿an°mw (t]Pv 36 ]h¿Ø\w 1)

Hcp HTML ^b¬ XpS-ßp-∂Xn\p≈ SmKv <html> Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv

</html> F∂pw. Chbv°nS-bn¬ ALEXANDER PUSHKIN F∂ t]cptN¿°mw.

AXm-bXv,

<html>

ALEXANDER PUSHKIN

</html>

sSIvÃv FUn‰¿ Xpd∂v CXbpw ssS∏psNøp-I. C\n CXns‚ ^b¬ \ma-

tØmSp tN¿∂p≈ FIvÃ≥j≥ .html Ft∂m .htm Ft∂m sImSpØv tkhv

sNøWw. AXn\v sSIvÃv FUn-‰dnse File → Save ¢n°psNøp-I. XpS¿∂v ^b-

en\v t]cv \¬In tkhv ¢n°psNøp-I. C\n sSIvÃv FUn-‰¿ PmeIw t¢mkv

sNøm-hp-∂-XmWv.

Ipń-Iƒ Iºyq-´dn¬ sh_v t]Pv Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-

°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]pXs∂ h¿°v jo‰v Xbm-dm-°n-bncn-°-Ww. h¿°vjo-‰n¬

sh_vt]Pv Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ F®v Sn Fw F¬ tImUp-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ kzbw

Fgp-XWw. hnhn[ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ°p-≈ SmKp-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.3. sh_v t]PpIfnse Xes°-´pIƒ (t]Pv 37 ]h¿Ø\w 2)

<html> ...</html> Sm-Kp-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬ th-Ww H-cp sh-_v t]-Pv Xp-S-ßm≥ F∂p

]d-™p-t√m Cu SmKn\p≈n¬th-Ww- a-s‰√m SmKp-I-fpw-F-gp-tX-≠-Xv. Chsb

c≠mbn `mKn-°mw. slUnwKv SmKpw <head> ...</head>, t_mUn SmKpw <body>...</body>. slUnwKv SmKn-\p-≈n¬ hcp-∂-sh-sb√mw slUnwKv sk£-\pw

59

t_mUn SmKn-\p-≈n¬ hcp-∂-sh-sb√mw t_mUn sk£\pw. sh_v t]Pn¬ ]Z¿in-

∏n-t°-≠sX√mw t_mUn sk£-\n-emWv htc≠-Xv.

<head>....</head> F∂ SmKv \n¿tZin°p-∂Xv <head> F∂ Hm∏-WnwKv

SmKv apX¬ </head> F∂ t¢mknMv SmKv hsc-bp≈ `mKw io¿j-I-`mKw BWv

F∂mWv.

<HTML>....</HTML> F∂

Hm∏WnwKv SmKn\pw t¢mknwKv

SmKn\pw D≈n¬ <head>....</head> F∂ slUnwKv SmKn-\p-

≈n¬ Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂h-

cnIƒ Hmtcm∂mbn \¬In ^b¬

tkhv sNbvXv sh_v _u-kdn¬

Xpd∂p t\m°pI. io¿-jIßƒ ]-

Z -¿in∏n°p∂Xnse hyXymkw

\nco£n®v Ipdn-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-

°p-I.

<h1> Alexander Pushkin </h1>

<h2> Alexander Pushkin</h2>

<h3>Alexander Pushkin</h3>




]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.4. ]pXnb h-cnIƒ

Bcw`n°m≥ (t]Pv 38 ]h¿Ø\w 3) ]pXnb h-cnIƒ Bcw`n°m≥

sh-_vt]Pp-Ifn¬ ]pXnb h-cnIƒ Dƒs∏SpØWsa¶nepw A°mcyw

_ukdnt\mSv \n¿tZint°≠Xp≠v. \nehnep≈ Hcp hcn apdn®v (break) ASpØ

hcn XpSßpI F∂ \n¿tZiØn\p≈ SmKmWv <br>.

sh_v t]Pn¬ ]pXnb hcn-Iƒ XpS-ßp∂ ]h¿Øw ]cn-io-en-°p-∂-Xn\v

DNn-X-am-b-Xpw- e-fn-X-am-b-Xp-amb hcn-Iƒ Cw•ojv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂pw

Is≠Øn h¿°vjo‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\p \n¿tZ-in-°pI.

Hcp hcn- Ah-km-\n®v ASpØ hcn- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn

H∂pw Xs∂ D≠m-Im-dn-√-t√m. AXn-\m¬ t¢mknwKv SmKmb </br> \pw

Hm∏-WnwKv SmKmb <br> \pw C-Sbn¬ a‰v D≈-S-°-ß-sfm∂pw C√mØ-Xp-sIm≠v

am¿°∏v `mj-bpsS Ncn-Xw

A®Sn ime-I-fn¬ A®-Sn -t°≠

Isø-gpØp ]Xn-bn¬ AXnse D≈-S°w

(Matter/Content) Fßs\ ]n‚ v

sNøWw, Xe-hm-NIw Fhns-S-bm-bn-cn-

°Ww NnXw FhnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw,

GXp hmN-I-amWv Iń-Iqń A®-Sn-t°-≠-

Xv XpS-ßnb \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-∂-

bmƒXs∂ A®p\nc-Øp-∂-bm-tfmSv IrXy-

ambn \n¿tZin®psIm-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu \n¿tZißƒ \¬Ip∂Xn\v Isø-gp-

Øp ]Xn-bn¬ A®p \nc-Øp∂ Bƒ°v

a\- n-em-Ip∂ Nne ]tXyI AS-bm-f-

ßfpw a‰pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. CXmWv

am¿°∏v `mj-. Cu coXn ]n≥XpS¿∂pw

hnIkn∏n®pamWv HTML \n¿an-®-Xv. AS-

bm-f-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v HcpImcyw Fßs\

Zriy-am-°-W-sa∂v \n¿tZin-°p-I-bm-Wv

am¿°∏v `mj-bn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv.

60

c≠v Sm-KpIsfbpw tN¿Øv <br/> F∂v FgpXnbmepw aXnbmIpw.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.5. h-cnIfnse A£-c-ß-fpsS I\w Iq´mw, Ncn°mw, ASn-h-c-bn-Smw. (t]Pv 39

]h¿Ø\w 4)

hcn-I-fpsS I\w Iq´p-∂-Xn\v (bold) <b> .....</b> ChnsS SmKn\p-≈n-ep≈

`mKw t_mƒUv Bbn ImWn-°m≥ _uk-dn-t\mSv \n¿tZin-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-

∂-Xv. bold F∂ hm°ns‚ BZym£camWv b.

hcnIsf N-cn-°p∂Xn\v (italics) <i> .....</i>

hm°p-Isf ASnhctbmsS ]Z¿in∏n°p∂-Xn\v (underline) <u> .....</u>

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.6. A£cßfpsS hep∏w am‰mw . (t]Pv40 ]h¿Ø\w 5) A£cßfpsS

hep∏hpw \ndhpw am‰mw, ]pXnb h-cnIƒ Bcw`n°m≥

thUvt]mkkdn¬ sSIvÃns‚ A£c hen∏w Iao-I-cn-°p-∂Xv B

sSIvÃns‚ t^m≠v hep∏w FX-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in-®m¬ a-Xn-bmIpw. Chn-

sSbpw \ap°v sSIvÃns‚ t^m≠v hep∏w FXbm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v ]d-bmw.

<font> F∂ SmKmWv CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. t^m≠v hep∏w 6 Bbn

ImWn-°pI F∂v ]d-bm≥ <font size = 6> F∂v Fgp-X-Ww. </font> F∂

t¢mknMv SmKv hsc-bp≈ sSIvÃns‚ hep∏w 6 Bbn ImWn-°pI F∂-XmWv

CXns‚ A¿Yw. ChnsS <font> F∂ SmKn-t\mSp tN¿∂v size F∂p ssS∏p

sNbvXn-cn°p∂Xp i≤n-®n-cn-°p-at√m. <font> F∂ SmKns‚ Hcp BSn-_yq-´mWv

size. CtXmsSm-∏w A£-c-ß-fpsS hyXykvX hen∏w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p≈

hnebpw \¬IWw. Cu kwJy-Isf hne (Value) F∂p IW-°m-°mw. AXm-

bmXv A£-c-h-en∏w hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ <font> SmKn-t\m-sSm∏w AXns‚

BSn-_yq´pw hnebpw \¬In-bn-cn-°-Ww.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.7. A£cßfpsS \ndw am‰mw . (t]Pv 40 ]h¿Ø\w 5)

A£-c-ß-ƒ°v \ndw \¬I-W-sa-¶n¬ <font> F∂ Sm_n-t\m-sSm∏w colorF∂ BSn-_yq´pw \nd-Øns‚ t]tcm \ndsØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ slIvkm

sUkn-a¬ (Hexadecimal) tImtUm hne-bmbn \¬I-Ww. \Ωƒ km[m-cW D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ _nójv (UK) Cw•o-jn¬ colour F∂m-sW-¶nepw Ata-cn-°≥ (US)Cw•o-jn¬ color F∂mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

F®v Sn Fw F¬ ¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ At\Iw \nd-ß-fpsS slIvkm

sUkn-a¬ tImUp-Iƒ kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ sh_v ssk‰pI-fn¬

e`y-amWv.

http://www.w3schools.com/HTML/html_colornames.asp

http://html-color-codes.com/

61

http://htmlcolorcodes.org/

t]cns‚ \ndw ]® B°Wsa¶n¬ color F∂ BSn-_yq-ńs‚ hne-bmbn

green Ft∂m AXns‚ slIvkm sUkn-a¬ tImUmb 008000 Ft∂m \¬Im-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tkmgvkv tImUp-Iƒ \nco-£n-°p-I.

<html>

<font size =12>

<font color = 008000 >

Alexander Pushkin </br>

Born in Moscow, Russia</br>

He is Russia’s Bard</br>

</font>

</html>

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.8.JfinIIƒ Dƒs∏SpØmw. (t]Pv41 ]h¿Ø\w 6)

]pXnb Jfin-I-bn¬ XpS-ßpI F∂p ]d-bm≥ <p> F∂ SmKv BWv D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. AXns‚ t¢mknwKv SmKv BWv </p>

sh_v t]Pn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ JWvUn-I-Ifmbn ssS∏p-sN-øp∂-Xn\v DNn-X-amb

tUmIyp-sa‚ v F√m-h¿°pw \¬I-Ww. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw

hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.9. NnXw Dƒs∏SpØm≥ (t]Pv 42 ]h¿Ø\w 7)

NnXw sh_v t]Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ B NnXw Iº-yq-´-dn¬ D≠m-bn-

cn-°-Ww. NnXw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ SmKv <img> F∂-Xm-Wv. (Image F∂Xv kqNn-

∏n-°m-\mWv <img> D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv). CXv D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv <img src=‘‘nameof image file”> F∂ cq]-Øn-em-Wv. ^b-ens‚ t]cv school.png F∂m-sW-¶n¬

Cu NnXw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ <img src=‘‘school.png” ></img> F∂v Fgp-X-Ww.

sh_vt]-Pn¬ tN¿°m≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ NnX^b¬ Iºyq-´-dnse at‰-sX-¶nepw

t^mƒU-dn-emWv D≈-sX-¶n¬ B NnX-^-b¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ t^mƒU-dns‚

semt°-j≥ hnemkw IqSn NnX ^b-ens‚ t]cn\p ap≥]mbn tN¿°-Ww.

NnX-^-b-ens‚ semt°-j≥ hnemkw NnX^-ben¬ ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv

Properties Location ]cntim[nt®m As√-¶n¬ B NnX ^b¬ Hcp sh_v

_uk-dn¬ Xpd-∂v _uk-dns‚ AUkv _mdn¬ Zriy-am-Ip∂ hnemkw

]cn-tim-[nt®m Is≠-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

62

Hcp-sh-_vt]Pv Xbm-dm-°m≥ XpS-ßp-

tºmƒ Xs∂ sh_vt]-Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn-\v Dt±-in-°p∂ NnX-ßƒ, a‰p

tUmIyp-sa‚p-Iƒ F∂nh sh_vt]Pv

tkhv sNøm≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ semt°-j-

\n¬ Xs∂ Hcp ]tXyI t^mƒU¿

\n¿an®v AXn\p-≈n¬ kq£n-®m¬ sh_v

t]Pv tIm∏n-sNbvXv a‰p Iºyq-´-dp-I-fn¬

]h¿Øn-∏n -°p -∂Xv Ffp -∏ -am -°m≥

Ignbpw.

home -se itschool F∂ t^mƒU-dn-

emWv school.png NnXw D≈sX¶n¬

<img> SmKn -t\m -sSm∏w \¬tI≠

\n¿tZiw C]-Im-c-am-bn-cn°pw.

<img src=”/home/itschool/school.png” > </img>

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.10. A£cßsf Nen∏n°m≥

(t]Pv 42 ]h¿Ø\w 8)

sh_v t]Pp-I-fn-eqsS A£-c-ß-

tfbpw NnX-ß-tfbpw Nen-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v <marquee>... </marquee> F∂ SmKv

BWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. <marquee> F∂ SmKn-t\m-sSm∏w direction F∂ BSn-

_yq´pw GXp Zni-bn-te-°mWv Nen-t°-≠Xv F∂XpIqSn tN¿Øp \¬I-Ww.

DZm: A£-c-ßƒ he-tØm´p Nen-°-W-sa-¶n¬

<marquee direction = right >This web page created by English Club,Govt: High School<marquee>

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.10.]›mØe\ndw am‰m≥ ]Pv 43 ]h¿Ø\w 9)

sh_v t]Pn\v a™ ]›m-Ø-e-\ndw \¬I-W-sa-¶n¬ <body> F∂ SmKv

<body bgcolor = yellow> Ft∂m <body bgcolor = FFFF00> Ft∂m Fgp-Xn-

bm¬ aXn. a‰p \nd-ßfpw ]co-£n-®p-t\m-°mw. \ndw ]® B°Wsa¶n¬ bgcolorF∂ BSn-_yq-ńs‚ hne-bmbn green Ft∂m AXns‚ slIvkm sUkn-a¬

tImUmb 008000 Ft∂m \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]T-\-]-h¿Ø\w 4.10. ssS‰n¬ _mdn¬ Xes°´v tN¿°mw (t]Pv 43 ]h¿Ø\w 10)

<html> ...</html> Sm-Kp-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬ th-Ww H-cp sh-_v t]-Pv Xp-S-ßm≥ F∂p

F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬.- t]Pnse SmKpw

KWn-X-Nn-”hpw

HTML-¬ ‘<’ F∂ ASbmfw

Hcp SmKns‚ Bcw-`hpw ‘>’ F∂Xv

SmKns‚ Ah-km-\-hp-am-Wv. AXn-

\m¬ Ch c≠pw SmKn -e-√msX

t]Pn¬ as‰m-cn-SØpw hcm≥ ]mSn-

√. F¶n¬ KWn-X-im-kvX-sØ-°p-

dn-®p≈ Hcp t]Pn¬ sekvZm≥,

tK‰¿Zm≥ F∂o Nn”-ßƒ

(DZm: 10<20) Fßs\ ImWn°pw?

AhnsS ‘<’ F∂v ImWn-°m≥ &ltF∂pw ‘>’ F∂v ImWn-°m≥ &gtF∂pw Fgp-Xn-bm¬ aXn. HTMLtImUn¬ &lt F∂v Fgp-Xn-bm¬

_uk¿ AXns\ < F∂ Nn”-

am°n ImWn-®p-sIm-≈pw. AXp-

t]mse &gt F∂Xv ‘>’ F∂pw

ImWn-®p-sIm-≈pw.

63

]d-™p-t√m. Cu SmKn-\-I-Øp-th-Ww- a-s‰√m SmKp-I-fpw-F-gp-tX-≠-Xv. Chsb c≠mbn

`mKn-°mw. slUnwKv SmKpw <head> ...</ head>, t_mUn SmKpw <body> ...</ body>.

slUnwKv SmKn-\p-≈n¬ hcp-∂-h-sb√mw slUnwKv sk£-\pw t_mUn SmKn-\p-

≈n¬ hcp-∂-h-sb√mw t_mUn sk£\pw. sh_v t]Pn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-t°-≠sX√mw

t_mUn sk£-\n-emWv htc≠-Xv.

slUnwKv sk£-\-I-Øp-h-cp∂ Hcp ][m-\-s∏´ SmKmWv ssS‰n¬ SmKv <title>...</title>. ssS‰n¬ SmKn¬ \¬Ip∂ hnh-c-ß-fmWv ssS‰n¬ _mdn¬ Zriy-am-Ip-

∂-Xv. ChnsS \¬Ip∂ sSIvÃv Adp-]Xv A£-c-ßfn¬ IqSm≥ ]mSn√. sh_v

t]Pv ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v ssS‰n¬ thW-sa∂v \n¿_-‘-an√.

F¥p]Tn®p? ]cntim[n°mw

HTML B t]cnednbs∏Sp∂sX¥psIm≠v? Cu `mjbpsS ]tbmP\ßƒ

Fs¥ms°bmWv?

HTML `mjbn¬ SmKp-IfpsS D]-tbm-Ksa¥mWv?

Hcp HTML t]Pn¬ km[mcWbmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ SmKpIƒ GsXms°?

Ah Hm-tcm-∂pw F¥n\p]tbmKn°p∂p?

HTML t]Pp-Iƒ Zriy-am-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ GXv?

HTML ^b-¬ \n¿an°ptºmƒ i≤nt°≠ Imcyßƒ Fs¥√mw?

HTML t]Pn¬ NnX-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂sXßs\?

sh_v _uk-dns‚ title _mdn¬ \mw BKln°p∂ sSIvÃv HTMLD]tbmKn®v Zriyam°p∂sXßs\?

sh_v t]Pn-eqsS A£-c-ßƒ Nen-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv Fßs\?

64

5. Iºyq- -dp-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv...

BapJw

Iº-yq- ¿ ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-i-y-ap≈ ASn-ÿm\ tkm v‰vshb-dmb

Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-sØ-°p-dn®v kmam-\-y-ambn Ipń-Iƒ Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Iº-yq-´¿ amX-a√ samss_¬ t^m¨, hnhn[ _n-√nwKv sajn-\p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-

sb√mw ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿

A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.

]T\e£yßƒ

1. Iº-yq-´¿ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw F∂ ASn-ÿm\

tkm^v‰vshb¿ Bh-i-y-amWv F∂ [mcW t\Sp-I.

2. samss_¬ t^m¨ XpS-ßnb ]e D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw

ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv F∂ [mcW t\Sp-I.

3. hy-X-ykvX Xcw Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv t\Sp-I.

4. Hm∏¨ tkmgvkv tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXns‚ ta∑-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈

[mcW t\Sp-I.

5. Iº-yq-´-dns‚ sUkvIvtSm-∏v, ]m\¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ hcp-Øm-hp∂ hnhn-[-am-‰-

ßƒ, ]pXnb ]m\¬ Iqń-t®¿°p-I, ]m\-en¬ ]pXnb A]vse‰p-Iƒ Iqń-

t®¿°pI F∂n-h-bv°p≈ tijn t\Sp-I.

6. Iº-yq-´-dn¬ Znh-khpw ka-bhpw Iao-I-cn-°pI, ^b-ep-Iƒ Xnc™v I≠p-

]n-Sn-°p-I, ]pXnb bqk¿ \n¿an-°p-I, dk-e-yq-j≥ Iao-I-cn-°pI F∂n-hbv°v

tijn t\Sp-I.

7. kvIo≥ tkh¿ sk‰v sNøp-I, sa\p F-Un-‰¿ ]h¿Øn-∏n-°pI F∂n-hbv°v

tijn-t\-Sp-I.

8. ·q en\-Ivknse ^b¬ knÃ-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW t\Sp-I.

9. hnhn[ am¿K-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kvIo≥tjm- p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn

t\Sp-I.

10. hnhn[ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kvIo≥ Zri-y-ßƒ hoUn-tbm-bmbn

NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn t\Sp-I.

11. sS¿an-\¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v hnhn[ Bπn-t°-j-\p-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

tijn t\Sp-I.

65

]mTm-h-X-cWw

Hm∏-td‰nwKv knÃw A\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnhn[ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \nco-

£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw hnZ-ym¿Yn-Iƒ°v e`-y-am-h-Ww. Iº-yq-´¿, samss_¬

t^m¨ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ]m´p-tIƒ°p-I, kn\n-a-Im-Wp-I, hnhn[ sKbn-ap-Iƒ

]h¿Øn-∏n-°pI XpSßn CØcw D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb ]h¿Ø-

\-co-Xnbpw ]tX-y-I-X-Ifpw \nco-£n®v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm-\p-X-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]mTy

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Iao-I-cn-°-Ww. CXn\v Nph-sS-s°m-SpØ ]h¿Ø\w D]-tbm-

Kn-°mw.

\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°¬

apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \nco-£n®v Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø\ coXn,

Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Ah-

bpsS ]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-I, Ipdn∏v ¢mkn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n®v s]mXp-N¿®-bn-eqsS ka-K-am-°p-I. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Nne D]-I-c-W-

ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w Nph-sS-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.

\nco£W°pdn∏v Xbmdm°¬, s]mXpN¿® F∂nhbneqsS CØcw

D]IcWßƒ Fßs\ ]h¿Øn°p∂p F∂ [mcW Dd∏n°Ww. Cu

D]IcWßƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv Nne t]mKmapIƒ°\pkcn®mWv. Iºyq´¿

]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb Cu ASnÿm\ t]mKmw Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw

F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.

D]-I-c-W-ßƒ

Ah D]tbmKn®v

sNøm≥ Ignbp∂

]h¿Ø\ßƒ

]tXyIXIƒ

Iºyq´¿

]m´ptIƒ°mw , kn\na

ImWmw, NnXw hc°mw ,

IW°pIq´mw, IØpIƒ

Xbmdm°mw.

aukv ¢n°neqsSbpw Io

t_m¿Un¬ ssS∏psNbvXpw ,

hnhn[ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

\SØmw

samss_¬

t^m¨

t^mWneqsS a‰p≈hcpambn

kwkmcn°mw. ]m´ptIƒ°mw .

IW°pIq´mw, t^mt´m

FSp°mw.

S®v kvIo≥, Io ]mUv

F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v

]h¿Øn-∏n-°mw.

_n√nwKv sajo≥

hnhn[ XcØnep≈ _n√pIƒ

Xbmdm°mw, kvvt‰m°v,

_me≥kv XpSßnb

kvt‰‰vsa‚pIƒ Xbmdm°mw

Io ]mUn¬ ssS∏psNbvXv

]h¿Øn∏n°mw.

kvt‰‰vsa‚pIfpw _n√pIfpw

CXn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ ]n‚p

sNømw

66

hnhn[Xcw tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ

Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw, Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰v-shb¿ F∂nßs\ hyXykvX

tkm v‰v-shb¿ hn`mKßsf°pdn®pw AhbpsS ]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®pw [mcW

Dd∏n°p∂Xn\mbn A\ptbmPyamb ]T\]h¿Ø\ßƒ BkqXWw sNøWw

CXn\mbn NphsSs°mSpØ ]h¿Ø\w D]tbmKn°mw.

]T\°pdn∏v Xbmdm°¬

F¥mWv Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw? C∂v \nehnep≈ ][m\ Hm∏td‰nwKv

knÃßƒ GsX√mw ? F¥mWv Bπnt°j≥ tkm v‰vshb¿? \nßƒ kvIqfn¬

D]tbmKn°p∂ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØn¬ NnXw hcbv°pI, ]m´ptIƒ°pI,

XpSßn hyXykvX Bhiyßƒ°mbn Fs¥√mw Bπnt°j≥

tkm^v‰vshbdpIfmWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv? Cu hnjbsØ°pdn®v hniZamb

]T\°pdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.

Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw

Iºyq´dns‚ hnhn[ `mKßƒ XΩnep≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

GtIm]n∏n°pIbpw, \nb¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂ knÃw tkm^v‰v-shb¿ BWv-

Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw (H. Fkv-) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv-. th¿Uv- t]mkk¿, Iºyq´¿

sKbnw XpSßnb Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰ v -shbdpIƒ°v Iºyq´dns‚

C≥]p´v--˛Hu´v]p´v D]IcWßƒ, saΩdn, b¬ knÃw XpSßnbhbnte°p≈

CS\ne°mc\mbn Hm∏td‰nwKv- knÃw ]h¿Øn°p∂p. Hm∏td‰nwKv- knÃØn\v

aq∂p `mKßfp≠v knÃw bqńen‰nIƒ, tI¿W¬, sj¬.

Hm∏td‰nwKv- knÃØns‚ [¿aßƒ

Iºyq´dn¬ \S°p∂ hnhn[ ]h¿Ø\ßsf \nb¥n°pIbpw

GtIm]n∏n°pIbpw sNøpI.

hnhn[ Iºyq´¿ A\p_‘ D]IcWßsf Iºyq´dpambn _‘n∏n°pIbpw

AhbpsS ]h¿Ø\ßsf \nb¥n°pIbpw sNøpI.

hnhn[ Bπnt°j≥ tkm v‰v-shbdpIsf D]tbm‡mhpambn _‘n∏n°p∂

CS\ne°mc\mbn ]h¿Øn°pI

^b¬ amt\Pvsa‚ v

saΩdn amt\Pvsa‚ v

XpSßnbhbmWv Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØns‚ ][m\ [¿aßƒ

][m\s∏´ Hm∏td‰nwKv- knÃßƒ

Iºyq´¿ Hm∏td‰nwKv- knÃßƒ

bpWnIvkv

_n.Fkv.Un

67

B∏nƒ amIv H.Fkv. FIvkv.

ssatImtkm^v‰v- hn≥tUmkv-

·q/en\Ivkv

tkmfmcnkv

sF. _n. Fw. F. sF. FIvkv.

tImw H. Fkv.

samss_¬t^m¨ Hm∏td‰nwKv- knÃßƒ

knw_nb≥

B≥tUmbnUv

]mw H. Fkv

Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰vshb¿

NnXw hcbv°pI, kn\na ImWpI, ]m´p tIƒ°pI, IØpIfpw a‰pw

Xbmdm°pI XpSßn ]tXyI Bhiyßƒ°mbn D]tbmKn°p∂ tkm^v‰v-

shbdpIfmWv Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰v-shb¿. Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰v-shbdpIƒ

]h¿Øn∏n°Wsa¶n¬ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw BhiyamWv.

·q/en\Ivkn¬ hnhn[ Bhiyßƒ°mbn D]tbmKn°p∂ Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ

]h¿Ø\w tkm^v‰vshb¿

NnXw hcbv°m≥ X Paint, Tux Paint, Gimp, MyPaint, Pencil

C‚¿s\‰v _ukv sNøm≥ Mozilla Firefox, Epiphany web browser

IsØgpXm≥, Ipdn∏pIƒ OpenOffice.org writer, AbiwordXbmdm°m≥

KWnXInbIƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ OpenOffice.org Calc,]ńIIƒ Xbmdm°m≥ Gnumeric

]kt‚j≥ Xbmdm°m≥ OpenOffice.org Impress, Kpresent

]m´p tIƒ°m≥ kn\na ImWm≥ Totem Movie Player,VLC Media player, Mplayer, xine

i–w sdt°m¿Uv sNøm≥ Sound Recorder, Audactiy

hoUntbm FUn‰p sNøm≥ Openshot, Kdenlive

hoUntbm t^m¿am‰v am‰m≥ WinFF

knUn/UnhnUn ssd‰v sNøm≥ K3b, Brasero Disc Burner

68

kvIqfn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃtasX∂pw Ahbnep≈

Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰v-shbdpIfpw IpńIƒ Is≠Øs´. F¥psIm≠mWv Ch

D]tbmKn°p∂Xv F∂ Nn¥ IpńIfn¬ D≠m°Ww. s]mss]‰dn tkm^v‰v-

shbdpIsf°pdn®pw kzX¥ tkm^v‰v -shbdpIsf°pdn®pw IqSpX¬

hkvXpXIƒ Kln°m\pXIp∂ XcØn¬ ]T\]h¿Ø\ßƒ BkqXWw

sNøWw. CXn\v NphsSs°mSpØ ]h¿Ø\w D]tbmKn°mw.

Kq∏v N¿®

F¥mWv kzX¥ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw? s]mss]‰dn tkm^v‰v-shbdpIfn¬

\n∂pw AXv Fßs\ hyXymks∏ńcn°p∂p? Cu hnjbsØ°pdn®v ¢mkn¬

Kq∏v N¿® kwLSn∏n°mw.

CXn\mbn NphsSs°mSpØ N¿®m kqNIßƒ D]tbmKn°mw.

1. kzX¥ tkm^v‰-shbdpIfpsS NcnXw

2. ô tkm^v‰-vshb¿ ût≠j≥

3. dn®m¿Uv amXyp Ãmƒam≥

4. en\kv tSm¿hmƒUvkv

5. ô tkm^v‰-vshb¿ kzmX¥yßƒ

kzX¥ambn D]tbmKn°m\pw, D]tbmKIasØ°pdn®v ]Tn°m\pw, AXn¬

am‰w hcpØm\pw, FX ]I¿∏pIƒ thWsa¶nepw FSpØv D]tbmKn°m\pw

km[n°p∂ tkm^v‰v-shbdpIfmWv kzX¥ tkm^v‰v-shb¿. kzX¥ tkm^v‰v-

shb¿ kuP\yambn e`yamWv. tkm^v‰v-shbdns‚ tkmgvkv AYhm AXv

FgpXs∏ńcn°p∂ t]mKmw tImUv F√mh¿°pw hmbn°mhp∂ hn[Øn¬

e`yambncn°pw. IqSmsX CØcw tImUpIfpsSbpw tkm v‰v-shbdns‚bpw IqsS

kzX¥tkm^v‰v-shb¿ A\paXn ]Xw km[mcWbmbn Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°pw.

CØcw tkm^v‰v-shbdpIƒ F√mw Hcp s]mXpk©bØn¬ (Repository)e`yam°nbhbmbncn°pw. 1983 ¬ dn®m¿Uv Ãmƒam\mWv kzX¥tkm v‰v-shb¿

]ÿm\Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn®Xv. 1985 ¬ ô tkm v‰v-shb¿ ut≠j≥ (FSF)Bcw`n®p.

kuP\y tkm^v‰v-shb¿

kuP\yambn e`nbv°p∂ Hcp tkm^v‰v-shb¿ kzX¥ tkm^v‰v-shb¿

BIWsa∂n√. kuP\yambXpw kzX¥a√mØXpamb tkm^v‰v-shbdpIsf

ôshb¿ (kuP\y tkm^v‰v-shb¿ ) F∂p hnfnbv°p∂p. kuP\ytkm^v‰v-

shb¿ AXns‚ ]I¿∏hImiw \n¿amXm°fn¬Xs∂ \ne\ndpØp∂p. IqSmsX

ChbpsS tkmgvkv e`yambncn°pIbn√. ChbpsS IqSpX¬ ]I¿∏pIƒ

69

D]tbmKn°phm\p≈ kzmX¥yhpw D≠mbncn°pIbn√.

Iºyq´dns‚ sI´pw a´pw am‰mw

Iºyq´dns‚ sUkvIvtSm∏v ]›mØew am‰pI, hyXykvXßfmb NnXßƒ

]›mØeambn IaoIcn°pI. Xow, t^m≠v F∂nhbn¬ Bhiyamb am‰ßƒ

hcpØpI F∂o ]h¿Ø\ßƒ hnZym¿YnIƒ ]mtbmKnIambn sNbvXp

]cnioent°≠Xp≠v.

hyXykvXßfmb sUkvIvtSm∏v IaoIcWßfp≈ Iºyq´dpIƒ

\nco£n°p∂Xn\v hnZym¿YnIsf A\phZn°pI. CXpt]mse sUkvIvtSm∏v

IaoIcWßƒ BI¿jIam°p∂Xn\v Fs¥ms° am‰ßfmWv

hcptØ≠sX∂v hniZoIcn°pI. \nco£W°pdn∏v, hniZoIcW°pdn∏v F∂nh

ASnÿm\am°n ]kvXpX ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°mhiyamb h¿°vjo‰pIƒ

Xbmdm°n°mw.

UkvIvtSm∏n¬ aukv ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv Change Desktop BackgroundsXcs™Sp°pI. At∏mƒ Zriyamhp∂ Appearence Preference hn≥tUmbn¬

\n∂pw Bhiyamb NnXw Xncs™SpØv ]›mØew am‰mw. C\n \ap°n„ap≈

NnXßƒ ]›mØeambn \¬Ip∂Xn\v Add _´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv NnXßƒ

sXc™p Is≠Øn Dƒs∏SpØmw. Appearence Preference hn≥tUmbn¬

Theme Sm_n¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv A\ptbmPyamb Xow Xncs™Sp°mw. FontsSm_n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv t^m≠v am‰p∂Xn\pw ChnsS km[n°pw. Cu

]h¿Ø\ßfpsS h¿°vjo‰pIƒ Xbmdm°n ]mtbmKnI ¢mkn¬ sNbvXp

]cnioen°pI.

kvIo≥tjm´pIƒ Xbmdm°mw

kvIo≥ Zriyßƒ AtXt]mse NnXcq]Ønem°p∂Xns\bmWv

kvIo≥tjm´v F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. Ksnapshot D]tbmKn®v kvIo≥tjm´v

Xbmdm°p∂ hn[w ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ hniZambn \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv

i≤n®ncn°pat√m. CXpIqSmsX

a‰p ]ecq]Ønepw kvIo≥tjm´v

Xbmdm°mw. kvIo≥tjm´ v

Xbmdmt°≠ `mKw kvIo\n¬

Xpd∂v h®v Iot_m¿Unse PrintScreen (Prt Scr) _´¨

Aa¿ØpI. ]pXnb PmeIØn¬

Xpd∂p hcp∂ kvIo≥tjm´v

^b¬ \maw \¬In tkhv

sNømw.NnXw 5.1

70

Application → Accessories → Take Screenshot F∂ IaØn¬ TakeScreenshot PmeIw Xpd∂pw kvIo≥tjm´v Xbmdm°mw. hn≥tUm apgph\mtbm

Bhiyamb `mKw amXw skeIv‰v sNbvtXm kvIo≥tjm´v Xbmdm°mw. GrabThe Whole Desktop, Grab the Current Window, Select Area to GrabF∂nhbntesX¶nepw ¢n°psNbvXv Take Screenshot F∂nSØv ¢n°qsNøpI.

]pXnb PmeIØn¬ kvIo≥tjm´v Xpd∂p hcp∂p ^b¬ \maw \¬In CXv

tkhv sNømw.

]mT]pkvXIØn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ hnhn[ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ hyXykvX

coXnbn¬ sNbvXv kvIo≥tjm´pIƒ tkhv sNøpI.

kvIo≥ Zriyßƒ NnXoIcn°mw

kvIo≥tjm´pIƒ Xbmdm°nbXn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn kvIo≥

Zriyßsf hoUntbmbmbn NnXoIcn°p∂Xn\pw km[n°pw.

CXn\p]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp tkm v‰-vshbdmWv gtk-recordMyDesktop CXv Xpd∂p

]h¿Øn°p∂ hn[w ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂Xv i≤n°pI.

hoUntbm NnXoIcn°p∂Xns\m∏w Xs∂ i–w sdt°m¿Uv sNøp∂Xn\p≈

kwhn[m\hpw CXn¬ D≠v. CXp t]mse kvIo≥ Zriyßsf hoUntbmbmbn

NnXoIcn°p∂Xn\p≈ as‰mcp tkm^v‰- vshbdmWv Istanbul DesktopSessionRecorder.

hyXykvXßfmb tkm^v‰v-shbdpIƒ D]tbmKn®v CØcØn¬ kvIo≥

Zriyßƒ NnXoIcn°mw. ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS

h¿°v jo‰pIƒ Xbmdm°pIbpw ]mIv‰n°¬ ¢mkpIfn¬ sNbvXp

]cnioen°pIbpw sNøWw.

]m\¬ Iqńt®¿°mw Hgnhm°mw

sUkvIvtSm∏n¬ apIfnepw Xmsgbpambn ImWs∏Sp∂ ]m\¬ \nßƒ

i≤n°pI. D]Imc]Zamb bqńen‰nIfpw Bπnt°j\pIfpw Ffp∏Øn¬

Xpdt°≠p∂ t]mKmapIfpsa√mw ]m\en¬ Dƒs∏SpØmw. Cßs\

Dƒs∏SpØnbh H‰ aukv ¢n°psIm≠v Xpd°m≥ Ignbpw. ]m\ens‚ \ndhpw

hen∏hpsa√mw Bhiym\pkcWw am‰m≥ Ignbpw. CXn\mbn ] m \ e n ¬

Hgn™ `mKØv aukv ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv Properties sXcs™Sp°pI.

Orientation F∂Xn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Top, Bottom, Right, LeftF∂nhbntesX¶nepw H∂v Xncs™SpØv ]m\ens\ apIfnepw Xmsgbpw

CSØpw heØpsa√mw tN¿Øp\n¿Øm≥ Ignbpw. Size F∂Xn\p t\sc ¢n°p

sNbvXv Bhiyap≈ hen∏w \¬Imw. Background Sm_v skeIv‰v sNbvXv SolidColor F∂ tdUntbm _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. C\n C„ap≈ \ndw

sXcs™Sp°mw. NphsSbp≈ Style \p t\scbp≈ _´¨ Nen∏n®v ]m\ens‚

71

\ndw Iq´pIbpw Ipdbv°pIbpw sNømw. Autohide, Show hide buttonsF∂nhbn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv ]m\ens\ Hfn∏n°pIbpw Xncn®psIm≠p hcnIbpw

sNømw. Background Image F∂Xn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Bhiyap≈ NnXw

sXcs™SpØv ]m\ens‚ ]›mØeam°mw.

XobXnbpw kabhpw IaoIcn°mw

Iºyq´¿ j´vUu¨ sNbvXncn°p∂ Ahÿbn¬ t]mepw Iºyq´dn¬

kabhpw XobXnbpsa√mw IrXyambn ]men°s∏´p t]mcp∂p≠v.

Iºyq´dn\IsØ BIOS F∂ `mKamWv kabhpw XobXnbpsa√mw IrXyambn

kq£n°p∂Xv. F¶nepw ]e ImcWßfmepw kabw, XobXn, amkw, Znhkw

F∂nh IaoIcnt°≠ Bhiyw hcmdp≠v. Ch IrXyambn IaoIcn°p∂Xn\v

]m\en¬ kabhpw XobXnbpw sImSpØncn°p∂ `mKØv aukv ssd‰v ¢n°p

sNøpI. Xpd∂phcp∂ sa\phn¬ \n∂pw Preference sXc™Sp°pI. GeneralSm_n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv 12 Hour, 24 Hour F∂nß\ t^m¿am‰pIƒ

sXcs™Sp°mw. C\n NphsS ImWp∂ Time Settings ¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv amkw,

h¿jw, XobXn, kabw F∂nhbn¬ am‰w hcpØmw. amkhpw h¿jhpw

\¬Inbncn°p∂Xn\v CSXpw heXpambn ImWp∂ AºSbmfØn¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXv amkhpw h¿jhpw Iq´pIbpw Ipdbv°pIbpw sNømw. NphsSbp≈

Ie≠dn¬ Bhiyamb XobXnbn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv XobXn sXcs™Sp°mw.

Time F∂Xn\p t\sc apIfntem´pw Xmtgm´pw ImWp∂ AºSbmfØn¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXv kabw hyXymks∏SpØmw. C\n Set System Time F∂Xn¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXv ]mkvthUv \¬IpI.

]pXnb bqk¿ \n¿amWw

kvIqfnse Iºyq´¿ em_nse Hmtcm Iºyq´dpw \nch[n hnZym¿YnIƒ

D]tbmKn°p∂XmWv. Cßs\ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ Hcmƒ Xbmdm°nb

^bepIƒ a‰p≈h¿ ImWp∂Xn\pw AXn¬ am‰w hcpØp∂Xn\pw Nnet∏mƒ

Uneo‰v sNøp∂Xn\pw km[yXbp≠v. CsXmgnhm°m≥ Hmtcm ¢mkn\pw Hmtcm

bqk¿ Xbmdm°nbm¬ aXn. ]pXnb bqk¿ c≠p XcØn¬ \n¿an°mw.

System → Administration → Users and Groups F∂ IaØn¬ User SettingsPmeIw Xpd∂v bqk¿ \n¿an°p∂ hn[w ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv

i≤n®ncn°pat√m. CXpIqSmsX Terminal Xpd∂v Iam‚ v ssS∏p sNbvXpw bqk¿

\n¿an°mw. CXn\mbn Application → Accessories → Terminal F∂ IaØn¬

Terminal Xpd°pI.

sudo adduser ghss (ghss F∂Xv \mw \n¿an°m\pt±in°p∂ bqkdns‚

t]cv) F∂ Iam‚ v ssS∏p sNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿ØpI. C\n \mw temKn≥

sNbvXncn°p∂ bqkdns‚ AUvan\nkvtS‰ohv ]mkv thUv \¬In F‚¿ Io

72

Aa¿ØpI. ]pXnb bqkdns‚ ]mkvthUv \¬IpI. C\n Bhiys∏Sp∂

hnhcßƒ Hmtcm∂mbn ssS∏p sNøpI. sS¿an\¬ ASbvIpI. C\n ]pXnb

bqkdmbn temKn≥ sNømw.

Cßs\ \n¿an°s∏Sp∂ bqkdn\v hoUntbm, HmUntbm kn.Un, UnhnUn,

s]≥ ssUhv, ]n‚¿ F∂nh ]h¿Øn∏n°pI, C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKn°pI

XpSßnb Imcyßƒ sNøWsa¶n¬ AXn\p≈ ]tXyIm[nImcw (]nhntePv)

\¬tI≠Xp≠v. CXn\mbn System Administration → Users and Groups F∂

IaØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv User Settings PmeIw Xpd°pI. User skeIvSv sNbvX

tijw Advanced Settings ¢n°psNbvXv ]mkvthUv \¬IpI. Xpd∂p hcp∂

PmeIØn¬ User privileges ¢n°psNøpI. C\n NphsSbp≈ Hmtcm

]nhntePns‚bpw XpS°Ønep≈ NXpcØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv B ]nhntePpIƒ

\¬Imw.

bqk¿ Uneo‰v sNøWsa¶n¬ sS¿an\¬ Xpd∂v sudo userdel -r<username> F∂ Iam‚ v ssS∏p sNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿ØpI. XpS¿∂v

AUvan\nkvtS‰ohv ]mkv-thUv \¬IpI. (ChnsS <username> F∂nSØv

Hgnhmt°≠ bqkdns‚ t]cmWv \¬tI≠Xv.)

hnZym¿YnIƒ°v AhchcpsS t]cn¬ bqk¿ \n¿an°m≥ Ahkcw

\¬IWw. hyXykvX coXnbn¬ bqk¿ \n¿an°p∂ hn[w IpńIƒ

]cnioen°pIbpw ]T\°pdn∏pIƒ Xbmdm°pIbpw thWw.

sdkeyqj≥ IaoIcn°mw

Nne Iºyq´dpIfn¬ sUkvIvtSm∏n¬ sF°WpIƒ hfsc hepXmbn

ImWs∏Spw, amXa√ Nne PmeIßƒ Xpd∂m¬ AXv ]q¿Wambpw ImWm≥

IgnbmsXbpw F¬.kn.Un s]mPIv‰dpIfpw a‰pw Iºyq´dpambn _‘n∏n®m¬

kvIo≥ Zriyßƒ ImWmsXbpw hcpw. CXn\p ImcWw Iºyq´dns‚ kvIo≥

sdkeyqj≥ Ipd™ncn°p∂XmWv. kvIo≥ sdkeyqj≥ Iq´p∂Xn\v

System → Preference → Monitors (As√¶n¬ System → Preference →

Display/Screen Resolution) F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Monitor PreferencePmeIw Xpd∂v Bhiyamb sdkeyqj≥ sXcs™SpØm¬ aXn.

kvIo≥ tkh¿

Aev]kabw Iºyq´¿ \n›eambn h®m¬ kvIo\n¬ Nne NnXßfpw

cq]ßfpsa√mw ]Xy£s∏Sp∂p. ]ecq]Øn¬ Nen®psIm≠ncn°p∂ ChbmWv

kvIo≥ tkhdpIƒ.

System → Preference → Screensaver F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv

73

Screensaver Preference PmeIw Xpd∂v kvIo≥tkh¿ sk‰psNømw.

kvIo≥tkh¿ Hgnhm°p∂Xn\v Screensaver Preference PmeIØnse

Activate Screensaver F∂nSsØ SnIv am¿°v Hgnhm°nbm¬ aXn. Lock screenF∂nSsØ SnIv am¿°v Hgnhm°nbm¬ kvIo≥ tkh¿ ]Xy£s∏Sp∂ kabØv

kvIo≥ tem°mhp∂Xpw Hgnhm°mw.

^b¬ knÃw

Hmtcm bqkdns‚bpw ^bepIƒ kq£n°s∏Sp∂Xv B bqkdns‚

tlmanemWv. Hmtcm bqkdns‚bpw tlmw B bqkdns‚ UkvIvtSm∏n¬

Zriyamhpw. C\n UkvIvtSm∏n¬ ImWp∂ Computer Xpd∂v AXn\IØp≈

File System → home Xpd°pI. Iºyq´dnep≈ apgph≥ bqkdns‚bpw t]cp≈

Hmtcm t^mƒU¿ AhnsS Zriyamhpw. CXv Hmtcm bqkdns‚bpw tlmamWv. CXv

Xpd∂m¬ Hmtcm bqkdns‚bpw ^bepIƒ AXn¬ Zriyamhpw. Cu ^bepIƒ

ImWm≥ Ignbp∂X√msX AXn¬ am‰w hcpØp∂Xnt\m Uneo‰v sNøp∂Xnt\m

Ignbn√. AUvan\nkvtS‰ohv bqkdmbn temKn≥ sNbvXm¬ amXta CØcw

^bepIfn¬ am‰w hcpØp∂Xnt\m Uneo‰v sNøp∂Xnt\m IgnbpIbp≈q.

CXn\p ]pdta nautilus Iam‚ v D]tbmKn®pw AUvan\nkvtS‰ohv A[nImctØmsS

CØcw ^bepIƒ Xpd°mw. CXn\mbn sS¿an\¬ Xpd∂v sudo nautilus / F∂

Iam‚ v ssS∏p sNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿ØpI. ]mkv-thUv \¬IpI. Xpd∂phcp∂

^bepIfn¬ \ap°v am‰w hcpØp∂Xn\p Ignbpw.

GsX¶nepw Hcp ^ben¬ aukv ssd‰v ¢n°p sNbvXv PropertiessXcs™Sp°pI. Xpd∂p hcp∂ PmeIØn¬ Location F∂nSØv

i≤n®pt\m°q. B b¬ FhnsSbmWv tkhv sNøs∏ńcn°p∂sX∂v ImWmw.

/home/drc/Desktop/ITHandbook ChnsS home F∂Xv Iºyq´dns‚ tlmapw drcF∂Xv bqkdns‚ tlmapamWv. Cu b¬ tkhv sNøs∏ńcn°p∂Xv drc F∂

bqkdnse Desktop se IT Handbook F∂ t^mƒUdnemWv.

^b¬ sXc™p Is≠Ømw

Iºyq´dn¬ tkhv sNøs∏ń

cn°p∂ Hcp ^b¬ sXc™p

Is≠Øp∂Xv Fßs\bmsW∂v

t\m°mw. Places → Search ForFiles F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv

Search For Files PmeIw Xpd°pI.

Name Contains F∂nSØv Xnc™p

Is≠tØ≠ ^bens‚ t]cv

\¬IpI.NnXw 5.2

74

C\n Find ¢n°p sNøpI. Bhiyamb bepIƒ Search Results F∂Xn\p

Xmsg Zriyamhpw. Look in folder F∂nSØv ¢n°psNbvXv t^mƒUdpIƒ

sXcs™SpØv AXn\IØp≈ bepIƒ amXambn Xncbmw. C\n Nne ]tXyI

hn`mKw ^bepIƒ amXamWv Is≠tØ≠sX¶n¬ AXns‚ ^b¬

FIvÃ≥j≥ \evIn Xncbmw. CXn\mbn Name Contains F∂nSØv *.

F∂Xnt\msSm∏w ^b¬ FIvÃ≥j≥ IqSn \¬Inbm¬ aXn. DZmlcWambn

.doc FIvÃ≥j\p≈ bepIfmWv Xnc™p Is≠tØ≠sX¶n¬ *.doc F∂p

ssS∏p sNbvXv Find ¢n°p sNbvXm¬ aXn.

D_p≠p K_v doC≥Ãmƒ sNøm≥

D_p≠p C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXncn°p∂ Iºyq´dpIfn¬ at‰sX¶nepw Hm∏td‰nwKv

knÃw C≥Ãmƒ sNøpItbm at‰m sNbvXm¬ ]n∂oSv D_p≠p _q´v

sNømsXbmhpw. Cu kµ¿`Øn¬ D_p≠p do C≥Ãmƒ sNtø≠Xn√. K_v

amXw do C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXm¬ aXnbmIpw. K_v do C≥Ãmƒ sNøp∂Xn\p≈

am¿Kw NphsSs°mSp°p∂p.

1. IT@School Ubuntu Linux DVD D]tbmKn®v H∂masØ Hm]vj\neqsS

(Try Ubuntu without any change to your computer) Iºyq´¿ _q´v

sNøn°pI.

2. _q´v sNbvX tijw sS¿an\¬ Xpd∂v sudo su F∂ Iam‚ v D]tbmKn®v

dq´v Bbn temKn≥ sNøpI.

3. fdisk -l F∂ Iam‚ v D]tbmKn®v GXv ]m¿ój\n¬ BWv ubuntuC≥Ãmƒ sNbvXsX∂v I≠ØpI. (DZm: /dev/sda6 )

4. ]kvXpX ]m¿ój≥ mount command D]tbmKn®v /mnt bn¬ mountsNøn°pI. (DZm: mount /dev/sda6 /mnt )

5. XpS¿∂v grub-install -root-directory=/mnt ‘(hd0)’F∂ command typesNbvXv Enter Key Aa¿ØpI.

GRUB Installation ]q¿Ønbmbm¬ Installation finished. No error reported.F∂ dnt∏m¿´v ImWmw. C\n knÃw do_q´v sNømw.

Iºyq´dnep≈ hnhn[ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃßfn¬ \n∂v Bhiyap≈Xv

sXcs™SpØv AXnte°v _q´v sNøm≥ klmbn°p∂ ·q t]mPIv‰ns‚

_q´v temUdmWv ·q Km‚ v bqWnssÛv _q´v temU¿ As√¶n¬ ·p

K_v (Grand Unified Bootloader). aƒń_q´v kvs]kn^nt°j≥

ASnÿm\am°n D≠m°nb K_v _q´v temU¿ Iºyq´dn¬ C≥Ãmƒ

sNbvXn´p≈ \nch[n tI¿WepIfn¬ \n∂v th≠Xv sXcs™Sp°m\pw

klmbn°p∂p.

75

s\‰vh¿°neqsS ]n‚¿ sjb¿ sNøm≥

1. ]n‚¿ tIm¨^nKtdj≥ PmeIw Xpd°pI (System → Administration→ Printing).

2. Server sa\phn¬ Settings ¬ ¢n°p sNøpI.

3. Xpd∂p hcp∂ PmeIØn¬ H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v , A©v sN°v

t_mIvkpIfn¬ SnIv am¿°v \¬IpI.

4. OK _´¨ ¢n°p sNøpI.

5. Aev]kabØn\Iw sk¿h¿ Iºyq´dn¬ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvX ]n‚dns‚

sF°¨ ]n‚¿ tIm¨^nKtdj≥ PmeIØn¬ Zriyamhpw.

76

6. Btµm-f\w tZme\w

BapJw

HºXmw ¢mknse ùXnIimkvXßƒ F∂ ]mT]pkvXIØnse 3, 5bqWn‰pIfn¬ ]Xn]mZn®n´p≈ Nne BibßfmWv Cu A[ymbØn\v

ASnÿm\am°nbn´p≈Xv. uXnIimkvX ¢mkpIfn¬ ]mT`mKßƒ ]TnXmhn\v

IqSpX¬ hy‡amIp∂Xn\pw, kzbw ]T\Øn\pw, kwib\nhmcWØn\pap≈

AhkcamWv sF kn Sn ]mT`mKØneqsS \evtI≠Xv. ]mT`mKØn¬ ]dbp∂h

IqSmsX [mcmfw tkm^v‰v-shbdpIƒ C‚¿s\‰n¬ e`yamWv Chbpw IpńIƒ°v

]cnNbs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. A\ptbmPyamb tkm^v‰v-shbdpIƒ D]tbmKn®v

imkvX]T\w Imcy£aam°p∂Xn\p≈ IgnhmWv CXneqsS ]TnXmhv

B¿Pnt°≠Xv. tkm v‰v-shb¿ D]tbmKw ]cnioen®tijw AXXp hnjbØn¬

BgØnep≈ ]T\w \SØp∂Xn\v ]TnXmhns\ t]m¬kmln∏nt°≠XmWv.

CXn\mbn B hnjbw ]Tn∏n°p∂ A[ym]Is‚ tkh\hpw tXSmhp∂XmWv.

]T\e£yßƒ

s]≥Upew-em_v F∂ knaptej≥ tkm^v‰v-shbdnse hnhn[ SqfpIƒ

D]tbmKn®v knºnƒ s]≥Upew ]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ tijn

t\Sp∂Xn\v.

s]≥Upew-em_v knaptej≥ tkm^v‰v -shb¿ D]tbmKn®v Hcp

s]≥UpeØns‚ \ofhpw ]ncoUpw XΩnep≈ _‘w hniIe\w

sNøp∂Xn\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

s]≥Upew-em_v knaptej≥ tkm^v‰v -shb¿ D]tbmKn®v Hcp

s]≥UpeØns‚ amkv AXns‚ ]ncoUns\ kzm[o\n°p∂pt≠m F∂p

]cntim[n°p∂Xn\v.

Periodic table of the elements F∂ tkm^v‰v-shb¿ D]tbmKn®v

]ncntbmUnIv tS_nfnse Kq∏pIsfbpw ]ncoUpIsfbpw Ipdn®v [mcW

t\Sp∂Xn\v.

Kalzium tkm^v‰v -shb¿ D]tbmKn®v ]ncntbmUnIv tS_nfnse

]mXn\n[y aqeIßsf Is≠Øn AhbpsS khntijXIƒ

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v

aqe-I-ß-fpsS Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw ]cntim[n®v Ah-bpsS

77

]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfnse ÿm\w (Kq∏v, ]ncoUv) Is≠Øp∂Xn\p≈

tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

aqeIßfpsS B‰Øns‚ hen∏w ]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfn¬ Fßs\

hyXymks∏Sp∂psh∂v XmcXayw sNøp∂Xn\mhiyamb Km v Kalziumtkm^v‰v-shb¿ D]tbmKn®v \n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

]mTmhXcWw

s^‰v D]tbmKn®p≈ s]≥Upew ]co£Ww

]mT]pkvXIØnse ]h¿Ø\w 1 : tkm v‰v-shb¿ ]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\pw

AXnse hnhn[ SqfpIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\pamWv. kzX¥ambn tZme\w

sNøØ°hÆw Hcp temltKmfsØ NcSn¬ sIńØq°nb kwhn[m\amWv

knºnƒ s]≥Upew. `qKpcpXzXzcWw Af°p∂Xn\pw ssSw Io∏dmbpw

s]≥Upew t¢m°v \n¿an°p∂Xn\pw knºnƒ s]≥UpeØns‚

]h¿Ø\XXzßƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂p≠v.

]h¿Ø\w 2eqsS s]≥UpeØns‚ ]ncoUpw BhrØnbpw

F¥msW∂p≈ [mcW IpńIfn¬ cq]s∏SWw. H∂papX¬

aq∂phscbp≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ sNøp∂XneqsS knºnƒ

s]≥UpeØns‚ \ofhpw ]ncoUpw XΩnep≈ _‘w hniIe\w

sNøpIbmWv Ipń. s]≥Upew em_v tkm^v‰v -shb¿ icnbmbn

]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\pw AXnse hnhn[ SqfpIƒ Bhiyamb coXnbn¬

IaoIcn°p∂Xn\pap≈ Ignhv ]TnXmhv t\SWw.

s]≥Upew t_m_ns\ tZme\w sNøn°m≥ t_m_ns\ Xpe\_nµphn¬

NnXw 6.1

78

\n∂v CStØmt´m hetØmt´m UmKv sNbvXXn\ptijw kzX¥am°pI.

heXp hiØp≈ t_mIvkn¬ s]≥UpeØns‚ \ofw , amkv F∂nh

IaoIcn°mw.

sXm´pXmsgbp≈ Show second pendulum sN°v sNtø≠Xn√.

Friction none F∂v IaoIcn°pI.

real time , Earth F∂nh active Bbncn°Ww.

Veloctiy , acceleration F∂nh sN°v sNtø≠Xn√.

s]≥Upew t_m_v Xpe-\-_n-µp-hn¬ \n∂v CS-tØm´pw he-tØm´pw Nen®v

Xpe-\-_n-µp-hn¬ Xncn®v FØp-∂-XmWv Hcp tZm-e-\w (t_m_v Hcp hi-Øp-

\n∂v ]pd-s∏ v AtX hi-Øn-se-Øp-∂-XmWv Hcp- tZm-e-\w). s]≥Upew t_m_v

kz-X-¥-am-°n-b-bp-Ss\ tZm-e-\-ßƒ FSp-°-W-sa-∂n-√. Xpe-\-_n-µp-hns\ B[m-

c-am-°nbpw hi-ßsf B[m-c-am-°nbpw tZm-e-\-ß-fpsS FÆ-sa-Sp-°mw.

knºnƒ s]≥UpeØns‚ ]ncoUv F∂Xv Hcp tZme\Øns\Sp°p∂

kabamWv. Hcp sk°≥Unep≠mIp∂ tZme\ßfpsS FÆamWv

s]≥UpeØns‚ BhrØn. n tZme\ßƒ°v t sk°≥Uv kabsaSpØm¬

]ncoUv T= t/n Bbncn°pw. BhrØn f = n/t sl¿Svkv (Hz) Bbncn°pw.

s]≥Upew t_m_ns‚ \ofw hyXymks∏SpØn ]co£Ww

Bh¿Øn°Ww. heXp `mKØp t_mIvkn¬ Xmsgbp≈ other tools -¬ ¢n°v

sNøptºmƒ e`n°p∂ UnPn‰¬ kvt‰m∏v hm®v D]tbmKn®v kabw IW°m°n

]ńI.2 ]qcn∏n°pI. \n›bn°s∏´ tZme\ßƒ ]q¿Ønbm°p∂kaØv

UnPn‰¬ kvt‰m]v hm®v pause sNbvXv thWw kabaf°m≥. show energyof 1 sN°v sNbvXv s]≥UpeØns‚ Du¿Pam‰w (Kinetic Energy (KE) ,Potential Energy (PE) ImWmw.

knºnƒ s]≥Upew D]-tbm-Kn®v `qan-bnse Kpcp-X-zm-I¿j-W-X-z-cWw IW-°m-

°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Nµ-\n-tebpw hym-g-Øn-sebpw Kpcp-X-zm-I¿j-W-X-z-cWw ImWm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn\v ][m\ Pme-I-Ønse sa\p-hn¬ Moon, Jupiter F∂nhbn¬

Bh-i-y-am-bXv BIvSo-hm-°-Ww. hmbp-aq-e-ap-≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ L¿jWw Ipd-

bv°m\pw Iq´m\pw friction Sm_v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hmbp-aq-e-ap≈ L¿jWw

s]≥Up-e-Øns‚ ]nco-Un-s\bpw AXp-hgn Bhr-Øn-sbbpw kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p-

sh-∂p≈ Imcyw Hm¿°p-I.

aqeIßfpsS XdhmSv

]h¿Ø\w- 5

Periodic table of the elements F∂ tkm^v‰v -shb¿ D]tbmKn®v

79

Kq∏pIsf°pdn®p≈ ]TnXmhns‚ [mcW Dd∏n°pIbmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\Øns‚

e£yw. ]ocntbmUnIv tS_nƒ apgph\mbn ImWp∂Xn¬ \n∂p hyXykvXambn

Kq∏pIƒ Xncs™SpØv sslsse‰v sNøp∂Xn\p≈ kuIcyw CXnep≠v.

Applications → Science → Periodic table of the elements F∂ IaØn¬

tkm^v‰v -shb¿ Xpd∂v View → Color Scheme → Family F∂v ¢n°v

sNbvXtijw Selected family F∂Xn\v t\scbp≈ All F∂ `mKØv ¢n°v

sNbvXv Alkali metals, Alkaline earths metals, Halogens,Noble gases F∂nh

Xncs™SpØv ]ńI 4 ]q¿Ønbm°p∂ ]h¿Ø\amWv sF kn ‰n em_n¬

\St°≠Xv.

Hcp Kq∏nse aqeIßƒ ImWpIbpw Ah Hmtcm∂pw FSpsØgpXpIbpw

sNøp∂XneqsS IpØs\bp≈ tImfßfmWv Kq∏pIsf∂ Bibw ]TnXmhn\v

t_m[ys∏Sp∂p.Kq∏pIfnse AwKßƒ GsXms°bmsW∂v a\knem°p

∂Xn\p≈ Ahkchpw CXneqsS e`n°p∂p. tkm^v‰v-shbdnse aqeIßfpsS

]XoIßfn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬ Ahsb°pdn®p≈ IqSpX¬ hnhcßƒ

Is≠Ømhp∂XmWv.

]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nƒ ]T-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Nne sh_v en¶p-Iƒ NphsS

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

NnX-ß-f-S-ßnb ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nƒ -

http://theodoregray.com/periodicTable

aqe-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]co-£-W-ß-fpsS Ne-®n-X-ßƒ -

http://www.periodicvideos.com/

Kq∏pIƒ IrXyambn a\knem°n°gn™m¬ NphsS \¬Inbncn°p∂

]h¿Ø\ßfpw \¬tI≠XmWv.

]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfn¬ BsI FX Kq∏pIƒ D≠v?

Ht∂m, ct≠m Kq∏nse aqeIßfn¬ BZytØXns‚ t]cv Is≠ØpI.

]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfn¬ BsI FX ]ncoUpIƒ D≠v?

Chbn¬ sNdnb ]ncoUv GXv?

]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fn-s\-°p-dn®v GXm\pw hnh-c-ßƒ

\mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nƒ tamtU¨ ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nƒ

BWv. aqe-I-ßsf Ah-bpsS At‰manI kwJy IqSn-h-cp∂ Ia-Øn-emWv (Hmtcm

\nc-bnepw CS-Øp-\n∂v he-tØ-°v) CXn¬ Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ IpØ-

s\-bp≈ 18 tImf-ß-fp-≠v. Ch Hmtcm∂pw Hmtcm Kq∏p-I-fm-Wv.- Htc kz-`m-h-

ap≈ aqe-I-ß-fmWv Hcp Kq∏n-ep-≈-Xv.

80

aqeIßƒ ]ncntbmUnIv tS_nfnse ÿm\w

kwIaW aqeIßƒ 3 apX¬ 12 hscbp≈ Kq∏pIƒ

D]temlßƒ B,Si,Ge,As,Sb,Te,Po XpSßnbhb

em≥Yt\mWpIƒ 6-mw ]ncoUnse La °v tijw hcp∂

Ce apX¬ Lu hscbp≈ 14aqeIßßƒ.

BŒnt\mWpIƒ 7-mw ]ncoUnse Ac °v tijw hcp∂

Th apX¬ Lr hscbp≈ 14aqeIßßƒ.

sabn≥ tªm°n¬ Ggv \nc -I-fp -≠v. (A-h-km-\sØ c≠v \nc -Iƒ

Hgn-sI) Ch-bmWv tatU¨ ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fnse Ggv ]nco-Up-Iƒ.

Ah-km-\sØ c≠v \nc-I-fn¬ BZ-y-tØXv (Lanthanides) Bdmw ]nco-Un-

s‚bpw c≠m-a-tØXv (Actinides) Ggmw ]ncoUn-s‚bpw `mK-am-Wv.

]h¿Ø\w - 6

]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfns\ IqSpX¬ a\knem°p∂Xn\v klmbn°p∂XmWv

Cu ]h¿Ø\w. D]temlßƒ (Metalloids-temlØns‚bpw

AtemlØns‚bpw kz`mhap≈h), Transition metals XpSßnbhbpsS

]ocntbmUnIv tS_nfnse ÿm\w Is≠ØnsbgpXp∂Xn\v Cu ]h¿Ø\w

]TnXmhns\ klmbn°p∂p. tkm^v‰ v -shbdn¬ ]h¿Ø\w - 5 - ˛se

IaoIcWßƒ sNbvXtijw Hmtcm∂pw Xncs™SpØv \nco£n®v ]ńI

]qcn∏n°mhp∂XmWv.

]Xn\n[nIsf Is≠Ømw

Kalzium

]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fn-s\-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcptk^v‰vshb-dmWv

Kalzium. International free software community bmb KDEbmWv CXv \n¿an-®-

Xv. ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fnse aqe-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mcmfw hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-

°p-∂-Xn-\pw, Ahsb hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ Xmc-X-ayw sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw, X∑mX amXr-

I-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, X∑mXm mcw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-sams° Hcp ]Tn-

Xm-hns\ klm-bn-°m≥ Cu tkm v‰v shb-dn\v Ign-bp-∂p. Cu tkm v‰v shb¿

\nc-¥cw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

F´mw ¢mkn¬ \mw ]cnNbs∏´ Hcp tkm^v‰v-shbdmWv Kalzium. Cu

tkm v‰v-shbdns‚ IqSpX¬ km[yXIfmWv ‘]Xn\n[nIsf Is≠Ømw’ F∂

81

`mKw apX¬ Cu A[ymbØn¬ ]tbmP\s∏SptØ≠Xv . 1 Dw 2 Dw 13 apX¬

18 hscbp≈ Kq∏pIfnse aqeIßfpamWv ]mXn\n[y aqeIßƒ (Repre-sentative Elements). ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ kqNn∏n®n´p≈ IaoIcWßƒ

tkm v‰v-shbdn¬ sNbvXm¬ 1,2,13,14,15,16,17,18 XpSßnb Kq∏pIfSßnb

]ncntbmUnIv tS_nƒ e`n°pw. Cu aqeIßƒ amXw Dƒs∏SpØn tkm^v‰v-

shbdnse ]ncntbmUnIv tS_nƒ IaoIcn°p∂Xn\p≈ tijn ]TnXmhv

t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ Ahkcsamcp°Ww. XpS¿∂v ]mXn\n[y aqeIßsf°pdn®v Hcp

Ipdn∏v Xømdm°≥ ]TnXmhnt\mSv Bhiys∏SWw.

aqeIßƒ Kq∏v Xncnbp∂Xv F¥psIm≠v?

Hmtcm Kq∏nsebpw aqeIßfpsS CetŒm¨ hn\ymkw ]cntim[n®v

Kq∏v \ºdpw Ahkm\sØ sj√nse CetŒmWpIfpsS FÆhpw XΩnep≈

_‘w Is≠Øp∂Xn\mWv ]ńI 6 D]tbmKn t°≠Xv. ]mXn\n[y aqeIßƒ

(1 Dw 2 Dw 13 apX¬ 18 hscbp≈ Kq∏pIƒ) D]tbmKn®v CXv sNøn°p∂XmWv

A`nImayw. a‰p≈ aqeIßfp]tbmKn®m¬ Nne hyXnbm\ßfp≠mhpw.

Kalzium tkm^v‰v-shb¿ Xpd∂v H∂mw Kq∏nse aqeIßfn¬ GsX-¶nepw

H∂n¬ ¢n°psN-øpI. XpS¿∂p-hcp∂ PmeIØnse Atom model ¬ ¢n°v

sNbvXm¬ CetŒm¨ IaoIcWw e`n°pw.

]ncoUnepw Htct]mse

apI-fn¬ ]d™ coXnbn¬ ]h¿Ø\w 7 Dw sNømhp∂XmWv.CXn¬ Hcp

aqeIØn¬ BsI FX sj√pIfp≠v F∂mWv ]cntim[nt°≠Xv.

H∂mw ]ocoUv ˛ BsI Hcp sj√v

c≠mw ]ocoUv ˛ BsI c≠v sj√v

aq∂mw ]ocoUv ˛ BsI aq∂v sj√v

Ggmw ]ocoUv ˛ BsI Ggv sj√v

H∂mw Kq∏v ˛ F√m aqe-I-ß-fp-sSbpw _m-l-yXa sj√n¬ 1 Ce-IvtSm¨

c≠mw-Kq∏v ˛ F√m aqe-I-ß-fp-sSbpw _m-l-yXa sj√n¬ 2 Ce-IvtSm¨

]Xn-aq∂mw Kq∏v ˛ F√m aqe-I-ß-fp-sSbpw _m-l-yXa sj√n¬ 3 Ce-IvtSm¨

]Xn\memw Kq∏v ˛ F√m aqe-I-ß-fp-sSbpw _m-l-yXa sj√n¬ 4 Ce-IvtSm¨

]Xn-s\´mw Kq∏v ˛ F√m aqe-I-ß-fp-sSbpw _m-l-yXa sj√n¬ 8 Ce-IvtSm¨

82

C\nsbmcp a’cambmtem?

Hcp aqeIØns‚ CetŒm¨ hn\ymkw ]cntim[n®v AXns‚ ]ncntbmUnIv

tS_nfnse ÿm\w (Kq∏v, ]ncoUv) Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\p≈ tijn ]h¿Ø\w

6,7 F∂nhbneqsS t\Snbn´p≠v. CXv sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp IfnbmWv

ChnsS \StØ≠Xv. CXpw ]mXn\n[y aqeIßƒ D]tbmKn®v sNøn°p∂XmWv

A`nImayw.

hen∏w XmcXayw sNøm\pw Im¬kyw

B‰Øns‚ hen∏w XmcXayw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp ]h¿Ø\amWnXv.

Atomic radius s\ ASnÿm\am°nbmWv Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNtø≠Xv.

]mT]pkvXIØn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ IaoIcWßƒ sNbvXm¬ Atomic radius(B‰Øns‚ Bcw) hyXymks∏Sp∂ Km^v e`n°pw. Km^n¬ c≠mw

]ncoUnsebpw aq∂mw ]ncoUnsebpw B‰ßfpsS hen∏w CSØp \n∂p

hetØm´v Ipdbp∂Xv ImWmw. Xbmdm°nb Km^ns\ Kq∏v ASnÿm\Ønepw

]ncoUv ASnÿm\Ønepw XmcXayw sNbvXv \nKa\ØnseØm\mhiys∏SWw.

]nco--Un¬ CSØp \n∂p he-tØm´v B‰-Øns‚ hen∏w Ipd-bp-∂p. Kq∏n¬

apI-fn¬ \n∂p Xmtg°v B‰-Øns‚ hen∏w IqSp-∂p. CXmWv s]mXp-sh-bp≈

am‰-sa-¶n-epw Nne aqe-I-ß-fn¬ hy-X-ymkw ImWm-dp-≠v. AXv ]cn-K-Wn-

t°-≠-Xn-√.

83

7. i_vZ-te-J\w \ΩpsS Iºyq- -dn¬

BapJw

Bibhn\natbm]m[nbmbn tªmKpIƒ C∂v s]mXpsh AwKoIcn°

s∏ńcn°pIbmWt√m. ]T\]h¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn hnZym¿YnIƒ

Xbmdm°p∂ Dev]∂ßƒ tªmKneqsSbpw CusabneneqsSbpw ]¶psh°p∂

Hcp ImeL´Ønse hnZym¿Yn kaqlsØbmWv A[ym]I¿ C∂v

A`napJoIcn°p∂Xv. tªmKpIfpw UnPn‰¬ amknIbpw ssIImcyw sNøptºmƒ

e`yamhp∂ A[nI kuIcyßƒ Cu ]mT`mKØns‚ ]T\]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS

hnZym¿YnIsf t_m[ys∏SpØWw. AØcw kuIcyßƒ D]tbmKs∏Sp

Øptºmƒ klmbIamb tkm v‰vshbdmbn HUmkn‰nsb ]tbmP\s∏SpØmw.

k¿KmflI]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy ê]Zambn

D]tbmKn°msa∂p≈ Xncn®dnhv hnZym¿YnIƒ°v e`nt°≠XmWv. ]mT`mKsØ

N¿®Ifpw ]T\]h¿Ø\ßfpw tkm^v‰v-shbdns\ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂tXmsSm∏w

a‰p hnjbßfpsS ]T\Øn\v klmbIamhpw hn[w BkqXWw sNøWw.

aoUnbm ^bepIsf A\mbmkambn ssIImcyw sNøm≥ hnZym¿YnIƒ

Adn™ncnt°≠Xp≠v. aƒóaoUnbm sπbdpIsf ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ `mKw

]T\]h¿Ø\ßsf IqSpX¬ ckIcamb A\p`ham°n am‰m≥ km[n°Ww.

a‰v hnjbßfpsS ]T\hpambn _‘s∏ v hnZym¿YnIƒ ]cnNbs∏tS≠ aoUnbm

^bepIsfbmWv CXn\mbn D]tbmKnt°≠Xv. k_v-PŒv Iu¨knen¬ N¿®

sNbvXv CØcw ^bepIsf sXcs™Sp°mw

]T\e£yßƒ

i–^bepIsf HUmkn‰n tkm^v‰v -shb¿ D]tbmKn®v dnt°m¿Uv

sNøm\pw Bhiym\pkcWw FUn‰v sNbvXv FIvkv-t]m¿´v sNøm\pap≈

tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v

HUmkn‰n tkm^v‰ v -shbdnse hyXykvX SqfpIsf°pdn®p≈

[mcWt\Sp∂Xn\v

i–^bepIfn¬ hyXykvX C^ŒpIƒ \¬Im\p≈ tijnt\Sp∂Xn\v

hyXykvX t^m¿am‰nep≈ aoUnbm ^bepIsf°pdn®p≈ [mcW

e`n°p∂Xn\v

tªmKn¬ kr„nIƒ ]kn≤oIcn°ptºmƒ e`n°p∂ A[nI

kuIcyßsf°pdn®p≈ [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v

84

hyXykvX t^m¿am‰nep≈ i–-˛Ne®nX ^bepIsf ·q/en\Ivknse

A\ptbmPyamb aoUnbm sπbdpIfn¬ ]h¿Øn∏n°m\p≈ tijn

t\Sp∂Xn\v

i–-˛Ne®nX ^bepIfpsS ^b¬ hen∏w Is≠Øm\p≈ Ignhv

t\Sp∂Xn\v

WinFF D]tbmKn®v i–- Ne®nX bepIfpsS b¬t^m¿am‰v am‰m\p≈

tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v

D≈S° hniIe\w

IpńIƒ ]cnNbs∏´ GsX¶nepw IhnXtbm \mS≥]mt´m tkm^v‰vshb¿

D]tbmKn®v dnt°m¿Uv sNbvXv FUn‰v sNøp∂ ]h¿Ø\ØneqsSbmWv

]T\]h¿Ø\w BkqXWw sNtø≠Xv. Cu ]h¿Ø\Øns‚ `mKambn

tkm v‰vshbdnse Hmtcm Sqfpw hnZym¿YnIƒ kzbw ]cnNbs∏SWw. Sn._n.bnse

]ńIIƒ CXn\mbn D]tbmKs∏SpØpI. dnt°m¿Uv sNbvX IhnXIsf IqSmsX

Iºyq´dn¬ kq£n®ncn°p∂ i–^bepIfpw FUn‰ v sNbvXv

]cnioent°≠Xp≠v. CXn\mhiyamb i–^bepIƒ Iºyq´dn¬ tiJcn®v

ht°≠XmWv.

aebmfw ]mTmhenbnse \memw bqWn‰nse ‘Ah\h≥

]km[I\mhptºmƒ’ F∂ mKw IpńIƒ°v \evIn tªmKn¬ \ΩpsS cN\Iƒ

]kn≤oIcn°ptºmƒ e`n°p∂ kuIcyßsf°pdn®v Kq∏v N¿® kwLSn∏n®v

]mT`mKtØ°v ]thin°mw. kvIqƒ amknIsb At]£n®v, i–cq]Ønep≈

IhnXIfpw Xbmdm°nb Ne®nXßfpw tªmKn¬ ]kn≤oIcn°m≥

km[n°psa∂v hnZym¿YnIsf t_m[ys∏SpØWw. http://www.kavyamsugeyam.blogspot.com t]msebp≈ tªmKpIsfbpw ]cnNb

s∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

HUm-kn‰n

Hcp UnPn-‰¬ i_vZ FUn-‰-dmWv HUm-kn-‰n. CXn\v amIv H. -Fkv. F-Ivkv,

hn≥tUm-kv, _n.-F-kv.Un XpSßn hnhn[ Hm∏-td-‰nßv knÃ-ßƒ°v th≠n-

bp≈ ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ e`-y-am-Wv. GPL ssek≥kn\v Iogn-emWv CXv ]pd-Øn-d-°n-

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Wav (Windows Wave format), AIFF (Audio InterchangeFile Format-Macintosh), Sun Au/NeXT, IRCAM, MP3 (MPEG 1 layer 3),Ogg Vorbis XpSßn ]n¥p-W-°p-∂p. HUm-kn-‰n-bpsS ]pXnb ]Xn-∏n¬ (1.3)

IqSp-X¬ sse_dn ^b-ep-Iƒ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXv tIm¨^n-K¿ sNbvXm¬

M4A, WMA FLAC apX-emb t^m¿am-‰p-I-sfbpw FUn‰v sNøm≥ km[n-°pw.

85

dnt°m¿UnwKv XpSßmw

i–^bepIsf dnt°m¿Uv sNbvXv ]h¿Øn∏nt°≠Xn\m¬ Iºyq´dn¬

LSn∏n®ncn°p∂ ssatImt^m¨, kv]o°¿ F∂nh icnbmbn

]h¿Ønt°≠Xp≠v. CXn\mbn ssatImt^m¨ Iºyq´dnse audio port¬LSn∏n®Xn\v tijw ]m\ense volume-control-applet ¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv SoundPreferences PmeIw Xpd∂v input/output volume , input device F∂nh

icnbmb coXnbnemtWm IaoIcn®ncn°p∂sX∂v Dd∏phcpØpI. dnt°m¿UnwKv

Kq∏v ]h¿Ø\ambn \SØmhp∂XmWv.

]h¿Ø\w 1

HUmkn‰nbnse SqfpIsf ]cnNbs∏Sm\p≈ ]h¿Ø\amWnXv. dnt°m¿Uv

sNbvX i–^ben¬ Hmtcm Sqfpw D]tbmKn®v t\m°n hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ kzbw

Cu ]ńI ]qcn∏n°Ww.

Draw tool - i–^bepIfnse Hmtcm t\mUns\bpw skeŒv sNbvXv FUn‰v

sNøm≥ Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn°mw. Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn°Wsa¶n¬ Zoom toolskeŒv sNbvXv i–^ben¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv (Zoom in) Hmtcm t\mUns\bpw

Is≠ØWw. Zoom out sNøm≥ View-Zoom Out (Ctrl+3) D]tbmKn®m¬ aXn.

Node s\°pdn®v IqSpX¬ a\ nem°m≥ Xmsgbp≈ sh_v AUkv

kµ¿in°mw.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(physics)

Envelope Tool - i–^bepIƒ FXamXw Fade in, Fade out sNøWw

F∂v sk‰v sNøm≥ Cu Sqƒ klmbn°p∂p. i–^bense GXv `mKsØbpw

i–w Db¿Øm\pw XmgvØm\pw Cu Sqƒ sIm≠v km[n°pw

Time Shift Tool -- Sm°nse i–^bepIfpsS ÿm\w apt∂m´pw ]nt∂m´pw

am‰m≥ klmbn°p∂p.

]h¿Ø\w 2

HUmkn‰n D]tbmKn®p≈ FUn‰nwKv ]cnNbs∏tS≠ ]h¿Ø\w.

NnXw 7.1

86

ske£≥ Sqƒ D]tbmKn®mbncn°Ww FUn‰v sNtø≠ `mKw skeŒv

sNtø≠Xv. ]pXnb Sm°v Dƒs∏SpØn i–^bepIsf t]Ãv sNøp∂Xpw Cu

L´Øn¬ ]cnNbs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

Tracks

Hcp i–^ben\v ]›mØeambn as‰mcp i–^b¬ \¬Iptºmtgm

hyXykvX i–^b¬ ssIImcyw sNøptºmtgm Tracks - Add New D]tbmKn®v

]pXnb Sm°pIƒ Dƒs∏SpØmw. ]pXnb Sm°pIfn¬ ^bepIƒ

Dƒs∏SpØptºmƒ Tracks F∂ sa\phnse Link Tracks F∂ Hm]vj\nse Ckeck( ) ASbmfw Hgnhmt°≠XmWv. File import – Audio hgn ^b¬

Dƒs∏SpØptºmƒ \nehnep≈ Sm°n\v Xmsg ]pXnsbmcp Sm°nemWv ^b¬

Xpd°p∂Xv.

Edit - Split Cut

Sm°nse GsX¶nepw `mKw skeŒv sNbvXv Uneo‰v Io Aa¿Øptºmƒ

]kvXpX `mKw i–^ben¬ \n∂pw doaqhv Bbn B `mKtØ°v ]n∂oSp≈

i– `mKw IqSnt®cp∂Xv ImWmw. F∂m¬ _m°nbp≈ `mKw IqSnt®cmsX

thdn´v Xs∂ \n¬°m≥ Edit-Split Cut D]tbmKn°mw.

Edit - Trim

Hcp i–^ben¬ \n∂pw Hcp ]tXyI `mKw amXw \ne\n¿Øn _m°n

Uoen‰v sNøm≥ ]kvXpX `mKw skeŒv sNbvXv Edit sa\phnse Trim ¢n°v

sNbvXm¬ aXn.

Edit - Copy & Paste

Htc Sm°n¬ Xs∂ Hcp ^ben\v tijtam ^bens‚ CSbntem IqSpX¬

i–^bepIƒ IqSnt®¿°m≥ ^bepIƒ HUmkn‰nbn¬ Xpd∂Xn\p tijw

Copy & Paste kt¶Xw D]tbmKn°mw.

]h¿Ø\w 3

FIvkv-t]m¿´v sNtø≠ t^m¿am‰pIsf Xncn®dnbp∂ ]h¿Ø\w

IqSnbmWnhnsS \St°≠Xv. FIvkvt]m¿ v sNøp∂ PmeIØnse b¬ ssS∏v

sXcs™Sp°m\p≈ t_mIvknse a‰v b¬ t^m¿am‰pIsfbpw hnZym¿YnIsf

]cnNbs∏SptØ≠XmWv. tkm^v‰v-shbdn¬ \n∂pw i–t^m¿am‰nte°v

^bepIsf FIvkv-t]m¿´v sNtø≠ BhiyIX IqSn t_m[ys∏SpØWw. .aup^b¬ FIvÃ≥jt\msS tkhv sNbvX HUmkn‰n t]mPŒv bens\ aoUnbm

sπbdpIfn¬ ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ km[n°n√ F∂ [mcW hnZym¿YnIƒ°v

87

e`n°Ww. CXn\mbn .aup bmbn tkhv sNbvX t]mPŒv ^bens\ GsX¶nepw

aoUnbm sπbdn¬ ]h¿Øn∏n®v t\m°m≥ Bhiys∏Smw. Iºyq´dn¬

kq£n®ncn°p∂ Hcp i–^bens\ HUmkn‰nbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn t]mPŒv b¬

tkhv sNøptºmƒ (.aup) ^b¬ \maw \¬InbXn\p tijw ]Xy£s∏Sp∂

PmeIØn¬ Copy all Audio in to Project(Safer) F∂Xn¬ ¢n°p sNtø≠XmWv

Export sNøptºmƒ hyXykvX Sm°pIfnse ^bepIsf√mw IqSn Hscm‰

^bembn FIvkv-t]m¿´v BhpIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. F∂m¬ Export MultipleD]tbmKn°ptºmƒ Hmtcm Sm°ntebpw ^bepIƒ sht∆sd ^bepIfmbn

FIvkv-t]m¿´v sNøm≥ km[n°p∂p. Sm°nse skeŒv sNbvX `mKw amXw

FIvkv-t]m¿´v sNøm≥ Export Selection D]tbmKn°mw.

i–Øn\v C^Œv \evImw

Fade in, Fade out F∂o C^ŒpIƒ \evIn ]h¿Øn∏n°ptºmƒ

i–^bepIƒ°v F¥v am‰amWv kw`hn®sX∂v Is≠Øm≥ Bhiys∏SpI.

IqSmsX a‰v C^ŒpIƒ \evIn ]h¿Øn∏n®v t\m°m\pw Bhiys∏Smw.

C^ŒpIƒ \evIm≥ C^Œv \¬tI≠ `mKw skeŒv sNbvXv Effect sa\p Xpd∂v

Bhiyap≈ C^ŒpIƒ sXcs™SpØv ¢n°v sNøpI. XpS¿∂v ]Xy£s∏Sp∂

PmeIØnse value Ifn¬ am‰w hcpØn OK ¢n°p sNøpI.

Delay Effect

Nne Km\ßfnepw a‰pw Ft°m D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv i≤n®nńt√?

HUmkn‰n D]tbmKn®v Cßs\ i–^bepIƒ°v Ft°m C^Œv \¬Imw.

AXn\mbn C^Œv \¬tI≠ `mKw skeŒv sNbvXv Effect-Plugins 16 to 30 -Delay IaØn¬ ¢n°v sNøptºmƒ Xpd∂v hcp∂ PmeIØn¬ Number ofechoes ¬ Bhiyamb value \¬In OK \¬Inbm¬ aXn. (IqSpX¬ Plugin Iƒ

C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXn´ps≠¶n¬ Plugin \pIfpsS a‰v sa\phnemhpw CXv

IaoIcn®n´p≈Xv).

Noise Removal

i–^bepIƒ°nSbn¬ Noise Iƒ (A]i–ßƒ) IqSn°e¿

∂n´ps≠¶n¬ Ah Hgnhm°m≥ Cu C^Œv D]tbmKn°mw. CXn\mbn bens\

zoom in sNbvXv ben¬ \n∂pw Noise amXap≈ hfsc sNdnb mKw Is≠Øn

skeŒv sNøpI. tijw Effect-Noise Removal PmeIw Xpd∂v Get NoiseProfile ¢n°psNøpI. C\n zoom out (Ctrl+3) sNbvXv Sm°nse GXv ^ben¬

\n∂mtWm Noise Uoen‰v sNtø≠Xv B ^b¬ apgph\pw skeŒv sNbvXv

88

ho≠pw Effect-Noise Removal PmeIw Xpd∂v Noise reduction F∂ t_mIvkn¬

Bhiyamb value \¬In OK ¢n°p sNøpI.

HmUn-tbm- t]m-UvIm-ÃnwKv

C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp aoUnbm ^b¬ ]t£-]Ww sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv

Podcastiong F∂v ]d-bmw. km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp tªmKn¬ ]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈

t]mÃp-Ifpw NnX-ß-fp-amWv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-dp-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Hcp Km\-sØtbm

HmUntbm ^b-en-s\tbm t]mÃv Btbm Gadjet Btbm \¬Ip∂ tªmKp-

Isf Podcasting blogs F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ°v Xmsg-bp≈ url kµ¿in-°mw.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast

http://www.ipodder.org/how_to_publish_and_promote_a_podcast

http://www.audioblog.com/

^b¬ t^m¿am‰pIsfbpw aoUnbm sπbdpIsfbpw ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂

`mKØns‚ ¢mkvdqw hn\nabØn\v IrXyamb aps∂mcp°w BhiyamWv.

]mT`mKØv ]cma¿in°p∂ t^m¿am‰pIfnep≈ (Sn._n.t]Pv 64 ]ńI 7.1) i–-

Ne®nX ^bepIsf tiJcn°emWv CXn¬ G‰hpw ][m\w. a‰ v

hnjbßfpambn _‘s∏´v IpńIƒ ImtW≠ Ne®nX ^bepIfmhWw Cu

]h¿Ø\Øn\p]tbmKnt°≠Xv. e`yamb hoUntbm ^bepIsf winff,Transmageddon, ffmpeg XpSßnb GsX¶nepw aoUnbm I¨sh¿´dpIƒ

D]tbmKn®v hyXykvX t^m¿am‰pIfnte°v I¨sh¿´v sNbvXpw Bhiyamb

t^m¿am‰pIsf tiJcn°mw. Ch hnZym¿YnIƒ°v \¬In DNnXamb aoUnbm

sπbdpIfn¬ ]h¿Øn∏n®v t\m°n ]ńI 7.1 ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ Bhiys∏SpI.

CXn\v Sn._n. t]Pv 64 se kqN\Iƒ D]tbmKn°pI.

i–- Ne®nX ^bepIsf ]h¿Øn∏n°p∂ hn[w

Iºyq´dn¬ kq£n®ncn°p∂ Hcp i– -Ne®nX bens\ ·q/en\Ivkn¬

U_nƒ ¢n°p sNbvXv ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ km[n°Wsa∂n√. ^ben¬ RightClick-Open with ¢n°p sNøptºmƒ Xpd∂v hcp∂ PmeIØn¬ \n∂v

A\ptbmPyamb aoUnbm sπbdpIƒ skeŒv sNbvXv ]h¿Øn∏n°pIbmWv

IqSpX¬ A`nImayamb coXn. ]kvXpX PmeIØn¬ Bπnt°j≥ e`yas√¶n¬

Other Application ¢n°psNbvXv DNnXamb sπb¿ skeŒv sNbvtXm, OtherApplication se Use a custom command ¬ Bπnt°j≥ ]h¿Øn∏n°m\p≈

Iam‚ v \evIn Open ¢n°p sNbvtXm ^bepIsf ]h¿Øn∏n°mhp∂XmWv.

89

Iam‚ v sse≥ D]tbmKn®pw aoUnbm ^bepIsf ]h¿Øn∏n°m

hp∂XmWv. AXn\mbn aoUnbm ^bens\ Hcp t^mƒUdnte°v UmKv

sNbvXnSpI. tijw t^mƒUdn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°v sNbvXv Open in Terminal hgn

sS¿an\¬ PmeIw Xpd°pI. C\n sS¿an\en¬ application_name <filename>F∂nßs\ \evIn F‚¿ sNøpI. DZmlcWambn video F∂ t^mƒUdnse

test.mpg F∂ Ne®nX b¬ vlc aoUnbm sπb¿ D]tbmKn®v ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥

C\n ]dbp∂ Iam‚mWv sS¿an\en¬ \¬tI≠Xv.

vlc test.mpg

smplayer D]tbmKn®msW¶n¬ smplayer test.mpg F∂v \evImw.

SWF (ShockWave Flash for multimedia animation) ^bepIsf

]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ A\ptbmPyamb ^vfmjv sπbdpIƒ BhiyamWv. CØcw

^bepIsf Open with kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v Swfdec Flash Player, Gnash SWFViewer F∂o sπbdpIfn¬ Xpd∂v ]h¿Øn∏n°mhp∂XmWv. sh_v _uk¿

Xpd∂v File-Open File D]tbmKn®pw SWF ^bepIsf ]h¿Øn∏n°mw.

·q/en\-Ivknse aoUnbm tπb-dp-Iƒ

VLC Media Player, SMPlayer, GNOME MPlayer, xine, (Totem) Movie Player,gxine, Kaffein, KMPlayer F∂nh ·q/en\-Ivkn¬ e`-y-amb aqhn tπb-dp-I-fm-

Wv. Debian/Ubuntu GNU/Linux¬ i_vZ-˛-N-e-®nX ^b-ep-Iƒ tπ sNø-W-sa-

¶n¬ gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg, gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad, gstreamer0.10 -

plugins-bad-multiverse, gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly, gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse F∂o ]mt°-Pp-Iƒ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXn-´p-≠m-I-Ww.

^b¬ t^m¿am‰pIƒ

Iºyq´dn¬ kq£n®p sh°p∂Xn\p th≠n hnhcßsf (A£cßƒ,

NnXßƒ, i–w apXembh) F≥tImUv (encode) sNbvXncn°p∂ coXnsbbmWv

^b¬ t^m¿am‰v F∂v ]dbp∂Xv. Htc Xcw ^ben\p Xs∂ (DZm.

NnX^bepIƒ) hyXykvX t^m¿am‰pIfp≠mbncn°pw.

^bepIsf t]mkkv sNøp∂Xn\v Ah Hmtcm∂pw GXpXcw bemsW∂v

Hm∏td‰nMv knÃw Xncn®dntb≠Xp≠v. CXn\v hnhn[ coXnIƒ \nehnep≠v.

Chbn¬ Gsd ]apJamb Hcp coXnbmWv file extension. ^b¬ \maØns‚

Ahkm\w ^pƒkvt‰m∏v C´Xn\p tijw tN¿°p∂ `mKamWv AXns‚

FIvkvs‰≥j≥. DZm: - freesoftware.odt. ChnsS freesoftware F∂Xv

^b¬\mahpw .odt F∂Xv ^b¬ FIvkvs‰≥j\pamWv. Nne Hm∏td‰nMv

knÃßfn¬ (DZm. hn≥tUmkv) file extension \n¿_‘hpw a‰p NneXn¬

90

(DZm. en\Ivkv) sF—nIhpw (optional) BWv. Hcp ben\v extension Cs√¶nepw

AXv GXpXcw ^bemsW∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ gnu/linux OS \p km[n°pw. ^b¬

extension sX‰mbn \¬IcpsX∂p amXw. Hcp b¬ GXp Xcw t^m¿am‰msW∂v

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp am¿Kw amXamWv file extension. Hcp ^bens‚

FIvkvs‰≥j≥ am‰nbXp sIm≠v amXw B ^bens‚ t^m¿am‰v amdp∂n√.

][m\ HmUntbm-hoUntbm ^b¬ t^m¿am‰pIƒ Xmsg \evIp∂p.

Audio formats

Extensions File Type

.wav Microsoft Windows RIFF WAVE (uncompressed sound)

.ogg(oga) Free multimedia container format (ogg vorbis audio)

.mp3 MPEG 1 Layer3 (Lossy audio)

.wma Windows Media Audio

.amr Audio format for mobile phones

.mid (midi) Standard MIDI file

Video formats

Extensions File Type

.ogv(ogg) Free multimedia container format (theora video,

vorbis audio)

.mpg(mpeg) MPEG-1 Multimedia containter format, video, audio

.mp4 MPEG-4 Part 14, Multimedia containter format, video, audio

.avi Audio Video Interleave, Multimedia containter

format by Microsoft

.flv(f4v) Flsh video container by Adobe Systems

.swf ShockWave Flash for multimedia animation

.mov QuickTime video container format of Mac by Apple

91

.wmv (.asf) Windows Media Video

.3gp Mobile phone video

.vob Video Object, MPEG container format in DVD video

.dat Video CD MPEG Stream

^b¬ hen∏w Xncn®dnbmw

tkm v‰v-shb¿ D]tbmKn®v i–- Ne®nX b¬ t^m¿am‰pIsf I¨sh¿ v

sNøp∂XpsIm≠p≈ sa®ßƒ t_m[ys∏SpØm\p≈ ]h¿Ø\amWv

CXneqsS \evtI≠Xv. Htc kabssZ¿Lyap≈ (30 sk°‚ v) Ne®nX bens\

aoUntbm I¨sh¿´dpIƒ D]tbmKn®v .mpg, .flv, .dv, .ogg F∂o

t^m¿am‰pIfnte°v I¨sh¿´v sNbvXv hnZym¿YnIƒ°v \¬Imw. ]kvXpX

^bepIfpsS ^b¬ khntijXIƒ Is≠Øn Sn._n. t]Pv 64 se ]ńI 7.2

]q¿Ønbm°m≥ \n¿tZin°mhp∂XmWv. sh_v t]Pnepw tªmKnepw hoUntbm

^b¬ Dƒs∏SpØptºmƒ Ipd™ ^b¬ hen∏ap≈ t^m¿am‰pIsfbmWv

sXcs™Spt°≠sX∂pw ]kvXpX t^m¿am‰nte°v ^bepIsf I¨sh¿´v

sNøm≥ WinFF t]mep≈ tkm^v‰v -shb¿ D]Imc]ZamIpsa∂ [mcW

IpńIƒ°v \¬IWw. .mpg bens\ .flv m¿am‰nte°v I¨sh¿ v sNøm\p≈

]h¿Ø\w \evIn WinFF s\ ]cnNbs∏SpØmw

WinFF ¬ FIvkv-t]m¿´v sNøptºmƒ Output Details \evtI≠h

Formats Output Details

Convert to Device Preset

.flv t^m¿am‰nte°v Websites Flash video(flv)for

web use Fullscreen

.dv t^m¿am‰nte°v v DV Raw DV for PAL Fullscreen

.mpg t^m¿am‰nte°v VCD PAL VCD(HQ)

.avi t^m¿am‰nte°v AVI MS Compatible AVI

FFmpeg

Iam‚ v sse\n¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ aoUnbm I¨sh¿´¿. Cu tkm^v‰v-

shbdns\ ASnÿm\am°n ]h¿Øn°p∂ Km^n°¬ bqk¿ C‚¿s^bvkv

Bb SqfmWv WinFF. FFmpeg D]tbmKn®v Iºyq´dnep≈ sports.avi F∂

92

Ne®nX bens\ sports.mpg F∂ t^m¿am‰nte°v I¨sh¿ v sNøp∂ hn[w

amXrIbmbn \¬Ip∂p.

sports.avi F∂ ^bens\ GsX¶nepw Hcp t^mƒUdnte°v UmKv

sNbvXnSpI. tijw t^mƒUdn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°p sNbvXv Open in Terminal ¢n°v

sNbvXv sS¿an\¬ PmeIw Xpd°pI. PmeIØn¬ Iam‚ v ssS∏p sNøp∂ mKØv

C\n ]dbp∂ Iam‚ v ssS∏p sNbvXv F‚¿ sNøpI. At∏mƒ AtX t^mƒUdn¬

Xs∂ sports.mpg F∂ ^b¬ tkhv Bhp∂Xv ImWmw.

Iam‚ v : ffmpeg -i sports.avi sports.mpg

CtX ^bens\ a‰p t^m¿am‰pIfnte°v I¨sh¿´v sNøm≥ Xmsgbp≈

]ńI D]tbmKs∏SpØmw. ^b¬ \maØnep≈ am‰w I¨sh¿´v sNøm\p≈

Code se ^b¬ \maØnepw hcptØ≠XmWv.

Cßs\ I¨sh¿´v sNbvX .swf ^b-ep-Isf ]h¿Øn-∏n-°m≥ ]tXyIw

SWF sπb-dp-Iƒ Bh-iy-an-√. VLC t]mep≈ sπb-dp-I-fnepw Ch ]h¿Øn-∏n-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Format Code

.avi ^b-ens\ .ogg t^m¿am-‰n-te°v ffmpeg -i sports.avi sports.ogg

.mpg ^b-ens\ .flv t^m¿am-‰n-te°v ffmpeg -i sports.mpg -ar 22050 -ab 32-f flv -s 320x240 -aspect 4:3 -ysports.flv

.flv ^b-ens\ .mpg t^m¿am-‰n-te°v ffmpeg -i sports.flv sports.mpg

.mpg ^b-ens\ .3gp t^m¿am-‰n-te°v ffmpeg -i sports.mpg -vcodec h263 -sqcif -r 15 -b 100k -acodec libfaac -ac1 -ar 32000 -ab 64k sprots.3gp

.mpg ^b-ens\ .swf t^m¿am-‰n-te°v ffmpeg -i sports.mpg sports.swf

93

8. Iºyq-´¿ `mj

BapJw

ss]Ø¨ t]mKmanwKv `mjsb°pdn®v Nne hkvXpXIƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂

Hcp ]mT`mKamWnXv. F´mw XcØn¬ ]cnNbs∏´ ss]Ø¨ \n¿tZißfpsS

XpS¿®bmbn Nne A[nI ss]Ø¨ \n¿tZißfmWv Cu ]mT`mKØv

]Xn]mZn®ncn°p∂Xv.

ss]Ø¨ `mj

Hm∏¨ tkm^v‰v -shb¿ cwKØv C∂v G‰hpw ]Nmcapff Iºyq´¿

`mjbmWv ss]Ø¨. Pmh, kn XpSßnb `mjIsf At]£n®v CXn¬

Nn”ßƒ IpdhmWv F∂XmWv CXn\p ImcWw. IqSmsX CXns‚

]Zhn\ymkhpw (syntax) a‰p≈hsb At]£n®v efnXamWv.

Iºyq´¿ `mjm ]T\w F¥n\v ?

t]mKmanßv tijn t\SpI F∂tXmsSm∏w Iºyq´dnse \mw \ntXy\

D]tbmKn°p∂ hnhn[ t]mKmapIƒ \n¿an®ncn°p∂sXßs\sb∂v

a\ nem°pI F∂Xn\pw ChnsS Du∂¬ \¬tI≠Xp≠v. \mw D]tbmKn°p∂

Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰ v -shbdpIfpw Hm∏td‰nwK v knÃßfpsa√mw

\n¿an®ncn°p∂Xv hnhn[ Iºyq´¿ `mjIƒ D]tbmKn®msW∂ Xncn®dnhn\v

]m[m\yw \¬tI≠Xp≠v.

]T\e£yßƒ

Bπnt°j≥ tkm^v‰v -shbdpIfpw Hm∏td‰nßv knÃßfpsa√mw

\n¿an®ncn°p∂Xv hnhn[ Iºyq´¿ `mjIƒ D]tbmKn®msW∂

[mcWbp≠m°p∂Xn\v.

ss]Ø¨ mjbnse Km^nIv \n¿tZißƒ D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\p≈ tijn

t\Sp∂Xn\v.

for, range XpSßnb \n¿tZißfp]tbmKn®v t]mKmapIƒ

Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

for, range \n¿tZißfpsS klmbtØmsS Km^nIv \n¿tZißƒ IqSpX¬

ê]Zambn ]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

ss]Ø¨ `mjsb°pdn®v CXphsc ]Tn®Xv

ss]X¨ `mjsb°pdn®p≈ A[nI]T\w Ffp∏am°p∂Xn\v F´mw

94

XcØn¬ ]Xn]mZn®ncn°p∂ hkvXpXIsf°pdn®p≈ [mcW ]pXp°p∂Xv

\∂mbncn°pw. Cu ]mT `mKw ssIImcyw sNøptºmƒ AXpsIm≠pXs∂ ap≥

[mcWIƒ Dd∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw \¬Imhp∂XmWv.

F´mw XcØn¬ ]Xn]mZn®n´p≈ input, raw_input, print, if XpSßnb

\n¿tZißfpsSbpw, ss]Ø¨ Hm∏td‰dpIfpsSbpw, Boolean Hm∏td‰dpI

fpsSbpw D]tbmKßfpw Nne A\p_‘ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw CXn\mbn Xmsg

\¬Ip∂p. ¢mkv dqw ]h¿Ø\ßfmbpw A[nI ]h¿Ø\ßfmbpw Ch

\¬Imhp∂XmWv.

sª‚¿, gtk-recordMyDesktop, IT ]co£ t]mKmw, Cu ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

]cnNbs∏Sp∂ Hm∏¨tjm´v hoUntbm FUn‰¿ XpSßnb tkm^v‰v-shbdpIƒ

ss]Ø¨ D]tbmKn®v Xbmdm°nbXmsW∂ hkvXpXbpw N¿®bn¬

htc≠Xp≠v.

Iºyq´¿ `mj

Iºyq´¿ Hcp CetŒmWnIv D]IcWamWv. ASnÿm\]cambn Iºyq´dn\v

a\ nemIp∂ GI `mj b¥ `mj (Machine Language) bmWv. Cu

`mjbn¬ ss_\dn (Binary) tImUpIƒ amXsa D]tbmKn°pIbp≈q. ]qPyw

(0), H∂v (1) F∂o Nn”ßƒ amXw Dƒs°m≈p∂XmWv ss_\dn tImUpIƒ.

]qPyw(0) ON’ state s\bpw H∂v (1) OFF’ state s\bpw kqNn∏n°p∂p.

F∂m¬, Machine Language D]tbmKn®v t]mKmw FgpXp∂Xv \sΩ

kw_‘n®v _p≤nap´mWv. Cu _p≤nap´pIƒ ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\mbn

hyXykvXßfmb Iºyq´¿ `mjIƒ D≠m°s∏ń´p≠v. Akwªn `mj

(Assembly Language) , D∂XXe `mj (High Level Language)XpSßnbhbmWh. Cu `mjIfn¬ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ Sm≥kvte‰dpIƒ

(Translators) \ap°p ]cnNnXamb (English) mjbn¬ FgpXp∂ t]mKmapIsf

b¥ `mjbnte°v X¿÷a sNøp∂p. Akwªn `mjbn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂

Sm≥kvte‰¿ BWv Akwª¿ (Assembler). D∂XXe `mjIfn¬ Issºe¿

(Compiler), C‚¿]‰¿ (Interpreter) F∂o Sm≥kv te‰dpIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

ss]Ø¨ Hcp D∂XXe `mjbmWv (High Level Language).

ss]Ø¨ \n¿tZißƒ D]tbmKw

input A°ßƒ C≥]p´mbn kzoIcn°p∂Xn\v

raw_input A£cßƒ C≥]p´mbn kzoIcn°p∂Xn\v

print hneIƒ ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\v

if ss]Ø¨ t]mKman¬ XmcXayw

\SØp∂Xn\p≈ kvt‰‰vsa‚ v

95

H∂n¬ IqSpX¬ Hm∏td‰dpIƒ Hcp \n¿tZiØn¬ hcnIbmsW¶n¬

km[mW KWnX Inbbnep≈ ap≥KW\mIaw Xs∂bmWv ]men°s∏Sp∂Xv.

Cu Iaw Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.

1. parentheses ()

2. exponents **

3. multiplication *, division /, and remainder %

4. addition + and sutbraction -

CXbpw \n¿tZißfpw Hm∏d‚pIfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ t]mKmw tImUpIƒ

Xmsg \¬Ip∂p. F´mwXcØn¬ ]cnNbs∏´ Imcyßsf°pdn®v Hm¿a ]pXp°m≥

Expression Function

< less than<= less than or equal to> greater than>= greater than or equal to!= not equal to<> not equal to (alternate)== equal to

Boolean operators

command name example output

+ Addition 4+5 9

- Sutbraction 8-5 3

* Multiplication 4*5 20

/ Division 19/3 6

% Remainder 19%3 1

** Exponent 2**4 16

Python operators

96

CØcØnep≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ IpńIƒ°v \¬Imhp∂XmWv.

]h¿Ø\w 1

Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂ ss]Ø¨ statement IfpsS D]tbmKsa¥v ? ]ńI

]q¿Ønbm°q.

]h¿Ø\w 2

Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂ ss]Ø¨ tImUpIfpsS Hu´v]p´pIƒ F¥mbncn°pw.

SET 1

Program 1:a=20p=4*aprint p

Program 2:x=10y=5d=(x+y)*(x-y)print d

Statement Use

a=15 a F∂ NcØn¬ 10 F∂

kwJy tiJcn°p∂Xn\v

b=30

p=4*a a bnse kwJysb 4 sIm≠v KpWn®v,

DØcw p bn¬ tiJcn°p∂Xn\v

a=3.14*r*r

n=input(“Enter a number :”) n F∂ NcØn¬ tiJcnt°≠

kwJy C≥]p´mbn kzoIcn°p∂Xn\v

v

name=raw_input(“Enter Your name:”)

print c c bpsS hne ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\v

print “Area = ”, a

97

Program 3:r=5a=2*3.14*rprint a

SET 2

Program 1:a=input(“Enter the Length of the Square: ”)p=4*aprint p

Program 2:r=input(“Enter the radius of the Circle: ”)a=3.14*r*rprint a

Program 3:x=input(“Enter First number : ”)y=input(“Enter Second number : ”)d=(x+y)*(x-y)print d

SET 3Program 1:

a=input(“Enter the Length of the Square: ”)p=4*aprint “Perimeter = ”,p

Program 2:r=input(“Enter the radius of the Circle: ”)a=3.14*r*rprint “Area = ”, a

Program 3:x=input(“Enter First number : ”)y=input(“Enter Second number : ”)d=(x+y)*(x-y)print “Difference of their squares is ”,d

98

Program 4:n=raw_input(“Enter Your name: ”);p=input(“Mark in Physics: ”);c=input(“Mark in Chemistry: ”);b=input(“Mark in Biology: ”);t=p+c+bprint “Total Mark of ”, n, “ = ”, t

apIfn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ aq∂v sk‰v t]mKmapIfpsSbpw Hu´v ]p´pIƒ

F¥mbncn°psa∂v Duln®p ]dbm≥ \n¿tZin°Ww. Cs√¶n¬ tImUpIƒ geditsSIvÃv FUn‰dn¬ ssS∏v sNbvXv ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°m\mhiys∏Smw.

ss]Ø¨ `mj D]tbmKn®v Nne IW°pIqépIƒ \SØp∂Xn\pw,

Inńb DØcßƒ Bhiym\pkcWw ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\pap≈

]h¿Ø\ßfmWv CXp hsc sNbvXXv. Iºyp´¿ \SØp∂ IW°pIqépIsf

AcnXv-sa‰nIv InbIƒ (Arithmetic operations) F∂mWv hnfn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬

XmcXayw sNø¬, Xncb¬ XpSßnb temPn°¬ InbIƒ (Logical operations)sNøp∂Xn\pw Iºyq´dpIƒ ]cym]vXamWv. temPn°¬ InbIƒ (Logicaloperations) sNøp∂Xn\v ss]Ø¨ `mjbn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp

kvt‰‰vsa‚mWv if kvt‰‰vsa‚ v.

if kvt‰‰vsa‚ v D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ NphsS \¬Inbncn°p∂ Imcyßƒ

]tXyIw i≤nt°≠Xp≠v.

if, else F∂o \n¿tZißƒ ssS∏psNtø≠Xv Htc \ncbnembncn°Ww.

a‰v statement Iƒ if, else F∂nh ssS∏psNbvX \ncbn¬ BIcpXv. (apI-

fn¬ \evInb Syntax ¬ hetØm´p \o°n Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-°p-I)

‘if’ Syntax DZmlcWw

if <condition>: if (a>b):do this print aand this else:and this print b

else: do this and this and this

99

F∂m¬ if, else F∂nh HgnsIbp≈ statement Iƒ F√mw Htc

\ncbnembncn°Ww.

if, else F∂nhtbmsSm∏w Hcp tImf≥ ( : ) CSWw.

]h¿Ø\w 3

Hcp Ipń°v KWnXimkvX ]co£bn¬ e`n® am¿°v C≥]p´mbn

kzoIcn°p∂Xn\pw am¿°v 19 ¬ IqSpX¬ BsW¶n¬ “Passed” F∂pw 19 ¬IpdhmsW¶n¬ “Failed” F∂pw ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\pap≈ ss]Ø¨ t]mKmw

FgpXpI.

Cu ]h¿Ø\w sNøp∂Xn\v if kvt‰‰vsa‚ v D]tbmKnt°≠Xp≠v.

ss]Ø¨ tImUv Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.

m=input(“Enter Mathematics Mark : ”)

if m>19:

print “Passed”

else:

print “Failed”

input A°ßƒ C≥]p´mbn kzoIcn°p∂Xn\v

raw_input A£cßƒ C≥]p´mbn kzoIcn°p∂Xn\v

= Hcp NcØntebv°v hne Assk≥ sNøp∂Xn\v

== if kvt‰‰vsa‚ v D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ c≠v

hneIƒ kaamtWm F∂v t\m°p∂Xn\v

< , > if kvt‰‰vsa‚ v D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ c≠v

hneIfn¬ sNdptXXv, heptXXv F∂v Is≠Øp∂Xn\v

print hneIƒ ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\v

if ss]Ø¨ t]mKman¬ XmcXayw

\SØp∂Xn\p≈ kvt‰‰vsa‚ v

]h¿Ø\w 4

c≠p hml\ßƒ k©cn® icmicn kabhpw Zqchpw kzoIcn®v thKX

IqSnb hml\w GsX∂v Is≠Øp∂Xn\p≈ ss]Ø¨ t]mKmw FgpXpI.

100

d1=input(“Enter the distacet ravelled by Vehicle 1 (in KMs): ”)t1=input(“Enter Average time taken to travel (in HRs): ”)d2=input(“Enter the distacet ravelled by Vehicle 2 (in KMs): ”)t2=input(“Enter Average time taken to travel (in HRs): ”)s1=d1/t1s2=d2/t2

if s1>s2: print “Vehicle 1 is speer than Vehicle 2...”else: print “Vehicle 2 is speer than Vehicle 1...”

]h¿Ø\w 5

c≠v NXpcßfpsS \ofhpw hoXnbpw kzoIcn®v IqSpX¬ hnkvXo¿Wap≈

NXpcw Is≠Øp∂Xn\p≈ ss]Ø¨ t]mKmw FgpXpI.

l1=input(“Enter Length of first rectangle : ”)

b1=input(“Enter breadth of first rectangle : ”)

l2=input(“Enter Length of Second rectangle : ”)

b2=input(“Enter breadth of Second rectangle : ”)

area1=l1*b1

area2=l2*b2

if area1>area2:

print “The area of Rectangle1 is more than that of rectangle 2...”

else:

print “The area of Rectangle2 is more than that of rectangle 1...”

ss]Ø¨ `mjbn¬ F´mw XcØn¬ ]cnNbs∏´ \n¿tZißƒ

°\pkrXamb ]h¿Ø\ßfmWv CXphsc hnhcn®Xv. HºXmw ¢mknse

Iºyq´¿ `mj F∂ ]mT`mKØv ]cnNbs∏Sp∂ ss]Ø¨ \n¿tZißƒ

°\pkcn®p≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ CXns‚ XpS¿®bmbn ]cnNbs∏SpØmw.

ss]Ø¨ Km^nIv \n¿t±ißƒ

AcnØ-sa‰nIv Hm∏tdj\pIfpw temPn°¬ Hm∏tdj\pIfpw ssIImcyw

sNøp∂Xpt]mse Km^nIv \n¿tZißƒ°\pkcn®v Iºyq´dns\

]h¿Øn∏n°m\pw ss]Ø¨ `mj D]tbmKn°mw. S¿ń¬ (Turtle) F∂

101

A\p_‘ tkm^v‰v-shbdns‚ klmbtØmsSbmWv CXv km[yamIp∂Xv.

IT@School D_p≠p sh¿j\pIfn¬ S¿ń¬ ]tXyIw C≥Ãmƒ sNtø≠Xn√.

IT@School GNU/Linux 3.2 hn¬ S¿ń¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ns√¶n¬ Nne deb^bepIƒ ]tXyIw tN¿t°≠Xp≠v. AXn\mbn blt_2.4z-4_i386.deb, python-tk_2.4.4-1_i386.deb, tcl8.4_8.4.12-1.1_i386.deb, tk8.4_8.4.12-1etch2_i386.debF∂nh Gdebi Package installer D]tbmKn®v C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXm¬ aXn.

ss]Ø¨ Km^nIv \n¿t±ißƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\v ]mT`mKsØ ]ńI-

1 (TB t]Pv 67) ¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw, IqSpX¬ cq]ßƒ

\n¿Ωn°mw (TB t]Pv 69) F∂ ]h¿Ø\hpw \¬Imhp∂XmWv. ]ńI -1 ¬\¬Inbncn°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ sNøp∂Xn\v IDLE D]tbmKn°p∂ hn[w

]mT]pkvXIØn¬ hnhcn®ncn°p∂Xv i≤n°pI.

hnhn[ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃßfn¬ IDLE Dƒs∏SpØm≥ C≥Ãmƒ sNtø≠

deb ^bepIfpsS hnhcw Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.

Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃw Deb ^b¬

IT @ School Ubuntu IDLE ]tXyIw C≥Ãmƒ sNtø≠Xn√.

]h¿Øn°p∂ns√¶n¬ C‚¿s\‰pambn IWŒv

sNbvX tijw sS¿an\en¬ sudo apt-get install idle As√¶n¬ sudo apt-get install idle-python2.6 F∂ Iam‚ v ssS∏v sNbvXv EnterAa¿ØWw.

IT@School GNU/Linux 3.2 idle-python2.4_2.4.4-3+etch3_all.deb

IT@School GNU/Linux 3.8 idle-python2.4_2.4.6-1+lenny1_all.deb

IqSpX¬ ss]Ø¨ Km^nIv \n¿tZißƒ

]mT`mKØv ]cnNbs∏Sp∂ IqSpX¬ ss]Ø¨ \n¿tZißfpw AhbpsS

D]tbmKhpw DZmlcW klnXw Xmsg ]ńIbn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂p.

D]tbmKw\n¿tZiw DZml-cWw

forward() S¿ń¬ he-Xp-h-i-tØ°v Nen-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v forward(50)

circle() S¿ń¬ hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Nen-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v circle(100)

dot() Km^nIv kvIo\n¬ Hcp _nµp tcJ-s∏-

SpØp-∂-Xn\v

dot(20,“blue”)

102

D]tbmKw\n¿tZiw DZml-cWw

pencolor() Km^nIv kvIo\n¬ sXfn-bp∂ cq]-ß-fpsS

\ndw \n¿W-bn-°m≥

pencolor(“blue”)

pensize() Km^nIv kvIo\n¬ sXfn-bp∂ hc-I-fpsS

hoXn \n¿W-bn-°m≥

pensize(5)

right() S¿ń-ens‚ Zni \n›nX UnKn he-tØm´v

Xncn-bm≥. right(90) F∂p \¬In-bm¬

S¿ń¬ 90 UnKn he-tØm´v Xncn-bpw.

rt(120) AYhm

right(120)

left() S¿ń-ens‚ Zni \n›nX UnKn CS-tØm´v

Xncn-bm≥. left(90) F∂p \¬In-bm¬ S¿ń¬

90 UnKn CS-tØm´v Xncn-bpw.

lt(120) AYhm

left(120)

hideturtle() Km^nIv kvIo\n¬\n∂v S¿ń¬ A]-Xy-£-

am-Im≥

hideturtle()

showturtle() Km^nIv kvIo\n¬ S¿ń¬ ]-Xy-£-s∏Sm≥ showturtle()

write() Km^nIv kvIo\n¬ Hcp kwJy ]n‚ v

sNøm≥, write(s) F∂p - ssS∏p

-sN-bvXm¬ Ss‚ hne Km^nIv kvIo\n¬

]n‚p-sN-øpw.

write(s)

time.sleep() c≠p \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hcp \n›nX

kabw pause sNøm≥. (]m-T-]p-kvX-I-Ønse

NnXw 8.3¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb t]mKmw i≤n-

°p-I).

time.sleep(1)

clear() Km^nIv kvIo\nse hc-Ifpw Fgp-Øp-

Ifpw ]q¿W-ambpw C√m-Xm-°m≥

clear()

importtime

ka-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ

t]mKm-an¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu \n¿tZiw

t]mKm-ans‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

import time

from turtleimport*

S¿ń¬ Km^nIvkv Iºyq-´-dn¬ ]h¿Ø-\-

£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v t]mKm-ans‚ XpS-°-Øn¬

Cu \n¿tZiw \¬I-Ww.

from turtle import*

103

apIfn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ DZmlcWßƒ Python Shell PmeIØnse

>>> F∂ ASbmfØn\p (Shell prompt) t\sc ssS∏v sSbvXv Enter Io

Aa¿Øn ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°mhp∂XmWv (NnXw 1).

range ^Mvj≥

Hcp Iq´w hneIƒ Hcp NcØn¬ tiJcn®v hbv°p∂Xn\v ss]Ø¨

`mjbnep]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp ^Mvj\mWv ‘range’ F∂Xv. range hyXykvX

coXnIfn¬ D]tbmKn°mw. CXv Xncn®dnbp∂ XcØnep≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

XpS°Øn¬ \¬Imhp∂XmWv. CØcw kµ¿`ßfn¬ ss]Ø¨ sj¬

PmeIØn¬ t\cn´v \n¿tZißƒ ssS∏p sNbvXv ]h¿Øn∏n°p∂XmWpNnXw.

CXn\p≈ am¿Kw Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.

Applications → programming → IDLE F∂ IaØn¬ Python Shell PmeIw

Xpd°pI.

PmeIØn¬ Hmtcm \n¿tZißfpw ]tXyIw (‘>>>’ Nn”Øn\p t\sc)

ssS∏p sNbvXv ]h¿Øn∏n°mhp∂XmWv.

ss]Ø¨ sj¬ PmeIØn¬ IqSpX¬ \n¿tZißƒ

]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cnioe\w Cu L´Øn¬ \¬Imhp∂XmWv.

AXn\mbn Nne ]h¿Ø\ßƒ Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.

>>> range(10)

>>> range(5, 10)

NnXw 8.1

104

>>> range(0, 10, 3)

>>> range(-10, -100, -30)

(Cu ]h¿Ø\ßfpsS DØcw NnXw 1¬ ImWmw)

>>> a=10>>> b=20>>> c=a+b>>> c

for \n¿tZiw

Ht∂m AXne[nItam statement Iƒ H∂n¬ IqSpX¬ XhW

]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\mWv for \n¿tZiw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. for \n¿tZiw

t]mKmans‚ hen∏w Ipd°p∂Xn\pw, FUn‰nwKv Ffp∏am°p∂Xn\pw

klmbn°p∂p.

]mT]pkvXIØnse ka]©`pPßƒ \n¿an°mw F∂ ]h¿Ø\tØmsS

for \n¿tZiw AhXcn∏n°mhp∂XmWv. km[mcWcoXnbn¬ ]©`pPw

\n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈ ]h¿Ø\w BZyw ImWn°Ww.

from turtle import*fd(50)rt(72)fd(50)rt(72)fd(50)rt(72)fd(50)rt(72)fd(50)rt(72)

]h¿Ø\Øn¬ fd(50), rt(72) F∂o \n¿tZißƒ Bh¿Øn®p \¬InbXv

IpńbpsS i≤bn¬s∏SpØWw. CØcØn¬ IqSpX¬ hißfp≈ cq]ßƒ

hcbv°ptºmgp≠mIp∂ _p≤nap´pIfpw t_m[ys∏SptØ≠Xp≠v. Cu

kµ¿`Øn¬ for \n¿tZiw D]tbmKn®p≈ Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂ coXn

]cnNbs∏SpØWw.

from turtle import* for i in range(5): fd(50) rt(72)

105

‘for’ kvt‰‰vsa‚ v D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ NphsS \¬Inbncn°p∂ Imcyßƒ

]tXyIw i≤nt°≠Xp≠v. CXv kzbw Is≠Øp∂Xn\p≈ Ahkcw

IpńIƒ°v \¬IWw.

for kvt‰‰vsa‚ v Dƒs°m≈p∂ \n¿tZiØns‚ Ahkm\w Hcp tImf≥

( : ) CSWw.

for kvt‰‰vsa‚ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-t°≠ a‰v kvt‰‰vsa‚pIƒ forkvt‰‰vsa‚ v XpSßnb \ncbn¬ BIcpXv. F∂m¬ for HgnsIbp≈

statement Iƒ F√mw Htc \ncbnembncn°Ww.

For syntax DZmlcWßƒ

for iterating_var in sequence: 1) for i in range(11):

statement(s) print i

2) for i in range(1,11):

print i

3) for i in range(2,11,2):

print i

4) fruits = [‘banana’, ‘apple’, ‘mango’]

for fruit in fruits:

print ‘Current fruit :’, fruit

ChnsS i, fruit F∂nh iterating_variable IfmWv.

XpS¿∂v Iu≠v Uu¨ t¢m°v (TB t]Pv 70), Iºyq´¿ IfsagpØv (TB-

t]Pv 71) XpSßnb ]h¿Ø\ßƒ \¬Imhp∂XmWv. Iu≠v Uu¨ t¢m°v

F∂ ]h¿Ø\Ønse ]ńI ]qcn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ \n¿tZißƒ

]mT]pkvXIØn¬ Xs∂ \¬Inbn´p≠v. Iºyq´¿ IfsagpØv F∂

]h¿Ø\Ønse aq∂masØ PymanXob cq]w (TB- t]Pv 72) \n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈

t]mKmw Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.

from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) circle(50) circle(60) circle(70) circle(80) circle(90)

106

circle(100)

Iºyq´¿ IfsagpØv F∂ ]h¿Ø\Øn\ptijw ]mT]pkvXIØnse

A[nI]h¿Ø\ßƒ \¬Imhp∂XmWv. CXn\v klmbIcamb kqN\Iƒ

Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.

]mT]pkvXIØnse A[nI ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

]mT]pkvXIØnse A[nI ]h¿Ø\ßƒ for, range F∂o \n¿tZißfpw

Km^nIv \n¿tZißfpw D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\v tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v

D]tbmKs∏SpØmw.

]h¿Ø\w 1 (TB- t]Pv 72)

hniZoIcWw

Km^nIv kvt‰‰vsa‚pIƒ ]cnioen°p∂Xn\mWv Cu ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

\¬tI≠Xv. icnbmb tImUpIƒ Xmsg \¬Iq∂p. ]h¿Ø\ßƒ H‰bv°p

sNøm≥ t]cn∏n°Ww. IpńIƒ \n¿an°p∂ t]mKmw IrXyambn

]h¿Øn°p∂ns√¶n¬ sX‰mb tImUv XncpØp∂Xn\pw ho≠pw

]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\pw ]cnioe\w \¬IWw. IqSpX¬ cq]ßƒ

\n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈ Ahkchpw CtXmsSm∏w \¬tI≠Xp≠v.

]h¿Ø\w 2 (TB- t]Pv 73)

‘for’ statement, ‘range’ function F∂nh ]cnioen°p∂Xn\mWv

]h¿Ø\w 2 \¬tI≠Xv. ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ tImUpIƒ

BZyw ]h¿Øn∏nt°≠Xp≠v. AXn\p tijw A\p_‘ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

\nehnep≈ tImUpambn XmcXayw sNbvXv sNøphm≥ t]cn∏n°Ww.

50 hscbp≈ H‰ kwJyIƒ ]n‚ v sNøpI.

from turtle import*home()clear()right(180)circle(50)forward(150)circle(50)

from turtle import*home()clear()circle(50)forward(150)circle(50)

from turtle import*home()clear()circle(50)home()forward(100)home()backward(100)home()rt(90)forward(200)

from turtle import*home()clear()for i in range(1,9): forward(100) home() rt(45*i)

a) b) c) d)

107

for i in range(1,50,2): print i

40 hscbp≈ 4 sIm≠v \nt»jw lcn°mhp∂ kwJyIƒ ]n‚ v sNøpI.

for i in range(4,41,4) print i

]h¿Ø\w 3 (TB- t]Pv 73)

H∂p apX¬ ]Øp hscbp≈ FÆ¬ kwJyIfpsS XpI ImWp∂

t]mKmans‚ tImUpIƒ sX‰mbn Cu ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂p.

tImUnep≈ sX‰pIƒ Is≠Øn t]mKmw ]q¿Ønbm°nb tijw Xmsg

\¬Inbncn°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ sNømhp∂XmWv.

DØcw Is≠Øp∂Xn\p≈ kqN\Iƒ

]h¿Ø\w 3 se sX‰v XncpØp∂Xn\v s=s+i, print i F∂o \n¿tZißƒ

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ hcWw. icnbmb tImUv Xmsg \¬Ip∂p. ‘for’, ‘range’F∂nh Dd∏n°p∂Xn\v CØcw ]h¿Ø\ßƒ D]tbmKn°mw.

s=0for i in range(1,11): s=s+iprint s

]Øn\p Xmsgbp≈ Cc´ kwJyIfpsS XpI ImWm≥

for i in range(1,11): F∂ \n¿tZiw

for i in range(2,10,2): F∂m°nbm¬ aXn

H∂p apX¬ A©p hscbp≈ kwJyIƒ XΩn¬ KpWn®m¬ In´p∂

hne ImWp∂Xn\v

for i in range(1,11): F∂ \n¿t±iw

for i in range(1,6): F∂m°pIbpw,

s=s+i F∂ \n¿tZiw

s=s*i F∂m°pIbpw thWw.

]h¿Ø\w 4 (TB- t]Pv 73)

t]mKmans‚ Hu´v]p´v F¥mbncn°psa∂v Duln®p Is≠ØpIbmWv

th≠Xv. C≥]p´v coXnbpw ‘for’, ‘range’ F∂o \n¿tZißfpw Hcpan®p hcp∂

]h¿Ø\amWnXv. CXn\p tijw apIfn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ßfpw

C≥]p v coXnbn¬ sNøphm≥ \n¿tZin°pIbpw, C≥]p v coXn D]tbmKn°p∂Xp

sIm≠p≈ ta∑Iƒ N¿® sNøpIbpw thWw.

108

BapJw

ì–teJ\w \ΩpsS Iºyq´dn¬’ F∂ A[ymbØn¬ i–^bepIsf

FUn‰v sNøm≥ ]cnNbs∏SpI hgn k¿KmflI ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ sF.kn.Sn.

SqfpIfpsS km[yX hnZym¿YnIƒ a\ nem°n°gn™p. CXns‚

XpS¿]T\ambmWv Ne®nX^bepIsf FUn‰v sNøm\p≈ tkm^v‰vshb¿

]cnNbs∏SpØp∂Xv. HºXmw ¢mknse aebmfw, lnµn hnjbßfpsS

]T\hpambn _‘s∏´v Xnc°YIfpw Ne®nXßfpw hnZym¿YnIƒ

]cnNbs∏Sp∂p≠v. a‰v hnjbßfpsS ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´v Xbmdm°nb

Xnc°YIƒ D]tbmKn®v lkzkn\naIƒ, hm¿ØmNnXßƒ F∂nh

\n¿an°m\pw hoUntbm FUn‰nwKv F∂ sSIvt\mfPnsb°pdn®v ASnÿm\

[mcW \¬Im\pw Cu A[ymbØnse ]T\]h¿Ø\w sIm≠v km[n°Ww.

`mjm[ym]IcpsSbpw Xm¬]cyap≈ a‰v A[ym]IcpsSbpw klIcWtØmsS

CXns‚ BkqXWw \SØmhp∂XmWv.

]T\ e£yßƒ

hoUntbm FUn‰nwKns\°pdn®p≈ [mcW e`n°p∂Xn\v

Ne®nX \n¿amWØnse ][m\L´ßsf°pdn®p≈ [mcW e`n°p∂Xn\v

OpenShot Video Editor D]tbmKn®v hoUntbm FUn‰nwK v

\n¿hln°p∂Xn\p≈ tijn ssIhcn°p∂Xn\v

hoUntbm FUn‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshbdpIfnse hoUntbm/HmUntbm

Sm°pIsf°pdn®p≈ [mcW e`n°p∂Xn\v

BibkwthZ\Øn\mbn Ne®nX CÎvSpIsf D]tbmKn°msa∂

Xn\p≈ [mcW t\Sp∂-Xn\v.

Ne®nX ^bepIfnen¬ ssS‰nepIƒ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈ tijn

e`n°p∂Xn\v

FUn‰v sNbvX hoUntbm ¢n∏pIsf DNnXamb hoUntbm ^b¬

t^m¿am‰pIfnte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøm\p≈ tijn e`n°p∂Xn\v.

D≈S° hniIe\w

Hcp lkzNe®nXw tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v FUn‰v sNbvXv

Xømdm°p∂ ]h¿Ø\ØneqsSbmWv Cu ]mT`mKw hn\nabw sNøs∏tS≠Xv.

9. Ãm¿´v B£≥....

109

`mjm, sF.kn.Sn. ¢mkpIfn¬ IpńIƒ Xbmdm°nb Xnc°Y D]tbmKn®v

Zriyh¬°cWw \SØnb hoUntbm bepIsf FUn‰nwKn\mbn D]tbmKn°mw.

Bhiyamb Kq∏v N¿®Iƒ°pw a‰pw Xnbdn ¢mkpIƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØWw.

Hmtcm Kq∏ns‚bpw ]Tt\m¬]∂ambn Hcp lkz Ne®nXw D≠mth≠XmWv.

Xnc°Y, jqńwKv kvIn]v‰v Is≠Ø¬, ]›mØe i–w/kw`mjWw \¬I¬

F∂nh Kq∏v ]h¿Ø\ßfmbn \SØmhp∂XmWv.

aebmfw ]mT]pkvXIØnse ‘Hcp sNdp]p©ncn’, ‘tamtU¨ssSwkv-˛

B[p\nI ImeØns‚ DXvIWvTIƒ’, lnµn ]mT]pkvXIØnse ‘[okm’ F∂o

]mT`mKßsf Bkv]Zam°n kn\na Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ L´ßƒ

Fs¥ms°bmsW∂v hy‡am°p∂ N¿® kwLSn∏n®mWv Cu ]mT`mKtØ°v

]thint°≠Xv. CXnse N¿®mkqNIßfmbn Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂h IqSn

Iqńt®¿°mw.

N¿®mkqNIw : Ne®nX \n¿amWØnse ][m\ L´ßƒ (TB t]Pv : 75)

]e ÿeßfn¬ h®v NnXoIcn® ^bepIsf H‰ ^bem°n am‰Ww.

]›mØe i–w Dƒs∏SpØWw

ssS‰nepIƒ Dƒs∏SpØWw

Ne®nX \n¿amWØnse ][m\LámWv NnXkwtbmP\w F∂p≈

tImUoIcWØn\ptijw hoUntbm FUn‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshbdpIsf

]cnNbs∏SpØmw. OpenShot Video Editor Xpd∂v ]pXnb Project ProfileXbmdm°ntbm \nehnepff s]mss^¬ D]tbmKnt®m hoUntbm FUn‰nwKv

Bcw`n°mhp∂XmWv.

Project Profile sXcs™Sp°p∂ hn[w.

FUn‰v sNbvX hoUntbm ¢n∏pIsf GXv t^m¿am‰nte°mtWm

FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøm≥ Dt±in°p∂Xv, B t^m¿am‰n¬ Xs∂ Project ProfileIaoIcn°p∂XmWv DNnXw. Cßs\ sNbvXns√¶n¬ Export sNøp∂ hoUntbm

^bens‚ Izmfn‰n hfscb[nIw \jvSs∏Sm≥ km[yXbp≠v. Project Profile

Shooting Script - NnX-W-tcJ

Xnc-°-Y-bpsS sXm´-SpØ cN\m ]cn-Wm-a-amWv jqńwKv kvIn]v‰v. NnXo-I-cn-

°m≥ t]mIp∂ Zriy-ß-fpsS kq£va hnh-c-ßƒ AS-ßnbtcJ. Zriy-h-en-∏-

sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-cWw ˛ Zqsc (Long shot), a[yZqcØv (Medium shot),ASpØv (Close-up), IYm-]m-X-ß-fp-sSbpw Iyma-d-bp-sSbpw \o°-ßƒ, ]Im-i-

h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ Cßs\ \nc-h[n hni-Zmw-i-ß-f-S-ßn-b-XmWv CXv.

110

sXcs™Sp°m≥ tkm v‰vshbdnse File → New Project IaØn¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv

Project Profile F∂ÿeØv DNnXamb t^m¿am‰v skeIvSv sNbvXv Save Project\¬Inbm¬ aXn. ssSwsse\ns‚ kabssZ¿Lyw (Project Length) F∂Xv 10

an\n´mbn IaoIcn®n´ps≠¶nepw ]n∂oSv t]mPIvSn¬ IqSpX¬ ^bepIƒ

Dƒs∏SpØp∂X\pkcn®v ssZ¿Lyw h¿[n°p∂XmWv. am\zembn ]pXnb

s]mss^¬ Intb‰v sNøm≥ Edit → Preferences → Profiles → ManageProfiles IaØn¬ Profile Manager PmeIØn¬ ]thin®v Profile F∂Xn\v

heXp`mKØp≈ Add(+) _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv ]pXnb value Iƒ \¬In tkhv

¢n°p-sNbvXv hn≥tUm t¢mkv sNbvXm¬ aXn. hoUntbm ^bepIsf Db¿∂

Izmfn‰nbp≈ DVt^m¿am‰nte°mWv Export sNøm\pt±in°p∂sX¶n¬ DefaultProfile F∂Xv DV PAL F∂v sXcs™Sp°pI.

FUn‰v sNøm\p≈ ^bepIƒ Iºyq´dnte°v tIm∏n sNøp∂

]h¿Ø\amWv BZyw \St°≠Xv. Iymadbn¬ \n∂v t\cnt´m, hn.kn.Un/

Un.hn.Un/lm¿Uv UnkvIv F∂nhbn¬ \nt∂m Cu ^bepIsf Iºyq´dnte°v

tIm∏n sNømw. Iºyq´dnte°v ]I¿tØ≠ Ne®nX ^bepIsf hyXykvX

Kp∏pIƒ°v \¬In Kq∏v ]h¿Ø\ØneqsS CXv \n¿hln°mhp∂XmWv. Hmtcm

Iºyq´dnepw kv]o°¿ kuIcyw Dt≠m F∂v Dd∏v hcpØpIbpw thWw.

hoUntbm ^bepIsf Iºyq´dnte°v tIm∏nsNøp∂ hn[w

Iºyq´dnse IEEE-1394 Firewire Cards t]m¿ v hgntbm bp.Fkv._n. t]m¿ v

hgntbm Iymadbnse ^bepIsf Iºyq´dnte°v tIm∏n sNømw. DV CameraD]tbmKn®v \mw jq´v sNbvX hoUntbm^bepIsf Db¿∂ Izmfn‰nbp≈

dv t^m¿am‰n¬ Xs∂ Iºyq´dnte°v ]I¿Øm≥ ]tXyIw capturing device

OpenShot Video Editor - C≥Ãmƒ sNøp-∂-hn[w

OpenShot 1.22 ]Xn-∏mWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. D_p≠p

9.10 apX-ep≈ ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw t\cn´v Open shot s‚ ]pXnb

]Xn∏v C≥Ãmƒ sNøm≥ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Iam‚p-Iƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn sS¿an-\-

en¬ ssS∏v sNbvXv F‚¿ sN-bvXm¬ aXn.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonoomph/openshot-edge

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install openshot openshot-doc

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ°v http://www.openshot.org/ F∂ sh_vssk‰v kµ¿in-

°p-I.

111

(IEEE-1394 Firewire Card) Xs∂ thWw. Kino, Kdenlive, dvgrab XpSßnb

tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ CØcw capturing device hgn hoUntbm ^bepIsf

Iºyq´dnte°v tIm∏n sNøm≥ klmbn°p∂p. hoUntbm Iymadbnse lm¿Uv

Unkv°n¬ kq£n®ncn°p∂ ^bepIsf USB t]m¿´v hgnbpw Iºyq´dnte°v

tIm∏n sNømw. CØcw IymadIƒ Iºyq´dn¬ IWIvSv sNøptºmƒ Xs∂

lm¿Uv Unkv°v au≠v sNøpIbpw bepIsf b¬ _uk¿ hgn copy &paste coXnbn¬ Iºyq´dnte°v t]Ãv sNømhp∂XpamWv.

VCD bn¬ \n∂pw hoUntbm ^bepIsf Iºyq´dnte°v tIm∏n sNøp∂ hn[w

hoUntbm bepIƒ hn.kn.Un./Un.hn.Un, s]≥ssUhv F∂nhbnte°v

]I¿Øn Ahbn¬ \n∂pw Iºyq´dnte°v tIm∏n sNømsa∂v \ap°dnbm

at√m? F∂m¬ gnu/linux ¬ tIm∏n t]Ãv kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v Video CD bnep≈

hoUntbm bepIsf (avseqxx.dat) Iºyq´dnte°v tIm∏n sNøm≥ km[n°n√.

Video DVD bn¬ \nt∂m, s]≥ssUhn¬ \nt∂m hoUntbm ^bepIsf Cu

coXnbn¬ tIm∏n sNøm≥ bmsXmcp _p≤nap´pan√. CØcw kµ¿`ßfn¬

vcdimager F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v Video CD bnse ^bepIsf

Iºyq´dnte°v tIm∏n sNømw. Iam≥Uv sse\nemWv CXv ]h¿Øn∏nt°≠Xv.

]h¿Ø\ Iaw Xmsg sImSp°p∂p.

vcd ssUhnenSpI.

hoUntbm tIm∏n sNøp∂Xn\p th≠n Hcp t^mƒU¿ \n¿Ωn°pI (DZm.

Desktop ¬ VideoClips F∂ t^mƒU¿.)

Cu t^mƒUdn\p apIfn¬ right click sNbvXv terminal Xpd°pI (Open inTerminal)

sS¿an\en¬ vcdxrip -C /dev/cdrom -p F∂ Iam≥Uv ssS∏v sNbvXv EntersNøpI.

copying ]q¿Ønbmbm¬ terminal ¬ $ t]mw]v‰v ]Xy£s∏Spw. AXn\p

tijw amXw terminal t¢mkv sNøpI. At∏mƒ VideoClips F∂

t^mƒUdn\p≈n¬ mpg t^m¿am‰nep≈ Ht∂m AXn¬ IqSpXtem ^bepIƒ

ImWmw.

NnXw 9.1

IEEE-1394 Firewire Card

112

^bepIsf apdn°mw Iqńt®¿°mw

Cwt]m¿´v sNbvX hoUntbm ^bepIƒ tkm^v‰vshbdnse Project FilesF∂ `mKØv ImWmw. ChnsS \n∂pamWv ssSwsse\nte°v ^bepIsf UmKv

sNtø≠Xv. FUn‰nwKn\mbn Sn._n. t]Pv 76 se kqN\Iƒ D]tbmKn°mw.

OpenShot-Overview

1. Main Toolbar – ^b¬ Dƒs∏SpØm\pw save,undo,export F∂nh

sNøm\pap≈ _´WpIƒ

2. Function Tabs- Project Files , Transitions, Effects F∂o Sm_pIƒ

Dƒs°m≈p∂p.

3. Project Files – Dƒs∏SpØnb hoUntbm, HmUntbm, NnX^bepIƒ F∂nh

Dƒs°m≈p∂ PmeIw.

4. Preview Window

5. Edit Toolbar

6. Zoom Slider – ssSwsse\ns‚ time-scale IaoIcn°m≥ klmbn°p∂p.

7. Ruler - Time-scale ImWm≥ - -Sm°nse hoUntbm/HmUntbm bepIfpsS

kabssZ¿Lyw a\ nem°mw.

8. Timeline

Hmtcm Sqfns\bpw AXXv ]T\]h¿Ø\Øns‚ L´Ønembncn°Ww

hnZym¿YnIƒ ]cnNbs∏tS≠Xv.

NnXw 9.2

113

hoUntbmIƒ°v Sm≥knj≥ \¬Imw

ap≥¢mkpIfn¬ ]cnNbs∏´ Hm∏¨ Hmôkv Cw]knse ss…Uv

Sm≥knj≥ kt¶XsØ°pdn®p≈ [mcW ]pXp°nb tijamWv hoUntbm

FUn‰nwKnse Sm≥knj≥ CÎvSns\ ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ `mKw

AhXcn∏nt°≠Xv. AXn\mbn ]mT`mKsØ Sn._n. t]Pv : 77¬ ]dbp∂

N¿®Isf D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. N¿®bn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂ kqNIßsf

IqSn Iqńt®¿°mw

N¿®mkqNIw 1 : ]kt‚j≥ IqSpX¬ BI¿jIam°mw ˛ -IqSpX¬

Iqńt®¿°mhp∂h

A£cßƒ°v \ndw \¬Imw

ss…UpIfn¬ A\ptbmPyamb NnXw Dƒs∏SpØmw

]›mØeambn i_vZ^bepIƒ Dƒs∏SpØmw.

N¿®mkqNIw 2 : ss…UpIfn¬ Sm≥knj≥ D]tbmKn°p∂Xp sIm≠p≈

sa®ßƒ- ˛ IqSpX¬ Iqńt®¿°mhp∂h

At\Iw ss…UpIƒ°nSbn¬ \n∂pw Hcp ss…Uv amXw ]tXyIw

t]£I¿ i≤n°m≥ ss…Uv Sm≥knj≥ D]tbmKn°mw

]›mØeØn¬ ss…Uv FX t\cw \n¬°Wsa∂v Xocpam\n°mw.

Hm∏¨ Hmôkv Cw]kn¬ Xbmdm°nb Hcp ]kt‚j≥ ]Z¿in∏n®v

ss…Uv Sm≥knjs‚ ta∑Iƒ hnZym¿YnIsf t_m[ys∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

N¿®mkqNIw 3 : kn\nabn¬ ko≥ amdptºmƒ am‰w A\p`hthZyam°m≥

sNøp∂ Imcyßƒ ˛ IqSpX¬ Iqńt®¿°mhp∂h.

hyXykvX coXnbnep≈ tjm´pIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

hoUntbm- HmUntbm CÎvSpIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

Sm≥knj≥ CÎvSpIƒ Zriy`wKn°v th≠n amXa√,

BibkwthZ\Øn\mbpw D]tbmKn°msa∂ [mcW Cu N¿®bneqsS

IpńIƒ°v e`n°Ww. CØcw kt¶Xßƒ Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂ hoUntbm

`mKßƒ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v ]cnNbs∏SptØ≠XmWv. Sn._n.bn¬ ]cma¿in®n´p≈

‘tamtU¨ ssSwkv’ F∂ kn\nabnse `mKw Xs∂ D]tbmKn°mw. hoUntbm

^bepIƒ IqSnt®cp∂ F√m ÿeØpw Sm≥knj≥ C^ŒpIƒ \¬Ip∂Xns‚

114

A\uNnXyhpw hnZym¿YnIsf t_m[ys∏SpØWw.

Sm≥knj≥ kabssZ¿Lyw IaoIcn°p∂hn[w

hoUntbm bepIƒ°nSbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnb Sm≥knjs‚ kabw Resizetool D]tbmKn®v IaoIcn°m≥ km[n°pw . AXn\mbn Resize tool ¬ ¢n°v

sNbvXv Sm≥knjs‚ BZy `mKtØm Ahkm\ `mKtØm ¢n°v sNbvXv

BhiyØn\\pkcn®v apt∂mt´m ]nt∂mt´m UmKv sNbvXm¬ aXn.

(NnXw : 9.3) i_vZ-Ne®nX ^bepIfpsSbpw kab ssZ¿Lyhpw Cu Sqƒ

D]tbmKn®v IaoIcn°m≥ km[n°pw. Sm≥knj\n¬ ssd‰v ¢n°v sNbvXv

Remove Transition ¢n°psNbvXmWv Sm≥knj≥ CÎvSns\ Uoen‰v sNtø≠Xv.

Transition/Mask Properties

Sm≥knj≥ FUn‰v sNøm≥ Sm°n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ Sm≥kn-j-

\n¬ Right click - Properties F∂ Ia-Øn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Transition/Mask

hoUntbm HmUntbm Sm°p-Iƒ

hoUntbm/HmUntbm b-ep-Isf th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw FUn‰v sNøp-∂Xpw ssSw

sse\nse HmUntbm/hoUntbm Sm°p-I-fn¬ h®m-Wv. km[m-c-W-bmbn

hoUntbm FUn-‰nwKv tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fn¬ i_vZ ^b-ep-Iƒ°pw Ne-®nX

^b-ep-Iƒ°pw sht∆sd Sm°p-Iƒ Xs∂-bp-≠m-hpw. F∂m¬ OpenShots‚ \ne-hn-ep≈ ]Xn-∏n¬ (version 1.22) hoUntbm/HmUntbm ^b-ep-Iƒ°v

sht∆sd Sm°p-I-fn-√. Sm°n-ep≈ hoUntbm sF°-Wn¬ (eye icon) ¢n°v

sNbvXv hoUntbm Untk-_nƒ sNbvXm¬ ]kvXpX Sm°v HmUntbm Sm°mbn

amdp-∂p. AXp-t]mse HmUntbm sF°-Wn¬ (speaker icon) ¢n°v sNbvXv

HmUntbm Untk-_nƒ sNbvXv B Sm°ns\ hoUntbm Sm°v amX-am-°nbpw

am‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ssSwsse-\n¬ ]pXnb Sm°p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm\pw Hgn-hm-

°m\pw Sm°n¬ Right Click sNbvXv Add Track Above/Add Track Below,Remove Track F∂o Hm]vj-\p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ aXn.

NnXw 9.3

115

NnXw 9.4

Properties PmeIw Xpd∂v Type, Softness F∂nhbn¬ am‰ßƒ hcpØn Apply\¬Inbm¬ aXn.

ZriyßfpsS ebw

BibkwthZ\Øn\mbn Sm≥knj≥ CÎvSpIsf amXa√, hoUntbm

CÎvSpIsfbpw D]tbmKn°mw F∂ [mcW Cu `mK-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-

eqsS hnZym¿YnIƒ°v e`n°Ww. Sn._n. NnXw 9.7 ¬ Sm≥knj≥

CÎvSns\°pdn®v ]dbp∂ kqN\Iƒ CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°mw. hyXykvX

ÿe-Imeßsf ASpØSpØ ko\pIfn¬ AhXcn∏n°ptºmƒ BZy ko\ns‚

Ahkm\w Fade out F∂ CÎvSpw XpS¿∂v hcp∂ ko\n\v Fade in Dw \¬Imw.

Clip properties

Sm°n¬ Dƒs∏SpØnb i_vZNe®nX ^bepIfn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°v

sNbvXmWt√m Fade in, Fade out XpSßnb CÎvSpIƒ \¬Ip∂Xv. F∂m¬

Cu ^bens‚ t]m∏¿ókv PmeIØn¬ ]thin®m¬ ^bepIfnse C^vIvSp-

Isf FUn‰psNøpI, Hgnhm°pI XpSßn At\Iw Imcyßƒ sNøm≥ km[n°pw.

AXn\mbn ^ben¬ Right Click-Properties IaØn¬ Clip properties (NnXw :

9.4)PmeIØn¬ ]thin®v hnhn[ Sm_pIƒ sXcs™SpØv Bhiyamb

am‰ßƒ hcpØn Apply ¢n°v sNbvXm¬ aXn. CXnep≈ Effects Sm_n¬ ¢n°v

sNbvXv Add/Remove hgn hoUntbm/HmUntbm CÎvSpIƒ \¬Im\pw

Hgnhm°m\pw km[n°pw. Function Tab se Effects PmeIw Xpd∂v CÎvSpIƒ

^bepIfnte°v UmKv sNbvXpw bepIƒ°v hoUntbm/HmUntbm CÎvSpIƒ

\¬Imw.

hoUntbm- C^Œv - - Speed / Slow Motion

Ne®nX ^bens‚ Clip properties PmeIØnse Speed Sm_n¬

]thin®v Speed enÃn¬ \n∂pw Normal Speed \v ]Icw ½ skeIvSv sNbvXm¬

slow motion ¬ hoUntbm ]h¿Øn°p∂Xmbn ImWmw.

116

i–^bepIfn¬ Fade in, Fade out XpSßnb CÎvSpIƒ \¬Im≥

Audio Sm_n¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv Fade in, Fade out F∂nhbn¬ Sn°v am¿°v

\¬Inbm¬ aXn.

kw`mjWw Dƒs∏SpØmw

kw`mjWw sdt°m¿Uv sNtø≠Xps≠¶n¬ Ggmw A[ymbØn¬

]cnNbs∏´ HUmkn‰n D]tbmKn°mw. i_vZw \¬Im≥ ]tXyIw A`ncpNnbp≈

hnZym¿YnIsf Is≠Øp∂Xv DNnXambncn°pw. dnt°m¿Uv sNøp∂

i_vZ^bepIƒ tkhv sNøptºmƒ IYmkµ¿`Øn\v tbmPn°p∂ b¬ \maw

\¬IpI. ]n∂oSv Hm∏¨ tjmń¬ Ah Dƒs∏SpØptºmƒ ^bepIsf

I≠p]nSn°m≥ CXv IqSpX¬ klmbIamhpw. i_vZ^bepIsf Ne®nX

^bepIfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂ ]h¿Ø\Øn\v Sn._n. NnXw 9.8 se kqN\Iƒ

D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.

ssS‰nepIƒ thWw

Xbmdm°p∂ Ne®nXØn\v Titles, Credits F∂nh GsXms° \¬IWw

hoUntbm s^bnw

\n›e NnX-ß-fpsS Hcp tiWnsb XpS¿®-bmbn ImWn-°p-∂-Xm-Wt√m Ne-

®n-XØneqsS sNøp-∂-Xv. hoUntbm ¢n∏p-I-fnse Cu Hmtcm \n›e NnX-

tØbpw s^bnw F∂v hnfn-°mw. km[m-c-W-bmbn Ne-®n-X-ß-fn¬ Hcp

sk°‚n¬ 24 s^bn-ap-I-fmWv (24 frame per second) D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ hoUntbm t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ amdp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v 25, 30 F∂o frame rateDw Ne-®n-X-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. UnPn-‰¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS Bhn¿`m-

h-tØmsS sSen-hn-j≥ kwt]-j-W-Øn¬ CXnepw IqSp-X¬ frame rate Ifpw

D]-tbm-Kn-®p -Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. 5 an\p´v ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp Ne-®n-X-Øn¬ FX

s^bn-ap-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-s≠∂v Duln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈p. hoUntbm b-

ep-Iƒ°v Db¿∂ ^b¬ hen∏w (file size) ssIh-cp-∂-Xn\v Hcp ImcWw CXm-

Wv. frame rate s‚ FÆw Ipd-bp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v hoUntbm Zriy-ß-fnse

IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hnI Ne-\-ß-fnepw am‰-ap-≠m-hp∂p.

NnX-Ønse BZy s^bnapw Ah-km\ s^bnapw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw

t\m°q.

NnXw 9.5

117

F∂v enÃv sNbvXXn\ptijamWv ssS‰n¬ FUn‰dns\ ]cnNbs∏SptØ≠Xv.

Ne®nXØns‚ Ahkm\w \¬Ip∂ ssS‰nepIfmWv credits. km[mcW

coXnbn¬ Crawl sNøp∂ (Xmsg \n∂v apIfnte°v Nen°p∂) coXnbnemWv

Chsb Dƒs∏SpØmdp≈Xv.

ssS‰n¬ FUn‰dnse Start here F∂Xn\v Xmsgbp≈ enÃn¬ \n∂mWv

sSwtπ‰v sXcs™Spt°≠Xv. sXm´p Xmsgbp≈ FUn‰nwKv SqfpIƒ D]tbmKn®v

sSIvÃv kvss‰¬, sSIvÃv \ndw, ]›mØe \ndw F∂nh sXcs™Sp°mw.

ssS‰nens\ IqSpX¬ BI¿jIam°m≥ Use Advanced Editor ¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv

Inkscape Vecter Graphic Editor ¬ ssS‰nens\ Hm∏¨ sNbvXv Bhiyamb

am‰ßƒ hcpØn tkhv sNbvXm¬ aXn. t]mPIvSv b¬ tkhv sNbvX ÿeØv

thumbnailF∂ ]tXyI t^mƒUdnemWv ssS‰nepIƒ tkhv Bhp∂Xv.

FUn‰nwKv PmeIØn¬ ^Mvj≥ Sm_nse Project Files F∂ `mKØpw Ch

D≠mhpw. ChnsS \n∂v ssSwsse\nte°v ssS‰nepIsf UmKv sNømhp∂XmWv.

Hcp ssS‰nens\ FUn‰v sNøm≥ Project Files ¬ ht®m ssSwsse\n¬ ht®m

ssS‰nen¬ ssd‰v ¢n°v sNbvXv Edit Title (Simple) ¢n°p sNbvXv ssS‰n¬

FUn‰dn¬ Xpd°pI. tijw ^ben¬ Bhiyamb am‰ßƒ hcpØn Apply\¬Inbm¬ aXn.

Crawl sNøp∂ ssS‰nepIƒ

Crawl sNøp∂ ssS‰nepIsf Hm∏¨ tjmńse Preset B\ntaj\pIƒ

D]tbmKn®v Xbmdm°m≥ km[n°pw. AXn\mbn Hcp ss…Un¬ Ht∂m ct≠m

ssS‰n¬ F∂ coXnbn¬ F√m ssS‰nepIfpw Xbmdm°n tkhv sNøpI. tijw

Project Files ¬ \n∂pw Ch Hmtcm∂ns\bpw apIfnepw Xmsgbpap≈ ASpØSpØ

Sm°nte°v UmKv sNbvXnSpI. C\n Hmtcm ssS‰nenepw ssd‰v ¢n°p sNbvXv

Animate-Bottom to Top \¬InbXn\p tijw ss…UpIsf NnXØnteXp

t]mse (NnXw.9:6) Sm°n¬ IaoIcn®m¬ aXn.

NnXw 9.6

118

FIvkvt]m¿´v sNømw

s]mPŒv bens\ FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøm≥ Xmsgbp≈ valueIƒ \¬Imw.

Simple Mode

Format Profile Target Video Profile Quality

DVD DVD DVD-PAL DV PAL Hight^m¿am‰nte°v

(.dvd)

Mpeg All Formats MPEG(mpeg2) DV PAL Hight^m¿am‰nte°v

(.mpeg)

MOV All Formats MOV(h.264) DV PAL Hight^m¿am‰nte°v

(.mov)

AVI All Formats AVI(mpeg2) DV PAL Hight^m¿am‰nte°v

(.avi)

Video CD (VCD) \n¿Ωn°m≥ .mpg t^m¿am‰nte°v t]mPŒv ^bens\

FIvkvt]m¿´v sNtø≠Xp≠v. AXn\mbn Xmsgbp≈ Value sXcs™Sp°mw.

Simple Mode

Profile Target Video Profile Quality

All Formats MPEG(mpeg2) VCD PAL High

Animated Title Editor

OpenShot s‚ ]pXnb ]Xn∏v (1.2.2) apX¬ Blender D]-tbm-Kn®v Xnam\ (3D)A\n-ta-j≥ ssS‰n-ep-Iƒ \n¿an-°m-\p≈ kuIcyw IqSn e`y-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

CXn\v Blender s‚ 2.55 \v apI-fn-ep≈ ]Xn∏v C≥Ãmƒ sNø-Ww.

3D A\n-ta-j≥ ssS‰n-ep-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m≥ Title → New Animated Title F∂

Ia-Øn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv ssS‰n¬ PmeIw Xpd-°p-I. ssS‰n¬ Pme-I-Øns‚

CSXv `mKØv \n∂pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb ssSwtπ‰v skeIvSv sNbvXv Bh-iy-

amb ssS‰n-ep-Ifpw a‰pw \evIn Xmsg-bp≈ Render ¢n°psNøp-I. Db¿∂

]h¿Ø-\-£-a-X-bp≈ Iºyq-´-dn¬ amXta Cu ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øm≥

km[n-°q.

119

10. Ne-\-ß-fpsS Poh-imkvXw

BapJw

]pcm-X\ Imew-ap-X¬ Poh-\p-≈-h-bpsS ][m\ khn-ti-jX As√-¶n¬ e£-

W-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ne-\-ti-jn-bm-Wv. Ne-\-Øns‚ Poh-imkvXw

F∂pw a\p-jys\ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. c‡-Nw-I-a-Ww, lrZ-b-Øns‚

kt¶m-N-hn-Im-k-ßƒ, Aÿn-I-fpsS Ne-\w, kky-ß-fnse Pe-Øn-s‚bpw eh-

W-ß-fp-sSbpw kwh-l\w XpS-ßnb ]e ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kvIqƒ ¢mkp-I-fnse

hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°v FØn-°pI F∂Xv ia-I-c-am-sW-∂Xv bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv. CØ-

c-Øn-ep≈ Poh-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øns‚ k¶o¿W-Xsb C√m-Xm-°p-hm≥ hnh-c-hn-\n-

ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]e Poh¬]-h¿Ø-\-ß-

sfbpw A\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ t]mse-bp≈ kt¶-X-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS imkvXo-

bX tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsXXs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-

Zy-°m-hp-∂p.

]T\ e£yßƒ

sF.-kn.-Sn. kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Poh-im-kvX-]-T\w efn-

X-am-°p-I.

hnhn-[-Xcw ssPhnI Ne-\-ß-fpsS k¶o¿WXsb eLq-I-cn-°p-hm\pw ]T\w

Ffp-∏-am-°p-hm\pw B\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

bp.-F-kv.-_n., ssatIm-kvtIm∏v t]mse-bp≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, A\m-•n^v

XpS-ßnb Xnam\ NnX-ß-fpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

Poh-im-kvX-]-T-\sØ B\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ AS-°-ap≈ kt¶-X-ß-fpsS klm-

b-tØmsS ck-I-c-amb A\p-`-h-am°n am‰p-I.

Hº-Xmw-X-c-Ønse Poh-im-kvX-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ‘kwh-l-\-Øns‚ hgn-Iƒ’F∂- m-Khpw aq∂mw-A[ymb-Ønse ‘c‡-tIm-i-ßƒ \nco-£n°mw’ F∂- m-Khpw

XpS¿∂p≈ c‡-Zm-\-Øns‚ alXzw e£y-am-°n-bp≈ Nne kqN-\-Ifpw hnZym¿Yn-

I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ Kuc-h-tØm-sS-sb-Øn-°pI F∂-XmWv dntkmgvkv koUn-bnse

_tbm-fPn dntkm-gvkn-ep≈ c‡-\n-th-i\w e£yw-h-bv°p-∂-Xv. tdmU-]-I-S-ßfpw

XpS¿∂p≈ Poh-lm-\nbpw h¿[n-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ c‡-Øns‚ LS-\, c‡-

Kq-∏v, icn-bmb Kq∏nwKv F∂n-h-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-sX¥v F∂v \mw Adn-

™n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ FØn-bn-cn-°p∂ tcmKn-Isf Hmtcm-

cp -Ø-sc-bmbn c‡-Kq∏v \n¿W-bn®v Ah¿°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb c‡w

120

\evtI-≠Xv hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS tPmen-bmWv. AXn-\p-th≠n ]men-t°≠ Iaw

F¥mWv?

kndn©v FSp-°pI.

tcmKn-bpsS ssIøn\-SpØv sIm≠p-h∂v aukv ¢n°p-sNbvXv c‡w

FSp-°p-I.

aukv ¢n°p-sNbvXv Cu c‡w sSÃv Syq_n-ep≈ knd-Øn¬ (B‚n-t_m-

Un-Iƒ AS-ßnb cmk-h-kvXp-hn¬) tN¿°p-I.

am‰w \nco-£n-°p-I.

icn-bmb c‡-Kq∏v Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

c‡-_m-Kp-I-fn-ep≈ icn-bmb c‡-Kq∏v Xncn-®-dn™v B _mKv aukv D]-

tbm-Kn®v bYm-ÿm-\-Øp-d-∏n®v tcmKn°v B c‡w \evIp-I.

At∏mƒ e`y-am-Ip∂ adp-]-Sn-bn-eqsS \nß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w hnP-bn-®pthm

F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

c‡-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ B‚n-P≥, B‚n-t_mUn F∂o LS-I-ßsf

ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv c‡-Kq∏v \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm c‡-Kq-∏nepw AS-

ßn-bn-cn -°p∂ LS-I-ßsf kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]ń-I-bmWv Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-

cn-°p-∂-Xv.

c‡-\n-th-i-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Hm¿Øn-cn-t°≠ Nne Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-

bp-∂p. ]ń-Ibpw kqN-I-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v i≤-tbmsS c‡-\n-th-i\ sKbnw

Bcw-`n-°mw.

Rh LSIw AS-ßnb c‡-Kq∏v t]mkn-‰ohv F∂pw C√m-ØXv s\K-‰ohv

F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

c‡-Kq∏v B‚n-P≥ B‚n-t_mUn RhLSIw

A+ A b D≠v

A- A b C√

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B- B a C√

AB+ AB Nil D≠v

AB- AB Nil C√

O+ NIL a,b D≠v

O- NIL a,b C√

]ńI 10.1

121

AB s\K-‰ohv c‡-Kq-∏n¬ B‚n-t_m-Un-Iƒ C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ B‚n-P-\p-

ambn ]Xn-]-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[y-X-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v GXp

Kq∏n¬s∏´ c‡hpw kzoI-cn-°mw.

O c‡-Kq-∏n¬ B‚n-P-\p-Iƒ C√. GXp Kq∏p-Im¿°pw c‡w \¬Imw.

B‚n-P≥ A, B‚n-t_mUn a bpambpw B‚n-P≥ B, B‚n-t_mUn b bpambpw

Rh D≈ c‡w (Rh+), Rh C√mØ c‡-hp-ambn (Rh-) ]Xn-]-h¿Øn-°m≥

km[y-X-bp-≠v.

B\n-ta-j-\p-I-fpsS clkyw

hnhn-[-Xcw B\n-ta-j-\p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ G‰hpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb [mc-

W-ssI-h-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ \s√mcp tkm^v‰vshb-dmWv PntIm-ºn-kv. PntImw-ºnkv

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Ia-Øn¬ Xpd-°p-I.

Applications - Edcation - Educational Suite Gcompris (Ubuntu 9.10)

Applications - Games - Kids - Educational Suite Gcomprise (Ubuntu 10.04)

Applications - Education - Gcompris (GNU/Linux 3.2)

t_mfp-ambn \n¬°p∂ sSUn s_b-dns‚ (go to amusementactivities - various fun activities) NnX-Øn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I.

Xpd-∂p-h-cp∂ Pme-I-Øn¬\n∂pw free drawing and animationtool ¬ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. At∏mƒ [mcmfw NnX-ßƒ ImWmw.

AXn¬\n∂pw Imdns‚ NnXw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. ¢n°p-sN-øp-I.

XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ NnX-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Imdns‚ NnXtam \nßƒ°n-

jvS-s∏´ a‰p NnX-ßtfm sXc-s™-SpØv Iym≥hm-kn¬ shbv°p-

I. NnXsØ aqe-I-fn¬]n-Sn®v sNdp-Xm-°p-Itbm hep-Xm-°p-Itbm

sNømw. AXn-\p-tijw NnXw aqhv Sqƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v apt∂m v \o°n-

sh-bv°p-I.

NnXw 10.1

122

Cu ImWp∂ Iymadm NnX-Øn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. ho≠pw Im¿

Aev]w IqSn apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-I. Iyma-d-bn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. CXv

[mcmfw s^bn-ap-Iƒ BIp-∂-Xp-hsc XpS-cp-I.

AXn-\p-tijw NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Scene board ¢n°psNbvXp-

t\m-°q. \nßƒ \n¿an® hml\w Nen-°p-∂Xp I≠t√m?

B\n-ta-j≥ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ G‰hpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hnh-c-

ambn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw.

Hmtcm ]mh-iyhpw Imdns\ \o°n-h®v Iymad ¢n°p-sN-øp-tºmƒ Hmtcm

s^bn-ap-Ifnembn Imdp-Iƒ amdp-∂p.

FX-]m-hiyw Imdns\ \o°n Iymad ¢n°p-sN-bvXpthm AXbpw s^bn-ap-

Iƒ \nßƒ \n¿an®p Ign-™p.

Sqƒt_m-Ivknse ko≥tjm´v t]mse-bp≈ Sqfn¬ ¢n°p sNøp-tºmƒ H∂n-

\p-]n-dsI H∂mbn s^bn-ap-Iƒ an∂n-a-d-bp-∂p. CXv Im¿ Nen-°p∂p F∂

]XoXn Df-hm-°p-∂p.

Sqƒt_mIvknse Hmtcm Sqfp-Ifpw ]h¿Øn-∏n-®p t\m°n AXns‚ D]-tbmKw

]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øq. \nßƒ \n¿an® A\n-ta-j≥ tkhv sNøm≥ ian-®p-t\m-°q.

c‡-tImi \nco-£Ww

ASp-Ø-Xmbn c‡-tIm-i-ß-fpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-jX a\- n-em-°p-

hm-\p≈ Hcp ]h¿Ø\w aq∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. _tbm-fPn dntkm-

gvkn¬ Cu ]h¿Ø\w Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ]h¿Øn-∏n®p-t\m-°q. Iaw

Xmsg \¬Ip-∂p.

•mkv ss…Uv FSp-°p-I.

em≥Uv sk‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v hnc-en¬\n∂pw Hcp Xp≈n c‡w ss…Un¬

hogvØp-I.

NnXw 10.2

123

as‰mcp ss…Uv Ncn-®p-sh®v c‡-Øp-≈nsb Hcp t\cnb ^nenw-t]mse

]c-Øp-I.

sÃbn≥ Hgn-°p-I.

ssatIm-kvtIm-∏n¬ h®v \nco-£n-°p-I.

hnhn[ tImi-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS hen-∏w, GI-tZi FÆw F∂n-hbpw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

_tbm-fPn dntkm-gvkn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ a‰p B\n-ta-j-\p-I-fm-Wv,

c‡-Nw-I-aWw.

c‡-Nw-I-a-W-k-a-bsØ lrZ-b-hm¬hp-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\w.

Zl-t\-µnb hyh-ÿ-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ `£-W-Øns‚ Ne-\w, Zl-\-]-In-b.

izmk-tIm-i-L-S-\, ]h¿Ø\w F∂n-h.

A\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ \nco-£n® tijw sF.-kn.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]Ømw

A[ym-b-Øn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-

dm-°p-I. Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬ lrZ-b-L-S-\, hm¬hp-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\w, izmk-tIm-i-ß-

fpsS LS\ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ \nß-fpsS \nco-£Ww hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I.

P¥p-im-kvX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Iptd-tbsd ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \Ωƒ I≠p-

I-gn-™p. kky-imkvX ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp ]h¿Ø-\w-IqSn \nco-£n-

NnXw 10.3 F NnXw 10.3 _n

124

°mw. kky-ß-fnse Pe-Øn-s‚bpw eh-W-ß-fp-sSbpw kwh-l\w hf-sc-b-[nIw

ssPh-]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. kky-tkz-Z\w, hrXn-hym-]\a¿Zw F∂n-h-sb

Bi-bn®v Du¿Pw sNe-h-gn-°m-sX-bmWv Pe-kw-h-l\w \S-°p-∂-Xv. AtX

-k-abw eh-W-ß-fpsS kwh-l-\-Øn\v Du¿Pw kkyßƒ sNe-hm-°ntb Xocp.

C\n kky-kw-h-l\w F∂-`mKw I≠p-t\m-°q. (NnXw 10.3 _n)

\nßfpsS \nco-£-W-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Pe-Øns‚ kwh-l-\-]mX ............................................................................

Ce-I-fn¬ ]th-in® Pe-Øn\v

F¥p-kw- -hn-°p∂p? ............................................................................

A\n-ta-j≥ kt¶-X-ßƒ

kzX¥ tkm^v‰vshb¿ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ [mcmfw A\n-ta-j≥ kt¶-

X-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv. KToon, Blender, Pencil, Leuciole apX-em-bh CXn\v DZm-l-c-

W-ß-fm-Wv. Zznam-\, Xnam\ B\n-ta-j≥ NnX-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-hm-\p≈ CØcw

kt¶-X-ßƒ C∂v hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. .avi, .swf, .ani, .fla, .flc, .fli,.gif, .mng F∂nh B\p-ta-j-\p-I-fpsS ^b¬ FIvÃ≥j-\p-I-fm-Wv. `qcn-`mKw

B\n-ta-j-\p-Ifpw tamkn√ t]mep≈ sh_v _uk-dp-I-fn¬ Xpd-∂p- ]-h¿Øn-

∏n-°m-\m-Ipw. http://nobelprize.org F∂ ssk‰n¬ educational/medicine/landsteiner/index.html F∂ Ia-Øn¬ ]th-in-®m¬ Poh¬]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ [mcmfw B\n-ta-j-\p-Iƒ e`y-am-Wv. http://www.ksceince.co.uk/index.html F∂ ssk‰nepw [mcmfw Poh-imkvX B\-ta-j-\p-Iƒ D≠v.

bp.-F-kv.-_n. ssatIm-kvtIm∏v

PohimkvX-]-T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ, tImi-L-S\ F∂n-

h-sb√mw a\- n-em-°p-hm\pw ]Tn-°p-hm\pw hf-sc-b-[nIw _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ A\p-`-

h-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. e`y-amb ssatIm-kvtIm-∏p-Iƒ ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-a-√m-Xn-cn-°p-I, hy‡-

X-bn-√m-Xn-cn-°pI F∂n-h-sb√mw CXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ ]iv\-ß-fm-Wv.

AXn-\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-amWv bp. -F-kv. -_n ssatIm-kvtIm-∏v. bp. -F-kv. -_n

ssatIm-kvtIm-∏v \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kma-Kn-Iƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

-kvIqfn¬ e`y-amb Hcp tImºu≠v ssatIm-kvtIm∏v.

ssatIm-kvtIm-∏ns‚ eyepiece t\mSp LSn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ hen-∏-ap≈

bp.-F-kv.-_n. Iymad (sh_v Iyma-d).

em]vtSm]v/sUkvIvtSm∏v Iºyq-´¿

125

F¬.-kn.Un/Un.-F¬.-]n. s]mP-IvS¿

\nco-£-W-hn-t[-b-am-t°≠ kvs]kn-sa-\p-Iƒ (kq-£va-Po-hn-Iƒ, tImi-ßƒ

apX-em-b-h).

Irjn-bn-S-ß-ƒ, Ipf-ßƒ, I\m-ep-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw tiJ-cn®

Pe-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ambn kq£va-Po-hn-Isf ImWm-dp-≠v. Ch-sb√mw kq£va-ambn

\nco-£n®v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ ]ń-I-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°-Ww.

A\m-•n^v

3Un kz`m-h-ap≈ NnX-ß-fmWv A\m-•n^v NnX-ßƒ. Ch H‰t\m´-Øn¬

at\m-l-c-a-s√-¶nepw ]tXyIw Xbm-dm-°nb IÆ-S-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS t\m°n-

bm¬ Xnam\ cq]-Øn¬ ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu NnX-ßƒ c≠v

Iyma-d-Iƒ \ΩpsS c≠p-I-Æp-I-fpsS AI-e-Øn¬h®v ]tXyI coXn-bn¬ \n¿an-

°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. A\m-•n^v NnX-ßƒ _tbm-fPn dntkm-gvkn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-

bn-´p-≠v. Ch ImWp-hm-\p≈ IÆS \n¿an-°p-hm≥ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ kma-Kn-Iƒ

Bh-iy-am-Wv.

NnXw 10.4 bp.-F-kv.-_n ssatIm-kvtIm-∏v \n¿amWw

NnXw 10.5 hr°-bpsS Xnam-\-NnXw

126

Iń-bp≈ Nm¿´v t]∏¿

Nph-∏v, ]®, \oe, ]¿∏nƒ apX-emb \nd-ß-fn-ep≈ •mkvt]-∏-dp-Iƒ

]i, IXnI apX-em-bh

Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ NnX-cq-]-Øn¬ Nm¿´v t]∏¿ shń-sb-SpØv AXn¬

•mkvt]-∏¿ bYm-ÿm-\Øv Dd-∏n-°p-I. IÆ-S-bpsS Imep-Ifpw a‰p `mK-ßfpw

]i D]-tbm-Kn®v ZrV-ambn Hń-°p-I. IÆS sdUn. dntkm-gvk-knse NnX-ßƒ

Iºyq-´-dn-s‚tbm s]mP-IvS-dn-s‚tbm klm-b-tØmsS IÆ-S-h®v I≠p-t\m-°q.

Xnam\ NnX-ß-fpsS Zriy-`wKn hy‡-am-Ipw.

NnXw 10.6

Xnam-\-I-ÆS \n¿an-°p-hm-\p≈ NnXw

dntkm-gvkp-Iƒ°v IS-∏mSv : http://nobelprize.org, http://www.kscience.co.uk/index.htm

127

BapJw

sshZypXk¿°o´pIƒ btY„w \n¿an°m\pw AhbpsS ]h¿Ø\w

]cntim[n°m\pw XmcXayw sNøm\pw Ipńsb klmbn°p∂ Hcp knaptej≥

tkm^v‰vshbdmWv s^‰v-˛k¿°o´v I¨kvS£≥ In‰v. _m‰dn, _ƒ_v, hb¿

XpSßnbh A\mbmkw am‰n ]TnXmhn\v ]co£Ww Bh¿Øn°m\pw hnhn[

k¿°o´pIƒ XΩn¬ XmcXayw sNøm\pw D≈ kuIcyw CXnep≠v.

ssPhX∑mXIfpsS ]T\Øn\v PohimkvXØnepw, ckX¥]T\Øn\pw

hfscb[nIw klmbn°p∂ RasMol, Ghemical XpSßnb tkm v‰vshbdpIfmWv

Cu A[ymbØns‚ as‰mcp khntijX. PohimkvX ]T\Øn¬ DNAt]msebp≈ k¶o¿W X∑mXIfpsS Xnam\LS\ ImWp∂Xn\pw dmkvtamƒ

F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn°mw. AXnkq£va X∑mXIsf ImWp∂Xn\pw

AhbpsS LS\m]camb ]tXyIXIƒ a\ nem°p∂Xn\pw ]TnXmhns\

klmbn°p∂XneqsS ckX¥]T\Øn\pw PohimkvX ]T\Øn\pw Imcyamb

am‰w hcpØm≥ CØcw tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ°v Ignbp∂p.

]T\e£yßƒ

s^‰v˛k¿°o´v I¨kvS£≥ In‰v D]tbmKn®v eLp sshZypXk¿°o´v

\n¿an°m≥.

thmƒ´Xbpw sshZypX]hmlhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w XmcXayw

sNøp∂Xn\p≈ tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v.

sshZypX]hmlsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIßƒ ]co£WØneqsS

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v.

hnhn[ XcØnep≈ k¿°o´pIƒ \n¿an®v Ah XΩnep≈ hyXymkßƒ

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v tkm^v‰ vshb¿ Fßns\ D]tbmKn°msa∂v

a\ nem°p∂Xn\v.

X∑mXm amXrIIƒ ImWp∂Xn\v dmkvtamƒ F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿

D]tbmKn°p∂sXßs\sb∂v a\ nem°p∂Xn\v.

tkm^v‰vshb¿ klmbtØmsS X∑mXm amXrIIƒ hniIe\w sNbvXv

AhbpsS LS\, B‰ßfpsS FÆw, cmk_‘\w XpSßnbh

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v.

11. ùXnIimkvX hnkvabw

128

eLpX∑mXIfpsS amXrIIƒ tkm^v‰ vshb¿ klmbtØmsS

Xbmdm°p∂Xn\v.

]mTmhXcWw

_ƒ_v ]Imin∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp sshZypXk¿°oń¬ NmeIw, _ƒ_v,

_m‰dn, kzn®v F∂o D]IcWßƒ Bhiyap≠t√m. ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

sImSpØncn°p∂ \n¿tZi]Imcw k¿°o v I¨kvS£≥ In‰v F∂ knaptej≥

tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v CØcw Hcp k¿°o´v \n¿an°pIbpw AXns‚

khntijXIƒ ]TnXmhv a\knem°pIbpw thWw. heXp `mKØp≈

Sqƒ_mdnse life like BŒohmbncn°pw. AXn\p ]Icw Schematic BŒohm°n

D]IcWßsf ][m\PmeIØnte°v UmKv sNbvXv k¿°o´v \n¿an®v

D]IcWßfpsS BIrXn°v D≠mbn´p≈ hyXymkw Xncn®dnbWw.

NmeIØneqsSbp≈ sshZypXNm¿PpIfpsS (CetŒmWpIfpsS)

]hmlamWv sshZypX]hmlw. NmeIØns‚ Hcp _nµphneqsS Hcp

sk°≥Un¬ ]hln°p∂ Nm¿PpIfpsS AfhmWv sshZypX]hml

XohX AYhm Id‚ v (I).

NmeIØns‚ HcKØp\n∂pw at‰ AKtØ°v CetŒmWpIƒ

]hln°p∂Xn\v NmeIßfpsS AKßƒ XΩn¬ s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw

\ne\n¬°Ww. (hm´¿Sm¶n¬ \n∂pw Pew ss]∏v hgn Xmtgm´v

]hln°m\p≈ ImcWw Sm¶pw Xmsgbp≈ ss]∏ns‚ AKhpw hyXykvX

s]m´≥jyen¬ BbXpsIm≠mWv. Sm¶ns‚ Dbcw IqSp∂Xn\\pkcn®v

AXns‚ s]m´≥jy¬ F\¿Pn IqSp∂p. AX\pkcn®v s]m´≥jy¬ IqSnb

`mKØp\n∂pw Ipd™ `mKtØ°p≈ PeØns‚ Hgp°pw IqSp∂p).

NmeIØns‚ c≠v AKßƒ XΩn¬ s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw

D≠m°p∂Xpw \ne\n¿Øp∂Xpw sshZypXtkmX pIfmWv.

DZmlcWw : _m‰dn, P\td‰¿ apXembh

s]m´≥jyhyXymkw thmƒ´X(V)bnemWv ]dbmdp≈Xv. CXv

Af°p∂Xn\v thmƒ´v ao‰¿ D]tbmKn°p∂p. k¿°ońse D]IcWØn\v

kam¥cambmWv thmƒ´v ao‰¿ LSn∏nt°≠Xv (NnXw 11.1).

sshZypX]hml XohXbpsS bqWn‰v Bºnb¿ (A)BWv. Aao‰¿

D]tbmKn®mWv Id‚ v Af°p∂Xv. Non contact ammeter k¿°ońse

NmeIØn¬ kº¿°Øn¬ hcpØnbm¬ aXnbmIpw. F∂m¬ ammeterk¿°oń¬ tiWnbmbn LSn∏n°Ww.

129

D]IcWßfpsS aqeyw am‰p∂Xv

Battery , Bulb , Resistor F∂o D]IcWßfn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°v sNbvXv

AhbpsS aqeyw am‰p∂Xv IpńIƒ Adn™ncn°Ww.

Battery → Change voltage, Change internal resistance, Reverse, Showvalue, Remove.

Bulb → Change resistance, Show value, Remove

Resistor → Change resistance, Show value, Remove

sshZypX]hmlsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIßƒ

k¿°oń¬ LSn∏n® _m‰dnbn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv thmƒ´X

hyXymks∏SpØptºmƒ _ƒ_ns‚ ]ImiXohXbn¬ hcp∂ am‰w Ipń°v

t\cn´v ImWm≥ IgnbWw. _ƒ_v IqSpX¬ ]Imin°p∂Xv thmƒ´X

Iq´ptºmgmsW∂pw thmƒ´X Iq´ptºmƒ Id‚ v IqSp∂XpsIm≠mWv Cßs\

kw`hn°p∂sX∂pw Ipń°v t_m[yamIp∂p.

Hcp sshZypXk¿°ońse thmƒ´XbptSbpw Id‚nt‚bpw A\p]mXw Hcp

k¿°ońs\ kw_‘n®nStØmfw Hcp ÿnckwJybmbncn°psa∂v Ipń

tkm^v‰vshb¿ klmbtØmsS a\knem°Ww.

thmƒ´X V Dw, Id‚ v I Dw Bbm¬ V α I

V / I = Hcp ÿnckwJy

NnXw 11.1

130

Cu ÿnckwJy k¿°ońs‚ ]Xntcm[amWv (R).

k¿°oń¬ LSn∏n® ]Xntcm[Øn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv ]Xntcm[w

hyXymks∏SpØptºmƒ _ƒ_ns‚ ]ImiXohXbn¬ am‰w hcp∂p. _ƒ_v

IqSpX¬ ]Imin°p∂Xv ]Xntcm[w Ipdbv°ptºmgmWv. ]Xntcm[w

Ipdbv°ptºmƒ Id‚ v IqSp∂XpsIm≠mWv Cßns\ kw`hn°p∂Xv.

tiWo, - kam¥c k¿°o´pIƒ

]h¿Ø\w 5 Dw, 6 Dw tiWo, -kam¥c k¿°o´pIfpsS ]tXyIXIfpw

Ah XΩnep≈ hyXymkßfpw a\knem°m\p≈XmWv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse

NnXw 11.5 epw 11.6 epw sImSpØt]mse k¿°o v Xbmdm°Ww. Xbmdm°s∏´

k¿°oń¬ sSIvÃv _p°n¬ \n¿tZin°s∏´Xpt]mse thmƒ´X, ]hmlXohX

F∂nh Af°pIbpw thWw.

kam¥c k¿°o´v

kam¥c k¿°ońse D]IcWßƒ°nSbnep≈ thmƒ´X

Xp√yambncn°pw.

kam¥c k¿°oń¬ D]IcWßfneqsSbp≈ ]hmlXohX AhbpsS

]Xntcm[sØ Bibn®ncn°p∂p.

]Xntcm[w IqSp∂Xn\\pkcn®v D]IcWßfneqsSbp≈ sshZypX

]hmlw Ipdbp∂p.

GsX¶nepw Hcp D]IcWsØ k¿°oń¬ \n∂v \o°nbmepw AXv a‰p

D]IcWßfpsS ]h¿Ø\sØ kzm[o\n°p∂n√.

D]IcWßsf F√mw ]tXyIw kzn®v D]tbmKn®v \nb¥n°m≥ Ignbpw.

tiWo k¿°o´v

tiWo k¿°oń¬ D]IcWßƒ°nSbnse thmƒ´X AhbpsS

]Xntcm[sØ Bibn®ncn°p∂p.

D]IcWØns‚ ]Xntcm[w IqSp∂Xn\\pkcn®v Ahbv°nSbnse

thmƒ´Xbpw IqSp∂p.

tiWo k¿°ońse D]IcWßfneqsSbp≈ sshZypX]hml XohX

Xp√yamWv.

GsX¶nepw Hcp D]IcWsØ k¿°oń¬\n∂v am‰nbm¬ k¿°ońse

a‰p D]IcWßƒ ]h¿Ø\clnXamIpw.

131

D]IcWßsf ]tXyIw kzn®v D]tbmKn®v \nb¥n°m≥ Ignbn√.

hoSpIfntebpw henb sIńSßfntebpw sshZypXk¿°o´pIƒ

kam¥cam°p∂Xns‚ KpWßƒ IpńIƒ ]co£WØneqsS Xncn®dnbWw.

s^‰v - k¿°o´v IWvkvS£≥ In‰v (DC only) bmWv ]mT]pkvXIØn¬

Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv. Advance Hm]vj\pItfmSpIqSnb k¿°o´v

I¨kvS£≥ In‰v (AC+DC) C‚¿s\‰n¬ e`yamWv IqSpX¬ hnhcßƒ°v

http://phet.colorado.edu F∂ sh_vssk‰v kµ¿in°pI.

Icn°´bn¬ \n∂v hPØnf°Ønte°v

ssPhX∑mXIfpsS LS\ Xnam\NnXßfmbn ho£n°p∂Xn\pth≠n

1992 ¬ tdmP¿ skbn¬ (Roger Sayle) Xbmdm°nb tkm^v‰vshbdmWv RasMol.X∑mXsb°pdn®v ASnÿm\ hnhcßfSßnb b¬ C≥]p´mbn RasMol te°v

\¬Inbm¬ hnhn[ h¿WßfpsS klmbtØmsS at\mlcambn AXv kvIo\n¬

]Z¿in∏n°p∂p. ]e t^m¿am‰nep≈ C≥]p´ v ^bepIƒ CXn¬

D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ km[mcW D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp t^m¿am‰mWv

pdb(Protein Data Bank). X-ray crystallography or NMR spetcroscopy XpSßnb

\qX\ kmt¶XnIhnZyIfneqsS e`yamIp∂ X∑mXIfpsS khntijXIƒ

tIm¿ØnW°n \n¿an® PDB ^bepIfmWv RCSB (Research Collaboratory forStructural Bio-informatics) _m¶n¬ e`yamIp∂Xv. ssPh X∑mXIfpsS

]T\Øn\mbn PohimkvXØnepw ckX¥]T\Ønepw hfscb[nIw

klmbn°p∂ Hcp SqfmWnXv. X∑mXIfpsS pdb bepIƒ C‚¿s\‰n¬ \n∂pw

Uu¨temUv sNbvXv RasMol ¬ D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.

http://qsad.bu.edu/data/pdbfiles/

http://www.pdb.org

RasMol D]tbmKn°p∂ hn[w

1. Applications → Science → RasMol(Classic Version) F∂ IaØn¬

tkm^v‰vshb¿ Xpd°pI.

2. shfpØ ]Xeap≈Xv Terminal PmeIhpw IdpØ ]Xeap≈Xv RasMolKm^nIvkv PmeIhpamWv.

s^‰v - k¿°o´v IWvkvS£≥ In‰nse Sqƒ t_mIvkv \ndhpw PmeIØns‚

\ndhpw am‰p∂Xn\v sa\p_mdnse Options → background color/toolbox colorF∂nh skeŒv sNøpI.

132

3. Km^nIvkv PmeIØn¬ File → Open F∂ IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøptºmƒ

sS¿an\en¬ ^b¬ s\bnw (PDB file name:) Bhiys∏Sp∂Xv ImWmw.

4. Terminal PmeIØn¬ PDB file name: F∂ ÿeØv Xpdt°≠ bens‚

t]cpw path Dw (DZm: Desktop ep≈ fullerene F∂ ^bemWv

Xpdt°≠sX¶n¬ /home/its/Desktop/fullerene.pdb) ssS∏psNbvXv

Enter Aa¿ØpI At∏mƒ Km^nIvkv PmeIØn¬ p≈dos‚ wire frameamXrI e`n°pw.

5. CXns\ \ap°v kp]cnNnXamb Ball & Stick amXrIbm°p∂Xn\v

Km^nIvkv PmeIØn¬ Display → Ball & Stick F∂v ¢n°psNøpI.

6. X∑mXsb btY„w Xncn°p∂Xn\v aukv X∑mXmLS\bn¬

¢n°psNbvXv UmKv sNøpI.

7. Sticks, spacefill XpSßnb amXrIIfn¬ CtX X∑mXsb ImWp∂Xn\v

Display sa\phn¬ \n∂pw Ch sXcs™Sp°pI.

8. X∑mXbnse B‰ßƒ te_¬ sNøp∂Xn\v settings → pick label ¢n°v

sNbvXtijw te_¬ sNtø≠ B‰Øn¬ ¢n°psNøpI.

9. Background colour am‰p∂Xn\v Terminal window bn¬

background<space><colour> F∂ IaØn¬ \n¿tZiw \¬In Enter Io

Aa¿ØpI.

DZm: background blue

10. X∑mXbnse B‰ßfpsS \ndw am‰p∂Xn\v BZyw B‰w skeIvSv sNøpI

XpS¿∂v Bhiyap≈ \ndw \¬IpI.

DZm: Terminal PmeIØn¬ select carbon F∂v ssS∏psNbvXv \¬Inbm¬

Cu X∑mXbn¬ FX carbon B‰ßfp≠v F∂v terminal en¬

]Z¿in∏n°pw. XpS¿∂v colour yellow F∂v command \¬Inbm¬

carbon B‰ßfpsS \ndw amdp∂p.

]h¿Ø\w - 6

RasMol F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\pw Bhiyamb

\n¿tZißƒ \¬Ip∂Xn\pap≈ ]cnioe\amWv Cu ]h¿Ø\Øns‚ e£yw.

Im¿_Wns‚ InÃemIrXnbp≈ Hcp cq]m¥camWv ^p≈do≥.

http://qsad.bu.edu/data/pdbfiles/fullerene.pdb F∂ sh_v hnemkØn¬ \n∂pw

CXns‚ PDB ^b¬ Uu¨temUv sNbvXv D]tbmKn°mw.

133

X∑mXmLS\ \nco£n®v X∑mXbpsS BIrXn AXnse B‰ßfpsS

FÆw, Ah XΩnep≈ cmk_‘\Ønse ]tXyIXIƒ (GXv Xcw

cmk_‘\w, Hcp B‰Øn\v a‰ v FX B‰ßfpambn _‘ap≠v),

XpSßnbhsb°pdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°p∂Xn\v Bhiys∏Smhp∂XmWv.

]h¿Ø\w - 7

RasMol tkm v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v ckX¥w, PohimkvXw ¢mkpIfn¬

]Tn®n´p≈ k¶o¿W X∑mXm amXrIIƒ ImWpIsb∂XmWv Cu

]h¿Ø\Øns‚ e£yw.

IpńIfpsS Kq∏n¬ N¿®sNbvXv Xocpam\n°p∂ GXm\pw X∑mXIfpsS

^bepIƒ (DZm-l-cWambn DNA, Glucose, RNA, Diamond, Graphite, Chlorophil,Cholestrole) Hcp dntkmgvkv t^mƒUdmbn \¬tI≠XmWv.

X∑mXm amXrIIƒ Xbmdm°mw

Ghemical (sIan°¬) F∂ tkm v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v IqSpX¬ Hm¿Km\nIv

X∑mXmLS\Iƒ \n¿an°pIbmWv CXns‚ e£yw.

kb≥kv ]mT]pkvXIØnse A[ymbw 12 se Hm¿Km\nIv X∑mXIfpsS

amXrIIƒ Ghemical (sIan°¬) F∂ tkm^v‰ vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v

\n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈ AhkcamWv ChnsS \¬tI≠Xv. Cu tkm^v‰vshbdns‚

D]tbmKw F´mw ¢mkn¬ a\ nem°nbn´p≈XmWv. \n¿an°p∂ X∑mXm

amXrIIƒ HmtcmcpØcpw AhcpsS t^mƒUdnte°v tkhv sNtb≠XmWv.

File → Save as F∂v ¢n°psNbvXtijw .gpr F∂ ^b¬ FIvÃ≥j≥

\¬In \nßfpsS t^mƒUdnte°v tkhv sNøpI. ]n∂oSv File → Open F∂

IaØn¬ Cu ^b¬ Xpd°mhp∂XmWv.

Cßs\ \n¿an°p∂ X∑mX LS\Isf pdb t^m¿am‰n¬ tkhv sNbvXv

RasMol ¬ D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv. CXn\mbn Ghemical ¬ Xbmdm°nb

X∑mXLS\bn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv File → Export F∂v ¢n°psNbvXm¬

e`n°p∂ PmeIØn¬ Automatic F∂Xv am‰n Protein data bankXncs™Sp°pI. XpS¿∂v ^b¬ \maw \¬In OK Aa¿ØpI.

134

12. Bib]Im-i-\-Øn\v tªmKv

BapJw

hnhc kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS ]k‡n Gdnhcp∂ C°meØv

C‚¿s\‰ns\°pdn®p≈ Hcp [mcW CXnt\mSIw IpńIfn¬

cq]s∏ń´p≠mIpat√m. ]T\]h¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn F´mw ¢mkn¬ sh®v

IpńIƒ C‚¿s\‰ns\ ASpØdn™n´pap≠v. C‚¿s\‰nse hnhn[

kt¶XßfneqsS hnhchn\nabw \SØm≥ IpńIsf ]m]vXcm°pIsb∂

e£yamWv ][m\ambpw Cu A[ymbØn\p≈Xv. tªmKv, hn°n XpSßnb

kmt¶XnI kuIcyßsf ]T\Øn\v klmbIamb hn[Øn¬ ssIImcyw

sNøm≥ t]cn∏n°pIbmWnhnsS. AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ C‚¿s\‰v ê]Zambn

D]tbmKnt°≠Xns\∏‰nbpw ssk_¿ \nbaßsf∏‰nbpap≈ hy‡amb

[mcWIƒ IpńIfn¬ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\pw Cu A[ymbw e£yanSp∂p.

]T\ e£yßƒ

tªmKpIsf ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\pw AXns‚ khntijXIƒ

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\pw

tªmKv \n¿amWØn\pw tªmKn¬ hnhcßƒ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\pap≈

tijn t\Sp∂Xn\v

CXc tªmKpIfn¬ A`n]mbßsfgpXm\pw ]ckv]cw Bibhn\nabw

\SØp∂Xn\papff Ignhv t\Sp∂Xn\v

hnhn[ hn°n ssk‰pIsf ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\pw AhbpsS khntijXIƒ

Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\pw

hn°n]oUnbbn¬ hnhcßƒ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\pw hn°n

FUn‰nwKn\pap≈ tijn D≠mIp∂Xn\v

C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn

t\Sp-∂-Xn\v

ssk_¿ \nbaßsf°pdn®p≈ [mcW ssIhcn°p∂Xn\v

tªmKns‚ temItØ°v

IYIƒ, IhnXIƒ, teJ\ßƒ XpSßn \ΩpsS k¿KkrjvSnIƒ G‰hpw

Ffp∏Ønepw thKØnepw kaqlØnte°v FØn°p∂Xn\p≈ C‚¿s\‰v

A[njvTnX kt¶XamWt√m tªmKpIƒ. bpWot°mUv kmt¶-XnI hnZybpsS

IS∂p hcthmsS aebmfØneS°w GXm≠v F√m `mjIfnepw \ap°v

tªmKpIsfgpXm≥ Ignbpw. 1994 apXemWv tªmKpIƒ ]NmcØnembXv. Cw•ojv

`mjbnembncp∂p BZyIme krjvSnIƒ. aebmf `mjbn¬ tªmKpIƒ

135

FgpXs∏´p XpSßnbXv ]n∂osSmcp ]Øp h¿jwIqSn Ign™mWv.

bpWot°mUv

temIØv BIam\ap≈ `mjmen]nIsf kwJym tImUpIfm°n am‰n

Hcpan∏n® F≥tImUnMv coXnbmWv bpWot°mUv. Cu e£yw ap≥\n¿Øn-

s°m≠v 1991 ¬ Bcw`n® bpWot°mUv I¨tkm¿jyw F∂ kwLS\bmWv

Cu F≥tIm-UnMvcoXn Xømdm°nbXv. Htc kabw H∂n¬ IqSpX¬ `mjIƒ

ssIImcyw sNtø≠n hcptºmƒ \nch[n ]iv\ßfp≠mbncp∂p.

bpWot°mUns‚ hcthmsS Cw•ojnt\msSm∏w Xs∂ a‰p `mjIƒ°pw

ssk_¿temIØv ]m[m\ytadn.

bpWot°mUv kºZmbØn\p Iogn¬ ]Xn\mdv ÿm\ßfnembn H∂pw

]qPyhpw \ncØn (ss_\dn coXn) 65536 A£cßfptStbm A°ßfptStbm

Nn”ßfptStbm tImUpIƒ \n¿an°mw. an°hmdpw temI `mjIsf

Dƒs∏SpØnb Cu kºZmbØn¬ CXnt\mSIw 49194 en]nIƒ°v tImUpIƒ

\¬In°gn™p. A°q´Øn¬ ]e ]pcmX\en]nIfpw s]Spw. `mhnbn¬ C\n

GsX¶nepw `mjIƒ D≠mhpIbmsW¶n¬ AhbpsS en]nIsfbpw CXn¬

Dƒs∏SpØm\pamIpatX. bpWot°mUv tImUnßnse 3333˛mw tImUv

aebmfen]nbnse ‘A’ F∂ A£csØ kqNn∏n°p∂p. 3334˛m-w tImUv ‘B’F∂ A£csØbpw. C]Imcw 3328 apX¬ 3455 hscbp≈ 128 tImUpIfmWv

aebmf `mjbv°mbn A\phZn®ncn°p∂Xv.

IqSpXednbp∂Xn\v

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode, http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode

tªmKpIsf∏‰n IqSpXednbp∂Xn\v

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog (Cw¥ojv)

http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog (aebmfw)

tªmKpIsf ]cnNbs∏S¬

Hcp kr„n A®Sn am[yaßfn¬ ]kn≤oIcn°s∏Sp∂Xn\p≈

ISºIsf°pdn®v N¿®sNbvXp sIm≠mWv ]mTw Bcw`n°p∂Xv. ¢mknse

IpńIfn¬ BcpsSsb¶nepw cN\Iƒ A®Sn°s∏ń´pt≠msb∂p≈

At\zjWw \SØp∂Xv \∂mbncn°pw. H≥]Xmw ¢mknse Nne

]mT]pkvXIßfn¬ tªmKpIsf∏‰n ]cma¿ißfp≠v. AtX°pdns®√mw

IpńItfmSv Xs∂ tNmZn°p∂Xv ]T\kmlNcysamcp°p∂Xn\v D]Icn°pw.

kz¥ambn tªmKpIƒ \n¿an°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw ]Tn®m¬ IpńIfpsS

Bibhn\nab tijnbn¬ Imcyamb am‰ap≠mIpw. amXa√, `mjm-]-chpw

136

LS-\m-]-c-hp-amb ]nghpIfps≠¶n¬ Ah XncpØp∂Xn\pw IqSpX¬ sa®s∏´

coXnbn¬ k¿KmflI hmk\Isf hf¿ØnsbSp°p∂Xn\pw Ipń°p km[n°pw.

Ct∏mƒØs∂ ]e IpńIfpw kz¥w cN\Iƒ ]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xn\pw

kvIqfn\p th≠nbpw tªmKpIƒ Bcw`n®n´p≠v. www.mandarangal.blogspot.com, www.thasleemp.blogspot.com, www.quiztimes.blogspot.com,XpSßnbh IpńIƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂hbmWv. anI® tªmKpIƒ Is≠Øn

Ah IpńIsf ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂Xv Cu ]mT`mKsØ IqSpX¬ Ffp∏ap≈Xm°n

am‰pw.

A[ym]Icpw A√mØhcpambh¿ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ tªmKpIsfbpw

C°q-´-Øn¬ ]cnNbs∏SpØWw. CXn\mbn anI® tªmKpIsf Is≠Øm≥

A[ym]I¿ Hcp aps∂mcp°w \SØWw. IpńIƒ°v ]tNmZ\]ZamIpsa∂p

IcpXmhp∂h thWw Ah¿°v ap∂n¬ ]cnNbs∏SpØm≥.

www.learningpointnew.blogspot.com, www.brcedapal.blogspot.com/,www.kavyamsugeyam.blogspot.com, www.chilayaathrakal.blogspot.com/F∂nh I≠p t\m°q.

]h¿Ø\w 1 : tªmKv \n¿amWw

IpńIfnse k¿K hmk\Iƒ ]pdwtemItØ°v FØn°p∂Xn\v Ahsc

k÷cm°pIbmWv A[ym]Is‚ e£yw. CXn\p≈ am¿Ksa∂ \nebnemWv

tªmKv \n¿amWw IpńIsf ]cnioen∏n°p∂Xv. ]t£ AXn\v ap≥]v Nne

XbmsdSp∏pIƒ thWat√m. AtX°pdn®v ]mT-]p-kvX-IØns‚ t]Pv 93 ¬ \¬In-

bn-´p≈ aps∂m-cp°ßƒ \S-Øn-bn´p thWw Cu ]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-°m≥.

kz¥ambn Hcp C˛-sabn¬ hnemkw Ds≠¶n¬ amXta \n¿amW]Inb

Bcw`n°m≥ Ignbq. AXpsIm≠v aps∂mcp°ambn F√m IpńIƒ°pw C- sabn¬

hnemkw Dt≠msb∂v A[ym]I≥ ]cntim[n°Ww. F´mw ¢mkn¬ sh®p Xs∂

Ah¿ C-sabn¬ hnemkw D≠m°p∂Xn\v ]Tn®n´p≠v. A°q´Øn¬ C-˛sabn¬

kuIcyw ê]Zambn D]tbmKn°p∂ IpńIsf Is≠ØWw. a‰p≈h¿°v

IqSn ]tNmZ\]ZamIp∂ hn[Øn¬ Ahsc A`n\µn°pIbpw thWw.

tªmKn¬ Hmtcm XhW ]kn≤oIcn°s∏Sp∂ krjvSnIsfbpw t]mÃpIƒ

F∂mWv hnfn°p∂Xv. Hmtcm t]mÃnepw \ap°v Bhiyap≈t∏msg√mw Xncp-

Ø-ep-Itfm Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Itfm (Editing) \SØm\mIpw. ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´

t]mÃp-I-fn¬ hmb\°m¿°v A`n]mbw (Comment) tcJs∏SpØm\pw

km[n°pw. tªmsKgpXp∂bmƒ tªmK¿ F∂mWv s]mXpsh Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.

hmb\°mc\v Ia‚ v sNøm\p≈ kzmX¥yw \nb¥n°p∂Xn\pw tªmKpSabv°v

137

A[nImcap≠v. Npcp°Øn¬ \mw \nb¥n°p∂, \ΩpsS \nb¥WØnep≈

tªmKpIƒ, \sΩ Hcp ]km[I\m°n am‰p∂psh∂p ]dbmw.

tªmKv \n¿amW]InbbpsS BZyL´Øn¬ IpńItfmSv Display Name,Blog Title, Blog URL F∂nh IpńItfmSv Ipdn®pshbv°p∂Xn\v Bhiys∏SWw.

Ignbp∂Xpw Chsbm∂pw Xs∂ a‰msc¶nepw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv BImXncn°m≥

]tXyIw i≤n°Ww.

Display Name : tªmsKgp-Xp-∂-bm-fpsS XqenIm \maamWv CsX∂v hnti-

jn-∏n°mw. tªmKn¬ t]mÃpIsfgpXptºmgpw tªmKpIfn¬ Ia‚ v sNøptºmgpw

ChnsS \¬Ip∂ t]sc¥mtWm AXmbncn°pw hmb\°m¿ ImWpI. c≠p

t]¿°v Htc t]cv h∂mtem? Ffp∏w Xncn®dnbs∏Sp∂Xn\mbn

a‰p≈h¿°n√mØ Hcp t]c v Xncs™Sp°p∂XmIpw DNnXw. t]c v

aebmfØneS°w GXp `mjbnepw BImw. Ft∏mƒ thWsa¶nepw am‰pIbpw

sNømw.

Blog Title / Site Title : tªmKn\v Hcp t]cv \¬tIt≠? Cu t]cnembncn°pw

tªmKv ]n∂oSv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. CXpw GXp `mjbn¬ thWsa¶nepw BImw.

Ft∏mƒ thWsa¶nepw am‰m\pw Ignbpw.

Blog address/URL : sh_v _ukdns‚ AUkv _mdn¬ Cu hnemkw

ssS∏psNbvXmWv hmb\°m¿ \ΩpsS tªmKntes°Øp∂Xv. AXpsIm≠p

Xs∂ URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Ft∏mgpw sNdpXpw Cw•ojnepw

Bbncn°p∂XmWv DNnXw. tªmKns‚ t]cpambn Hcp _‘ap≠mbncn°p∂Xpw

\√XmWv. Hcn°¬ cPnÃ¿ sNbvXm¬ B URL ]n∂oSv FUn‰v sNøm≥

km[n°n√. (Ipń aps∂m-cp-°-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Fgp-Xn-sh® tªmKv hnemkw

\ne-hn¬ D≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬ AtX t]cn¬ ho≠pw cPn-Ã¿ sNøm-\m-hn√.)

tªmKv \n¿amWØn\v kuP\yambn kuIcyw \¬Ip∂ Ht´sd tkh\

ZmXm°fp≠v. www.blogger.com, www.wordpress.com, www.rediff.com,www.msn.com XpSßnbh sh_vssk‰pIƒ CXn\v DZmlcWßfmWv. Hcp

amXrIbv°mbn www.wordpress.com D]tbmKn®v \ap°v tªmKv

\n¿an°p∂sXßs\sb∂v hniZoIcn°mw.

NnXw 12.1

138

Cu sh_vhnemkw _ukdns‚ AUkv _mdn¬ \¬In apt∂m´p

t]mIptºmƒ ZriyamIp∂ th¿Uv]kns‚ ][m\t]Pv (Home Page) BWv

NnXw 12.1 ¬ ImWp∂Xv. Username, Password F∂nh \¬In t\ctØ tªmKv

cPnÃ¿ sNbvXh¿°v ]thin°m\p≈ sNdnb NXpcßƒ t]Pns‚ CSXp hiØv

apIfnembn ImWmw. Hcp th¿Uv]kv tªmKv cPnÃ¿ sNøWsa¶n¬

t]PnsemcnSØv Start a blog Ft∂m Sign up now Ft∂m \¬Inbn´p≠mIpw.

AXnse Sign up now F∂ en¶n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv apt∂m´p t]mhpI.

NnXw 12.2 ¬ ImWp∂ tNmZym-h-en°v DØcw \¬Imw. C‚¿s\‰neqsS

hnhcw \¬Iptºmƒ i≤nt°≠ Imcyßsf∏‰n IpńIsf t_m[ys∏SpØm≥

CsXmcp \√ AhkcamWv.

Blog Address (URL) BWv BZyw \¬tI≠Xv. URL \¬In°gn™m¬

AXns‚ e`yX (Availabiltiy) At∏mƒØs∂ Adnbm≥ Ignbpw.

e`yamsW¶n¬ icn AS-bm-ftam Available F∂ Adnbnt∏m ZriyamIpw.

e`yas√¶n¬ Sorry, that site already exists! Ft∂m Sorry, this blog address isnot available Ft∂m D≈ Adnbn∏mIpw ImWm≥ IgnbpI. e`yamb Hcp URLe`ns®¶n¬ amXta \ap°v apt∂m´v t]mIm≥ Ignbqsb∂v ]tXyIw

Hm¿t°≠XmWv.

XpS¿∂v D]t`m‡r\maw (Username) \¬IWw. th¿Uv]kv A°u≠v

cPnÃ¿ sNøs∏Sptºmƒ D]t`m‡mhns‚ t]cmbn kzoIcn°pI CXv

Bbncn°pw. hy‡nbpsS bYm¿Y t]cpambn kmZriyw D≠mIWsa∂v

NnXw 12.2

139

\n¿_‘an√. CXv Cw•ojn¬Øs∂ \¬Ip∂XmWv A`nImayw. F∂m¬,

G‰hpw NpcpßnbXv \mev A£cßsf¶nepw thWsa∂v \n_‘\bp≠v.

A£cßtfmsSm∏w thWsa¶n¬ A°ßfpw (number) D]tbmKn°mw.

AXn\p Xmsgbmbn ]mkvthUv \¬Ip∂Xn\p≈ `mKamWv. \mw cPnÃ¿

sNøp∂ th¿Uv]kv A°u≠n¬ ]thin°p∂Xn\p≈ clkyhm°mWnXv.

Cw•ojn¬Øs∂bmbncn°Ww ]mkvthUv. A°-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Cu

L´Øn¬ ]mkvthUns‚ ]m[m\ysØbpw clkykz`mhsØbpw ]‰n IpńIsf

t_m[ys∏SpØmw. ASpØ hcnbn¬ Ct∏mƒ \¬Inb ]mkvthUv Hcn°¬°qSn

ssS∏psNbvXp sImSpt°≠n hcpw. BZyw ssS∏psNbvXXv H∂p IqSn Dd∏p

hcpØp∂Xn\pw IrXyXbv°pw th≠nbmWnXv Bh¿Øn®v \¬tI≠n hcp∂Xv.

]mkvthUv c≠p h´hpw IrXyambn \¬Insb¶n¬ amXta apt∂m´v t]mIm≥

Ignbq. ]n∂oSv Ft∏mƒ tªmKn¬ ]thin°Wsa¶nepw bqk¿s\bnapw

]mkvthUpw \¬tI≠n hcpw F∂p≈Xn\m¬ CXp c≠pw Hm¿Ønt°≠XmWv.

XpS¿∂v \ΩpsS C˛-sabn¬ hnemkw \¬IWw. XpS¿∂v Sign Up F∂

en¶n¬ ¢n°psNøpI. tªmKv cPnkvtSj≥ AwKoIcn®p sIm≠p≈

shcn^nt°j≥ sabn¬ t\csØ \¬Inb C-˛sabn¬ hnemkØn

te°mbncn°pw hcnI. AXnse en¶n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv th¿Uv ]kv A°u≠v

BIvSohm°mw. Cu kabw username Dw Password Dw \¬tI≠n hcpw. AXp

\¬Ip∂tXmsS \mw tªmKns‚ Umjv t_m¿Unte°v (NnXw 12.3)

]thin°p∂p. tªmKv A°u≠v \n¿an°p∂-Xns‚ BZy L´w ]q¿Wambn.

tªmKns\ kw_‘n°p∂ GXv

am‰ßfpw Umjv t_m¿Un¬ sh®p

\SØmw. Cu t]Pns‚ CSXp hiØv

\nch[n FUn‰nMv SqfpIƒ

ImWp∂nt√? CsX√mw D]tbmKn®v

tªmKns‚ cq]Ønepw D≈S°Øn

epsa√mw am‰w hcpØm≥ \ap°v

Ignbpw. Hmtcm∂mbn FSpØv am‰w

hcpØn t\m°pat√m.

Umjv t_m¿Uv

tªmKn¬ temKn≥ sNøptºmƒ BZysaØp∂ t]Pv. tªmKpambn _‘s∏´

an°hmdpw FUn‰nwKpIfpw Cu t]Pn¬ sh®pXs∂ km[yamWv. Main editinginterface F∂mWv Umjv t_m¿Uv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.

NnXw 12.3

140

C\n \mw \n¿an® tªmKv I≠p t\m°mw. AXn\mbn G‰hpw apIfnse

sa\p-_m-dn¬ D≈ My Blog F∂

sa\phn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. AXn¬

\n∂pw Read Blog F∂ k_vsa\p

hgn \ΩpsS tªmKns\ hmb\°m¿

ImWp∂ cq]Øn¬Øs∂ (Publicview) ImWmhp∂XmWv. CtX

sa\phn¬ Dashboard te°v Xncn®p

hcm\pw k_v sa\p Ds≠∂p≈Xv

]tXyIw i≤n°pI.

tªmKns\mcp t]cv (Site title)

km[mcWbmbn D]t`m‡r\maw Xs∂bmWv tªmKns‚ t]cmbn hcp∂Xv.

Umjvt_m¿Un¬ \n∂pw Settings → General F∂ IaØn¬ Xpd∂v tªmKns‚

t]cn¬ (Site title) am‰w hcpØmw. XpS¿∂v am‰ßƒ kwc£n°s∏Sp∂Xn\mbn

Save Changes F∂ _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpIbpw thWw.

Word Verification

th¿Uv ]kn¬ A°u≠v cPnÃ¿

sNøptºmƒ th¿Uv shcn^nt°j≥

km[mcWKXnbn¬ Bhiyambn

hcmdns√¶nepw a‰p Nne tkh\ZmXm°ƒ CXv

\n¿_‘am°nbn´p≠v. Hcp tImfØn¬ Hcp Cw•ojv

hm°v NnXcqt]W hf®pw Ncn®pw \¬Inbn´p≠mImw.

‘Iym]vN’ (Captcha) F∂mWv Ch Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. CXv i≤m]q¿hw

hmbns®SpØv sXm´SpØp \¬Inbn´p≈ sSIvÃv t_mIvkv ]qcn∏n°Ww. CXv

IrXyas√¶n¬ Cu ]Inb ho≠pw Bh¿Ønt°≠n hcpw.

CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers andHumans Apart) : t^mapIfneqsSbpw a‰pw Hm¨sse\mbn hnhctiJcWw

\SØptºmƒ IrXnaambn AXp ]qcn∏n°s∏Sp∂ns√∂v Dd∏phcpØm≥

th≠nbmWv Captcha D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Iºyq´¿ A[njvTnX t]mKmapIfm¬

IrXnaambn tªmKpIfpw a‰pw \n¿an®p Iq´mXncn°phm\mWv CXp

\¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. hm°pIsf Cu XcØn¬ BIrXnam‰w hcpØnbm¬

Xncn®dnbm≥ t]mKmapIƒ°v Ignbn√t√m. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Cu `mKw

]qcn∏n°p∂Xn\v a\pjyklmbw th≠nhcpw.

NnXw 12.4

141

tªmKns‚ cq]w Fßs\bmIWw

tªmKns‚ cq]w am‰p∂Xn\mbp≈ hnhn[ cq]-am-XrIIƒ (Themes orTemplates) Xncs™Sp°m\pw \ap°v Ignbpw.

Umjv t_m¿Unep≈ Appearance-Themes F∂ IaØn¬ Xpd∂m¬

tªmKns‚ cq]w Xncs™Sp°m\p≈ t]PmWv \ap°p ap∂n¬ ]Xy£s∏SpI.

NnXw 12.5 ¬ ImWp∂Xp t]mse ]e \ndØnepw cq]Ønepap≈

Ae¶mcßtfmsS tªmKv t]PpIƒ \ap°v ImWmw. Hmtcm cq]-am-Xr-Ibv°pw

H∏ap≈ Preview \¬Inbm¬ \ΩpsS tªmKv Fßs\bmIpw hmb\°m¿°v

ZriyamhpIsb∂v ImWm≥ Ignbpw. AXn¬ \n∂pw GsX¶nepsam∂v

Xncs™Sp°m≥ Activate _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv apt∂m´p t]mImw. C‚¿s\‰n¬

\n∂p Xs∂ sSwtπ‰pIƒ Uu¨temUv sNbvXv cq]w am‰m\pw Ignbpw.

tªmKn¬ hnhcßƒ Dƒs∏SpØmw

tªmKn¬ t]mÃpIƒ Dƒs∏Sp

Øm\mbn Umjv t_m¿Un¬ Posts →Add New F∂ IaØn¬ Xpd°pI.

NnXw 12.6 teXp t]mse Ct∏mƒ Hcp

PmeIw ZriyamIp∂XmWv. CXv ]pXnb

t]mÃpIƒ Xbmdm°n ]_vfnjv

sNøp∂Xn\p≈ t]PmWv. Title `mKØv

t]mÃns‚ Xes°´pw AXn\p

NnXw 12.5

NnXw 12.6

142

Xmsgbp≈ shfpØ ]XeØn¬ cN\Ifpw Dƒs∏SpØmw.

Xbmdm°nb t]mÃv ]kn≤oIcn°s∏Sptºmƒ Fßs\bmIpw

ImWpIsb∂dnbm≥ Preview ¢n°psNbvXp t\m°pI. Publish ¬ ¢n°v

sNbvXm¬ B t]mÃv ]kn≤oIcn°s∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ Save Draft ¬ ¢n°p

sNbvXm¬ AsXmcp Um v‰v t]mÃv

Bbn amdpw. ]kn≤o

Icn°s∏SmØXpw tªmKn¬ tkhv

sNøs∏´Xpamb t]mÃmWv

Um^v‰ v . Ch a‰p≈h¿°v

ImWm\mIn√. Hcp teJ\w

]n∂osSt∏msg¶nepw ]kn≤oIcn

°p∂Xn\v th≠n AXv BZyw

Um^v‰v Bbn tkhv sNøpIbpw

Bhiyap≈t∏mƒ PublishsNøpIbpamImw.

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w

\memw A[ymbØn¬ ]Tn® F®v.Sn.Fw.F¬. SmKpIƒ t]mÃpIfneqsS

]co£n®p t\m°m≥ IpńIsf t]cn∏n°Ww. AhbpsS D]tbmKw e]Zambn

]co£n®p t\m°m≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp A[ymbamWnXv. A£cßfpsS \ndhpw

hen∏hpw am‰p∂Xn\pw Ah Nen∏n°p∂Xn\pap≈ SmKpIƒ ]tbmKn®v t]mÃv

IqSpX¬ at\mlcam°mhp∂tXbp≈p.

GsX-¶nepw F®v.Sn.Fw.F¬. SmKpIƒ \¬In-bn -´p -s≠-¶n¬ Ah

ImWm\mIp∂ hn[w t]mÃns\ Zriyam°p∂Xn\v heXpapIfnembn D≈ HTMLtamUn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. SmKpIƒ ImWmXncn°pIbpw F∂m¬ AXns‚ êw

ImWm\mIpIbpw sNøp∂ hn[w Hcp t]mÃns\ Zriyam°pIbpw sNøp∂Xn\v

Visual tamUv D]tbmKn°mw.

]kn≤oIcn® t]mÃn¬ am‰w hcpØm≥

\ΩpsS tªmKn¬ Hcn°¬ ]kn≤oIcn®tXm Um^v‰v Bbn tkhv

sNøs∏´tXm Bb t]mÃpIƒ Ft∏mƒ thWsa¶nepw FUn‰v sNøp∂Xn\pw

Uneo‰v sNøp∂Xn\pw km[n°pw. Umjv t_mUn¬ \n∂pw Posts → PostsF∂ IaØn¬ Xpd∂m¬ CXp hsc ]kn≤oIcn°s∏´ F√m t]mÃnt‚bpw

Xes°´pIƒ (Title) ImWm≥ Ignbpw. AXnt\msSm∏ap≈ Edit, Trash F∂nh

D]tbmKn®v bYmIaw t]mÃv FUn‰v sNøp∂Xn\pw C√mXm°p∂Xn\pw

(Delete) km[n°pw.

NnXw 12.7

143

t]mÃnse t^m≠pIfpsS \ndw, hen∏w, Asse≥sa‚v F∂nh am‰p∂Xn\v

t]mÃns‚ Xes°´v `mKØnt‚bpw D≈S°`mKØnt‚bpw CSbv°mbn

t^m¿am‰nMv SqfpIƒ (NnXw 12.8) ImWm≥ Ignbpw. Hm∏¨ Hmôkv

tkm v‰pshbdpIƒ ssIImcyw sNbvXn´p≈ IpńIƒ°v Ch ]cnNnXambncn°pw.

F¶nepw AXym-hiyw th≠ Nne Sqfp-I-sf- \ap°v H∂p-IqSn ]cnNbs∏SpØmw.

Hcp A£cØnt\m hm°nt\m hmNIØnt\m ssl∏¿ en¶v

\¬Im\mWv BZy Nn”w. t]mÃnse Hcp hmt°m hmNItam

skeIvSv sNbvX tijw Cu ssl∏¿ en¶v Nn”Øn¬ ¢n°v

sNbvXm¬ hcp∂ PmeIØn¬ GXp t]PmtWm

ZriyamtI≠Xv AXns‚ URL \¬Ip∂p. thWsa¶n¬

t\csØ C‚¿s\‰n¬ A]vtemUv sNbvXp sh®n´p≈

Ne®nX, NnX, i–, sSIvÃp ^bepIfpw ssl∏¿en¶mbn

\¬Imw.

ssl∏¿en¶v \¬Inbncn°p∂ hm°v skeIvSv sNbvXv Cu

Nn”Øn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬ en¶v C√mXm°m≥ km[n°pw.

Ch Asse≥sa‚ v am‰p∂Xn\mWv. Left, Center, Right,Justify F∂o Asse≥sa‚pIfn¬ Bhiym\pkcWw

\ap°nXv D]tbmKn°mw. sSIvÃv skeIvSv sNbvX tijw

thWw Asse≥sa‚ v am‰m≥.

Hm∏¨ Hmôkv ssd‰dnepw Cw] nepw ]Tn®Xp t]mse

Xs∂ sSIvÃn\v X\ntb _p≈‰pIfpw \ºdpIfpw

\¬Ip∂Xn\v D]tbmKn°p∂p. ChnsSbpw sSIvÃv skeIvSv

sNbvX tijw thWw Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn°m≥.

Cu SqfpItfmsSm∏w ^b-ep-Iƒ Upload/Insert sNøm\p≈

sF°WpIfpap≠v. \ΩpsS Iºyq´¿ knÃØnep≈ CtaPv,

hoUntbm, HmUntbm ^bepIƒ A]vtemUv

sNøp∂Xn\p≈ SqfpIfmWnh.

GXp am‰w hcpØnbmepw Ah ]_vfnjv sNbvsX¶n¬ amXta

hmb\°m¿°v ZriyamhpIbp≈p.

NnXw 12.8

144

A[nI ]h¿Ø\w

tIc-f-sØ°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xømdm°n AXn\p Xmsg F√m Pn√-

IfpsSbpw t]cp-Iƒ _p≈-‰p-Ifn v \¬Ip-I. \ndw, hen∏w, Asse≥sa‚ v

F∂nh A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-Øn¬ \¬Ip-I. t]mÃn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚

NnXw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I. A[nI hnh-c-ßƒ°v hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn-¬ \n∂pw

tIc-f-tØ-°q-dn-®p≈ teJ-\-Ønte°v ssl∏¿en¶v \¬Ip-I.

]h¿Ø\w 2

tªmKpIfn¬ A`n]mbßsfgpXp∂Xn\v Ia‚p sNøpI F∂mWv

]dbp∂Xv. Hcp tªmsKgpXnb

hy‡nbpw hmb\°mcpw XΩn¬

Bibhn\nabw \SØp∂Xn\p≈

Cu tijnbmWv tªmKns\

sh_vssk‰pIfn¬ \n∂v

hyXykvXam°p∂Xv. hnhn[

tªmKpIfpw AhnsS Hmtcm

t]mÃn\pw Xmsg Ia‚pIƒ

sNbvXncn°p∂Xpw IpńIsf

]cnNbs∏SpØWw.

Ia‚ v sNøp∂Xn\mbn Hmtcm

t]mÃn\pw Xmsgbp≈ Leave aReply ¬ (Hcp A`n]mbw tcJs∏SpØq) ¢n°v sNøWw. B kabw NnXw 12.9

¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂Xp t]msebmIpw Ia‚ v sNøm\p≈ PmeIw ImWmhpI.

AXn¬ Name F∂Xn\p t\sc Ia‚ v sNøp∂bmfns‚ t]cpw, E Mail F∂Xn\p

t\sc C-sabn¬ hnemkhpw \¬IWw. Comment F∂Xn\p Xmsgbmbp≈

shfpØ ]XeØnemWv \ΩpsS A`n]mbw tcJs∏SptØ≠Xv. A`n]mbw

]q¿Wambn FgpXnb tijw Post Comment F∂ _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬

Ia‚ v ]kn≤oIcn°mw.

Nne tªmKpIfn¬ Cu kabw Word Verification IqSn \¬tI≠nhcpw.

]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xn\p ap≥]v Ia‚ v F]ImcamIpw ZriyamhpI F∂dnbm≥

Preview _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøm\pw km[n°pw. ChnsS \n∂pw Edit sNøpItbm

Publish sNøpItbm BImw. IpńIƒ \n¿an® tªmKpIfn¬ Ah¿ ]ckv]cw

Ia‚pIƒ tcJs∏SpØs´. <b>, <i>, <a> XpSßnb HTML SmKpIƒ D]tbmKn®p

t\m°p∂Xn\pw Ahsc ]cnioen∏n°Ww.

CsXmcp amXrI amXamsW∂v kqNn∏n®t√m. F¶nepw th¿Uv]kneqsS

NnXw 12.9

145

hm¿Uv I∂nMvlmw

tªmKp≠m°m≥ ]Tn® Hcmƒ°v www.blogger.com, www.rediff.com,www.msn.com F∂o tkh\ZmXm°ƒ \¬Ip∂ kuIcyßfp]tbmKn®pw

tªmKpIfp≠m°m≥ Ignbpw. ]co£n°pat√m.

aebmfØn¬ tªmKnwKv ]Tn∏n°p∂ tªmKpIfpsS en¶pIƒ C‚¿s\‰n¬

e`yamWv. Is≠Øm≥ ian°pat√m. DZmlcWØn\v http://bloghelpline.blogspot.com, http://indradhanuss.blogspot.com/

-hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

kvIqfn\v th≠n Hcp tªmKv D≠m-°p-I. A[ym-]-Icpw Ipń-Ifpw AS-

ßp∂ FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Uv AXns‚ ta¬t\m´w hln-°-Ww. tªmKn¬

]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ t]mÃp-Iƒ hmbn®p t\m°n hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ A`n-]m-

b-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØs´.

hn°n

Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS cN\ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp tkm^v‰vshb¿ kwhn-

[m-\-amWv hn°n F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Cu kuIcyw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v

Ht´sd sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu sh_vssk-‰p-I-fnse Xmfp-I-

fn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿°m\pw \o°w sNøm-\p-ap≈ kzmX-¥yhpw kuI-cyhpw

AXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ hn°n tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. FUn-‰n-wKn-

\m-Is´ henb kmt¶-XnI ]cn-⁄m\w Bh-iy-an-s√∂Xpw hn°nsb IqSp-X¬

P\-Io-b-am-°p-∂p.

1994 ¬ hm¿Uv I∂nMvlmw (Ward Cunnigham) F∂

Ata-cn-°≥ Iºyq-´¿ t]mKm-a-dmWv hn°n tkm^v‰vshb-

¿ \n¿Ωn-®Xv. 1995 am¿®v 25 \v At±lw Cu tkm^v‰v shb-

dns\ www.C2.com F∂ sh_vssk-‰n¬ ÿm]n-®p. Hcmƒ

cN-\- \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h¿ tN¿∂v AXv Xncp-Øp-

Itbm Iqń-t®¿°p-Itbm sNbvXv ta-∑-bp-≈-Xm°n am‰n

kaq-l-Øn\v KpW-]-cam-b hn[-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-

bWw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ BK-lw.

hn°n tkm^v‰v shb¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ae-bmfØnep≈

Nne hn°n kwcw-`-ßƒ

hn°n]oUnb (kz-X-¥-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw) ˛ http://ml.wikipedia.orghn°n \nL≠p (\nL-≠phpw i_vZ-tIm-ihpw) ˛ http://ml.wikitionary.orghn°n KŸ-ime (kzX-¥-]p-kvX-Im-ebw) ˛ http://ml.wikisource.orghn°n ]mT-ime (kzX-¥-]-T-\-k-lmbn) ˛ http://ml.wikibooks.orghn°n sNm√p-Iƒ (sNm√p-I-fpsS tiJcw) ˛ http://ml.wikiquote.org

hn°nsb∏‰n IqSpXednbm≥ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki,http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki F∂o en¶p-Iƒ t\m°pI.

146

kvIqƒ hn°n

hnhn[ hn°n kwcw`ßsf°pdn®p ]dbp∂ Iq´Øn¬ hn´pt]mIm≥

]mSn√mØ H∂mWv sFSn@kvIqfns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ tIcfØnse F√m

hnZymebßfptSbpw klIcWtØmsS krjvSn®n´p≈ kvIqƒhn°n

(www.schoolwiki.in). CXv IpńIsf ]cnNbs∏SpØWw. tlmw t]Pn¬ \n∂pw

Pn√-, hnZym`ymkPn√ F∂ IaØn¬ Xpd∂v \ΩpsS kvIqfns‚ t]Pn¬

FØnt®cmw. Ah¿°v ]cnNbap≈Xpw A√mØXpamb a‰v kvIqfpIfpsS

t]PpIfnte°pw CXp t]mse t]mIm≥ A\phZn°Ww. kvIqƒhn°nbnse

\ΩpsS kvIqfns‚ t]Pv ]pXnb hnhcßfpw kvIqfns‚ kw_‘n°p∂

kw`hhnImkßfpw Dƒs∏SpØn Ft∏mgpw A]vtU‰v sNøm\pw ]tXyIw

i≤n°Ww. CsX√mw IpńIfnep≠m°p∂ ]tNmZ\w sNdpX√t√m. sF.Sn.

¢∫nse X¬]ccmb hnZym¿YnIsf A[ym]IcpsS ta¬t\m´Øn¬ kvIqƒ

hn°n A]vtU‰v sNøp∂Xn\v NpaXes∏SpØpIbpamImw.

hn¡n-]o-Unb

]ckv]cw Adnbmhp∂tXm A√mØhtcm Bb

\nch[n t]cpsS \nc¥c]cniaØm¬ hnI-kn®p sIm≠n-

cn-°p∂ Hm¨sse≥ kzX¥hn⁄m\tImiamWv hn°n-

]o-Un-b. hn°n tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A\-h[n

sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬ H∂mWv CXpw. C∂v hn°n-]o-Unb \ne-

hn-ep≈ hn°n-I-fn¬h®v G‰hpw ]Nm-c-w t\Sn-°-gn-™p.

2001 P\p-hcn 15 \v Cw•ojv `mj-bn-emWv BZysØ hn°n-

]o-Unb Bcw-`n-°p∂Xv. PnΩn shbn¬kpw klmbn emdn

kmM-dp-am-bn-cp∂p Cu kwcw-`-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv.

C≥Uy≥ `mj-I-fn¬ G‰hpw A[nIw hnI-kn®n´p≈hbpsS KWØn¬

ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-b- ap≥\n-c-bn¬Ø-s∂-bp-≠v. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Xncp-Ø-ep-

Ifpw Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Ifpw \S-Ø-s∏-´Xpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬Øs∂-bm-Wv. CXp-hsc

]kn-≤o-I-cn®hbn¬ \n∂pw anI® 500 teJ-\-ßsf kam-l-cn®psIm≠v C≥Uy≥

`mj-Ifn¬ BZy-ambn ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb kn.Un ]Xn∏p ]pd-Øn-d-°n. CtXmsS

teJ-\-k-am-lm-c-ß-fpsS kn.Un ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°nb temIsØ Bdm-a-sØ hn°n-

]o-Un-b F∂ _lp-a-Xnbpw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bv°v kz¥ambn.

hn°n]oUnbbnse aebmfw Xnc-®n¬

aebmfw hn°n]oUnbbn¬ (http://ml.wikipedia.org) aebmfØn¬

hnhcßƒ Xncbm≥ Ignbpw. aebmfØn

segpXpI F∂Xn\p Xmsgbp≈

PnΩn shbn¬kv

147

t_mIvkn¬ aebmfw ssS∏psNbvXv sk¿®v sNømhp∂tXbp≈p.

·p/en\Ivkn¬ aebmfw ssS∏psNøp∂Xn\v ss]adn ¢mkpIfn¬sh®v

Xs∂ IpńIƒ ]Tn®n´p≠mIpw. Cu A[ym-b-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS mKambn

B ]cnioe\w apt∂m´p \o°m≥ \mw i≤n°Ww.

hn°n]oUnbbnse Xncp-Øepw hnhcßƒ Dƒs∏SpØepw

AdnhpIƒ ]¶psh°m≥ Ht´sd t]¿ ian®Xns‚ `mKambmWv

hn°n]oUnb C∂v CXtbsd hnIkn®Xv . hn⁄m\ZmlnIfm°n

am‰p∂tXmsSm∏w Xs∂ IpńIsf hn⁄m\w ]¶psh°p∂Xnepw Xev]ccm°m≥

\mw ian°Ww. B e£yw ap∂n¿Øns°m≠v Xs∂ hn°n]oUnbsb

kºpjvSam°p∂Xn\v Ahsc k÷cmt°≠Xp≠v.

aebmfw hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ A°u≠v \n¿an-

°p-∂-Xn\v ][m-\-t]-Pn\v apI-fn¬Øs∂-bp≈ ]th-

in-°pI/AwK-Xz-sa-Sp-°pI (Login/Create Account)F∂ en¶n¬ ¢n°v sNøp-I. B t]Pn¬ ImWp∂

Hcw-K-Xz-sa-Sp-°pI (Create One Account) F∂

en¶n-eqsS AwK-Xz-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]Pn-se-Ømw.

D]-tbm-‡r-\maw (User id), cl-ky-hm°v (Pass-word), Csa-bn¬ hnemkw (E-Mail id) F∂nh

\¬Inb tijw AwK-Xz-sa-Sp-°pI F∂ k_van‰v

_´-Wn¬ ¢n°v sNøpI. AwKXzw ÿnco-I-cn®p

sIm≠p≈ Adn-bn∏v e`n-®m¬ hn°n-]o-Un-b-bpsS

Hcp teJ-I-\m-Ip∂-Xn-\p≈ AwKo-Imcw e`n-®p-sh-

∂m-Wv A¿∞w.- C\n ][m-\-t]-Pn¬ CSXp hiØp

ImWp∂ teJ\w XpS-ßpI F∂ en¶n-eqsS ]th-

in-®m¬ hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ ]pXn-sbmcp teJ\w

XpS-ßmw.

hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ AwK-Xz-ap≈ Hcmƒ°v

AXnse teJ-\-ßƒ Xncp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Iqń-tN¿°p-

∂-Xn\pw km[n-°pw. Hcp teJ-\-Ønse -io¿j-I-

ßƒs°m∏w Xncp-ØpI (Edit) F∂ en¶v ImWm≥

Ign-bpw. AXn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Hcp teJ-\-Øn¬

Bh-iy-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

148

CâÀs\-änse hnh-cm-t\z-j-Ww.

hnh-cm-t\z-j-W-Øn\v G‰hpw anI® am¿K-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn C‚¿s\‰v amdn-

°-gn-™p. ]T-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambp≈ At\z-j-W-km-a-Kn-I-fn¬ Ipń-

Iƒ C‚¿s\-‰ns\bpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂p e`n-°p∂

F√m hnh-c-ßfpw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-am-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n√. AXns‚ B[n-Im-cn-IX

a‰p am¿K-ß-fn-eqsSbpw At\z-jn®v Ipń-Iƒ Xs∂ Is≠ØWw..

sk¿®v F≥Pn-\p-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ sXc-®n-en¬ tImSn-°-W-°n\v sh_vssk-

‰p-I-fpsS en¶p-I-fmIpw ]e-t∏mgpw \ΩpsS ap∂n-se-Øp-I. AXn¬ \n∂pw \ap-

°m-h-iy-ap≈ hnh-c-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v IqSp-X¬ kabw Nne-h-

gnt°≠n hcpw. CXv Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne s]mSn-ss°-Iƒ \ap°v ]tbm-

Kn-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈p.

D≤-c-Wn-°p-≈n¬ hm°p-Iƒ FgpXn (DZm: “Layers of Earth”) Ipń-Iƒ sk¿®v

F≥Pn-\n-eqsS hnh-c-ßƒ Xnc-bp-∂p. D≤-cWn C√m-sXbpw hnh-c-ßƒ Xnc-bp-

∂p. c≠pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw Ah¿ kzbw Is≠-Ø-s´. D≤-c-Wn-°p-≈n¬

\¬Ip∂ hm°p-Iƒ AXp t]mse Xs∂ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ sh_v-t]PpI-ƒ

amXambncn°pw ê-ß-fmbn hcp-∂-Xv.

sk¿®v t_mIvkn¬ BZyw Computer F∂pw Define:computer F∂pw

\¬In Xnc-®n¬ \S-Ø-s´. c≠p coXn A\p-h¿Øn®-t∏mgpw F¥mWv kw`-hn-

®Xv? c≠m-asØ coXn-bn¬ Define: F∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w \¬Ip∂ hm°p-I-fpsS

\n¿h-N-\tam eLp-hn-h-c-Wtam Bbn-cn°pw ê-ambn e`n-°p-I.

sk¿®v t_mIvkn¬ Site:edu, site:gov, site:org F∂Xn-t\m-sSm∏w GsX-

¶nepw hm°p-Iƒ \¬In Xnc-®n¬ \S-Øq. bYm-Iaw .edu, .gov, .org XpS-ßnb

sUmssa-\p-I-fn-ep≈ sh_vssk-‰n¬ \n∂p≈ ê-ß-fmWv e`n-°p-∂-sX∂v

ImWmw.

NnXw 12.6

149

\yq\-Nn”w (˛) Hcp hm°n\p ap∂n¬ \¬In-bm-bn-cn°pw Xnc-®n¬ \S-Øp-

∂-sX-¶ntem? biodiversity F∂pw biodiversity -wiki F∂v Ipń-Iƒ sk¿®v sNø-

s´. c≠m-asØ coXn-bn¬ biodiversity sb°p-dn®v hn°n-bn-ep≈ teJ-\-ßsfm∂pw

]Z¿in-∏n-°p-t∂-bns√∂p ImWmw. C\n A[nI Nn”w (+) Hcp hm°n\p ap∂n¬

\¬In-bmtem? DZm: biodiversity +wiki

C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pXs∂ [mcmfw sk¿®v Sn]vkv e`n-°pw. Ahsb°p-dn-

s®√mw [mc-W-bp-s≠-¶n¬ hnh-c-ti-J-cWØn\p th≠n Nne-h-gn-°p∂ ka-bw

]c-am-h[n em`n-°mw.

C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKw

hnhctiJcWØn\mbn D]tbmKn°ptºmƒØs∂ C‚¿s\‰v Zpcp]tbmKw

sNø-s∏-Sp -∂p -ap -s≠∂v \ap -°-dn -bmw. AXp -sIm -≠p -Xs∂ ssk_¿

\nbaßsf∏‰nbpw ssk_¿ Ip‰IrXyßsf∏‰nbpw Ipńsb t_m[hm\mt°≠

Npa -Xe \ap°p≠v. ]mT`mKw hmbn°m\mhiys∏Sp∂Xnt\°mfpw

DZmlcWklnXw ¢mkv apdnbn¬ N¿® sNøs∏SptºmgmWv \ΩpsS e£yw

ê]m]vXnbntes°Øp∂Xv.

CtXmS\p_‘n®p≈ Ht´sd d^d≥kv ]pkvXIßfpw C∂v e`yamWv. Ah

IqSn ]cntim[n®p thWw ¢mkv dqw N¿® \bnt°≠Xv. C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKhpw

Zpcp]tbmKhpw F∂ hnjbØn¬ hnZym¿YnIƒ°mbn Hcp skan\m¿

kwLSn∏n°p∂Xn\pw A[ym]I¿ ap≥ssIsbSp°Ww.

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