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GEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A SALINE RESERVOIR FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION:
THE PALUXY FORMATION,CITRONELLE DOME, GULF OF MEXICO BASIN,
ALABAMA
Ayobami Timothy Folaranmi
SECARB III – “ANTHROPOGENIC”
2
MHI 25 Mw CO2 CAPTURE PLANT, MOBILE
CO2 absorberRegenerator
ElectricalControl room
Pipeline in
Compressor, pipeline out
Facility cost = ~$100 Million Taxpayer cost = $0Capacity ~ 500 tons CO2/d 3
4
D-9-7 #2 INJECTION WELLHEAD
150,000 metric tonnes of CO2 Stored
STUDY AREA
Koperna et al., 2012
5
1. Proximity to CO2
sources.
2. Abundant porous and permeable sandstone bodies that lack faults.
3. Multiple regional seals.
4. Maturity of field and well developed infrastructure for carbon storage.
Total storage capacity is estimated between 500 million and 2 billion tonnesof CO2.
OBJECTIVE
6
Analyze the depositional and diagenetic controls on reservoir quality and architecture.
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
Pashin et al., 20087
Regional seal thickness:
Midway Group ~800 ft
Selma Group ~1,200 ft
Marine Tuscaloosa Shale ~400 ft
Wash-Fred seal ~150 ft
Reservoir zone thickness:
Paluxy Fm. ~1,150 ft
Paluxy
Formation
0 ft
10,000 ft
5,000 ft
GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND
Pashin and Jin, 2004 8
STRUCTURAL CONTOUR MAPSTop Ferry Lake Anhydrite Top Lower Tuscaloosa Group
Plant
Barry
Pashin and Jin, 2004
9
DATA AND METHODSCORE DESCRIPTION
208.7 feet of core
4 cores
3 wells
WELL LOG & CORE ANALYSIS
Field-scale correlation and analysis
43 vintage well logs with
Spontaneous Potential and
Resistivity curves.
3 modern wells with robust
well log suites.
Petrophysical analysis
- Porosity and permeability
data from core plugs.
10
METHODSTHIN SECTION ANALYSIS X-RAY DIFFRACTION SEM ANALYSIS
37 thin sections
- 10 T.S stained with
cobalt nitrite. Qualitative determination
of major minerals
- Clay minerals
OSU Microscopy Lab
- Clay Morphology
- Authigenic cement
11
WELL D-9-8 #2
Paluxy Fm.
Washita-Fredericksburg
interval
Main targets in
upper Paluxy SS
Cored interval
10,000 ft
10,500 ft
9,500 ft
12
GRAPHIC CORE LOGS
13
CONGLOMERATE FACIESSharp basal contact Shale intraclasts Clay-coated caliche clasts
Mudstone cobble
Calcite
cement
Core width = 10 cm 14D-9-7 #2, 9,632 ftD-9-7 #2, 9,624.5 ft
D-9-9 #2, 9,419 ft
15
SANDSTONE FACIES (RESERVOIR)Meniscate burrows
(insects and other soil dwellers)
Cross-beds
Ripple cross-laminae
Core width = 10 cm
D-9-8 #2, 9,449 ft
D-9-7 #2, 9,570 ft
D-9-7 #2, 9,568 ft
D-9-7 #2, 9,582 ft
MUDSTONE (BAFFLES, BARRIERS, SEALS)Caliche profile
Red mudstone
with blocky peds Calcite-filled cracks,
caliche nodules
Core width = 10 cm 16D-9-7 #2, 9,634 ft
D-9-9 #2, 9,424.5 ft
D-9-7 #2, 9,590.5 ft
NW-SE CROSS SECTION
1 mi
500 ft
Ferry Lake Anhydrite
Mooringsport Fm.
Paluxy Fm.
basal
middle
upper
Wash-Fred interval
17
PETROLOGIC ANALYSIS
Illite coat
Vacuolized
feldspar
Quartz
overgrowth
Grain-size
pore
18D-9-7 #2, 9,595.60 ft
FELDSPAR DISSOLUTION
Quartz
Kaolinite
Vacuolized
feldspar
Illite
coat
19D-9-7 #2, 9,595.60 ft
CEMENTS AND CLAYS
Carbonate
rhomb
Euhedral
quartz
overgrowth
Pore-filling
kaolinite
Platy illite
20
D-9-7 #2, 9,621 ft D-9-8 #2, 9,401 ft
D-9-8 #2, 9,439.5 ft
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Illite
Kaolinite
D-9-9 #2, 9,441.5 ft.
2 Theta
Co
un
ts
21
CLASSIFICATION & PROVENANCE
22
Craton-interior to Transitonal Continental
origin.
Mainly subarkosic sandstone
23
DIAGENETIC PROCESSES Major diagenetic processes associated with pedogenesis, oxidation.
Oxic and calcareous paleosols, intensely burrowed sandstone, and reddening provide evidence for long-term exposure of sand and mud.
Immature grain texture commonly preserved; quartz overgrowths generally localized, euhedral.
Feldspar dissolution critical control on reservoir quality.
Organic acids generated by vegetation probably contributed to development of pore-sized voids, vacuolized feldspar grains, pore-filling kaolinite, illite grain coats.
Clay coats probably represent combination of armoring during saltation, some illuviation.
Only lower parts of channel sandstone bodies escaped intense oxidation and clay coating.
Localized late-stage preciptation of ferroan calcite and dolomite during deep burial.
CORE ANALYSIS RESULTSP
erm
ea
bil
ity (
mD
)
Porosity (%)
CORE ANALYSIS
D-9-7 #2, 9,568–9,636 ft
25
Clay Matrix
degrades
reservoir quality
DEPOSITIONAL MODEL
26
MODERN ANALOGS
Sandstone resembles classic sandy braided stream deposits,
South Saskatchewan River
White channel sand and
Reddened longitudinal
bars forming along
Ganges River
MODERN ANALOGS
Lateral extent indicates
regionally extensive
braidplain setting
Paluxy braidplains
~500 miles wide;
no modern analog
28
MODERN ANALOGS
Holocene muddy braidplains with calcrete in Cooper’s Creek,
Lake Eyre Basin, eastern Australia; maximum width ~10 miles
STORAGE STRATEGIESStrategies
Plume model
Multiple options available; multizone storage minimizes footprint, distributes pressure buildup.
Sandstone continuity, reservoir quality greatest in basal and upper Paluxy.
Available reservoir thickness greatest in upper Paluxy.
Individual sandstone bodies not mappableacross field; critical injection planning best conducted in specific plume areas.
Wash-Fred seal heterogeneous; in facies relationship with reservoir-quality sandstone, so care must be exercised.
Wash-Fred sandstone provides buffer capacity; security provided by numerous additional seals.
450 Kt 3 yr after
injection
Koperna et al., 2012
CONCLUSIONS
Multistorey, bedload-dominated fluvial deposits interbedded with interfluvial mudstone in braidplain setting.
Sandstone is very fine- to coarse-grained subarkose and arkose.
Diagenesis driven mainly by pedogenic processes.
Grain dissolution, quartz overgrowth, clay coating, carbonate cement influence reservoir quality.
Reservoir porosity commonly >20% and permeability up to 3.8 Darcies making the Paluxy Fm. an ideal CO2 injection zone.
Wash-Fred seal laterally extensive but in complex facies relationship with reservoir quality sandstone.
Delineating reservoir heterogeneity helps in identifying and prioritizing CO2 injection zones, understanding reservoir confinement, and subsurface flow pathways.
31
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
U.S. Department of Energy-NETL
Southern Company
Advanced Resources International
Southeastern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB)
Denbury Resources, Incorporated
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. Jack Pashin
Dr. Mary Hileman
Dr. Joseph Donoghue
Dr. Jim Puckette
Lisa Whitworth
Jenny, Ibrahim, Kitso, Mercy, Christian, Pride & others
Boone Pickens School of Geology
My Parents
GOD ALMIGHTY
THANK YOU!!!