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B. ARISTOLOCHIA SPECIES AND ARISTOLOCHIC ACIDS 1. Exposure Data 1.1 Origin, type and botanical data Aristolochia species refers to several members of the genus (family Aristolochiaceae) (WHO, 1997) that are often found in traditional Chinese medicines, e.g., Aristolochia debilis, A. contorta, A. manshuriensis and A. fangchi, whose medicinal parts have distinct Chinese names. Details on these traditional drugs can be found in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (Commission of the Ministry of Public Health, 2000), except where noted. This Pharmacopoeia includes the following Aristolochia species: In traditional Chinese medicine, Aristolochia species are also considered to be inter- changeable with other commonly used herbal ingredients and substitution of one plant species for another is established practice. Herbal ingredients are traded using their common Chinese Pin Yin name and this can lead to confusion. For example, the name ‘Fang Ji’ can be used to describe the roots of Aristolochia fangchi, Stephania tetrandra or Cocculus species (EMEA, 2000). –69– Aristolochia species Part used Pin Yin Name Aristolochia fangchi Root Guang Fang Ji Aristolochia manshuriensis Stem Guan Mu Tong Aristolochia contorta Aristolochia debilis Fruit Fruit Ma Dou Ling Ma Dou Ling Aristolochia contorta Aristolochia debilis Herb Herb Tian Xian Teng Tian Xian Teng Aristolochia debilis Root Qing Mu Xiang Plant species supplied as ‘Fang Ji’ Pin Yin name Botanical name Part used Guang Fang Ji Aristolochia fangchi Root Han Fang Ji Stephania tetrandra Root Mu Fang Ji Cocculus trilobus Root Mu Fang Ji Cocculus orbiculatus Root
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