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B 3.1 B 3.1 PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisTSWBAT Summarize the overall process TSWBAT Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the processthe chemical equation for the process
Where does photosyhthesis Where does photosyhthesis take place?take place? ChloroplastChloroplast::
ThylakoidThylakoid-contain -contain chlorophyllchlorophyll, a , a chemical that captures chemical that captures the sun’s energy and the sun’s energy and gives plants their gives plants their green colorgreen color
Found in the cells in Found in the cells in plant leavesplant leaves
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Photo = “light”Photo = “light” Synthesis = “to put together”Synthesis = “to put together”
Using light energy to put molecules Using light energy to put molecules togethertogether Convert Convert inorganicinorganic molecules to molecules to organicorganic
moleculesmolecules
6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O O → C→ C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22
2 phases2 phases
Phase 1: Light-Phase 1: Light-Dependent ReactionsDependent Reactions
Step 1) Absorb lightStep 1) Absorb light Where: ThylakoidWhere: Thylakoid
ChlorophyllChlorophyll, , found in the thylakoid found in the thylakoid membrane, captures sunlightmembrane, captures sunlight
Step 2) Sunlight energy is used to Step 2) Sunlight energy is used to split water into split water into oxygenoxygen & & hydrogenhydrogen The The hydrogenhydrogen atoms are forced inside the atoms are forced inside the
thylakoidthylakoid
h20 2h+
+ ½O
2
h+
h+h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+h+h+
h+
h+
h+
h+h+
h+
ADPP +ATPNADP
H
sunlight
2
thylakoid
granumThylakoid
membrane
Thylakoid space
h+
h+
h+
atp synthase
h+
h+
1
h+h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+h+
h+h+
h+ h+h+h+
h+h+
h+
h+ h+h+
Step 3) Make ATP and NADPHStep 3) Make ATP and NADPH Hydrogen atoms Hydrogen atoms diffusediffuse thru the thylakoid thru the thylakoid
membrane and make an membrane and make an ATPATP molecule molecule
Left over light energy makes Left over light energy makes NADPHNADPH
Phase 2: Dark ReactionsPhase 2: Dark Reactions
Where: Where: stromastroma inside chloroplast inside chloroplast Jelly-like fluidJelly-like fluid
Step 1) Carbon FixationStep 1) Carbon Fixation Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle Carbon dioxide is added to different Carbon dioxide is added to different
organic moleculesorganic molecules
Phase 2: Dark Reactions Phase 2: Dark Reactions cont’dcont’d
Step 2) Energy transferStep 2) Energy transfer The The ATPATP and and NADPH NADPH made in the light made in the light
reactions give their energy away to the reactions give their energy away to the Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle Used to formUsed to form G3P moleculesG3P molecules
CO2
Calvin Cycle
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
ATP
ADP
g3p glucoseTo cytoplasm
Phase 2: Dark Reactions Phase 2: Dark Reactions cont’dcont’d
Step 3) Make Step 3) Make GlucoseGlucose G3P leaves the G3P leaves the
chloroplast and is chloroplast and is used to makeused to make glucoseglucose
G3P
Alternative PathwaysAlternative Pathways
C4 Plants: plants in hot climatesC4 Plants: plants in hot climates Absorb COAbsorb CO22 differently differently
Corn, sugar caneCorn, sugar cane
CAM Plants: plants in dry climatesCAM Plants: plants in dry climates Absorb COAbsorb CO22 at night at night
Pineapple, orchids, cactusPineapple, orchids, cactus
B 3.2 Cellular B 3.2 Cellular RespirationRespirationTSWBAT Summarize the basic aerobic TSWBAT Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respirationequation for cellular respiration
Step 1: GlycolysisStep 1: Glycolysis
Where: CytoplasmWhere: Cytoplasm Plant & Animal cellsPlant & Animal cells
A 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken A 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into two, 3-carbon pyruvate moleculesinto two, 3-carbon pyruvate molecules 2 ATP are USED2 ATP are USED 2 NADH and 4 ATP are PRODUCED2 NADH and 4 ATP are PRODUCED
Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADHNet gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Step 2: Pyruvate Step 2: Pyruvate ConversionConversion
Where: Where: MatrixMatrix of of the Mitochondriathe Mitochondria
The two, The two, pyruvate pyruvate moleculesmolecules are are turned into two, turned into two, Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA moleculesmolecules 1 NADH is made1 NADH is made
Step 3: Aerobic RespirationStep 3: Aerobic Respiration Where: Where: MatrixMatrix of the of the
MitochondriaMitochondria Both Acetyl CoA Both Acetyl CoA
molecules enter a molecules enter a series of reactions series of reactions called thecalled the Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
Producing: Producing: 2 ATP2 ATP 6 NADH6 NADH 2 FADH2 FADH22
2 CO2 CO22
Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
NADH
NAD+
ATP
ADP +
P
NAD+
NADHNAD
+
NADH
fADH2 fAD
co2
co2
Step 4: Electron Step 4: Electron TransportTransport
Where: Where: CristaeCristae of of the Mitochondriathe Mitochondria Folded inner Folded inner
membranemembrane
The The NADHNADH and and FADHFADH22 from the from the
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle give give energy to proteins energy to proteins found in thefound in the cristaecristae..
The energy is The energy is used to used to forceforce hydrogen atomshydrogen atoms out of the matrixout of the matrix and and into the inner into the inner membrane spacemembrane space h+
h+h+
h+h+
h+h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
h+
Matrix
Inner Membrane Space
Step 5: ChemiosmosisStep 5: Chemiosmosis
Hydrogen atoms diffuse thru the cristae Hydrogen atoms diffuse thru the cristae back into the matrix and form ATPback into the matrix and form ATP 1 NADH = 2 ATP1 NADH = 2 ATP 1 FADH1 FADH22 = 3 ATP = 3 ATP
Oxygen picks up left over hydrogen to Oxygen picks up left over hydrogen to form water.form water.
matrix
Inner membrane spaceh+ h+h+
h+
h+h+ h+ h+
h+ h+
h+
h+
h+ h+h+h+
h+
h+
h+ h+
h+
h+
h+
2h+ + o
ADPP +NADh + FADH2
NAD+ + FAD
h+
h+ h+
ATPh2o
Anaeroebic RespirationAnaeroebic Respiration
If Oxygen is not available:If Oxygen is not available: Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation::
Glucose Glucose → → Pyruvate Pyruvate →→ Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Muscles after exercisingMuscles after exercising
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation:: Glucose Glucose → → Pyruvate Pyruvate →→ Ethanol + CO Ethanol + CO22
yeast in bread productionyeast in bread production
Produce less ATPProduce less ATP