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ATOMS, MOLECULES, BONDING

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The Chemical Foundation of Life

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative masses of the three subatomic particles?

A) Protons and electrons weigh the same, neutrons weigh much less.

B) Protons and neutrons weigh the same, electrons weigh much less.

C) Neutrons and electrons weigh the same, protons weigh much less.

D) Protons, neutrons and electrons all weight the same.

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Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative masses of the three subatomic particles?

A) Protons and electrons weigh the same, neutrons weigh much less.

B) Protons and neutrons weigh the same, electrons weigh much less.

C) Neutrons and electrons weigh the same, protons weigh much less.

D) Protons, neutrons and electrons all weight the same.

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Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative charges of the three subatomic particles?

A) Neutrons are positive, electrons are neutral, protons are negative.

B) Electrons are positive, protons are neutral, neutrons are negative.

C) Protons and neutrons have a charge of +1, while electrons have a much smaller charge.

D) Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, electrons are negative.



Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative charges of the three subatomic particles?

A) Neutrons are positive, electrons are neutral, protons are negative.

B) Electrons are positive, protons are neutral, neutrons are negative.

C) Protons and neutrons have a charge of +1, while electrons have a much smaller charge.

D) Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, electrons are negative.






Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?

A) The protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, while the electrons orbit the nucleus.

B) The protons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the neutrons orbit the nucleus.

C) The neutrons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the protons orbit the nucleus.

D) The protons, neutrons and electrons are all in the nucleus.



Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?

A) The protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, while the electrons orbit the nucleus.

B) The protons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the neutrons orbit the nucleus.

C) The neutrons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the protons orbit the nucleus.

D) The protons, neutrons and electrons are all in the nucleus.






If an atom has a mass number of 18, what can be said about the number of protons and neutrons it contains?

A) It has 8 protons and 10 neutrons.

B) It has 10 protons and 8 neutrons.

C) It cannot be determined from the information given.

D) It has 9 protons and 9 neutrons.



If an atom has a mass number of 18, what can be said about the number of protons and neutrons it contains?

A) It has 8 protons and 10 neutrons.

B) It has 10 protons and 8 neutrons.

C) It cannot be determined from the information given.

D) It has 9 protons and 9 neutrons.






If an atom has _______ protons, what is its atomic number?

A) It depends on the number of neutrons in the atom.

B) It depends on the number of electrons in the atom.

C) 16

D) 8



If an atom has _______ protons, what is its atomic number?

A) It depends on the number of neutrons in the atom.

B) It depends on the number of electrons in the atom.

C) 16

D) 8






Which of the following statements concerning isotopes is true?

A) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses.

B) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the exact same atomic mass.

C) Isotopes are atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass.

D) Isotopes are atoms of different elements that have different atomic masses



Which of the following statements concerning isotopes is true?

A) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses.

B) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the exact same atomic mass.

C) Isotopes are atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass.

D) Isotopes are atoms of different elements that have different atomic masses






Which of the following measurements used in radiometric dating can be used to determine the age of fossils?

A) The increase in the amount of an unstable radioisotope according to its known half-life

B) The decrease in the amount of an unstable radioisotope according to its known half-life

C) The current half-life of a stable radioisotope in the sample

D) The amount of a radioisotope leached into surrounding environments according to its known half-life



Which of the following measurements used in radiometric dating can be used to determine the age of fossils?

A) The increase in the amount of an unstable radioisotope according to its known half-life

B) The decrease in the amount of an unstable radioisotope according to its known half-life

C) The current half-life of a stable radioisotope in the sample

D) The amount of a radioisotope leached into surrounding environments according to its known half-life






All of the following statements about the periodic table are true EXCEPT:

A) The periodic table was invented by Dmitri Medeleev

B) The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number

C) The periodic table allows elements to be grouped by their chemical properties

D) Each isotope of every element has its own position on the periodic table



All of the following statements about the periodic table are true EXCEPT:

A) The periodic table was invented by Dmitri Medeleev

B) The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number

C) The periodic table allows elements to be grouped by their chemical properties

D) Each isotope of every element has its own position on the periodic table






Which of the following electron configurations fulfills the octet rule?

A) The valence shell is half filled

B) The valence shell is one less than filled

C) The valence shell is completely filled

D) The valence shell has one electron



Which of the following electron configurations fulfills the octet rule?

A) The valence shell is half filled

B) The valence shell is one less than filled

C) The valence shell is completely filled

D) The valence shell has one electron






Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration according to the Bohr Model?

A) Shells 1 and 2 are full, while shell 3 has one electron.

B) Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, while shell 4 has one electron.

C) Shells 1 and 2 are full, while shell 3 has three electrons.

D) Shells 1, 2, 3, and 4 are full, while shell 5 has one electron

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Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration according to the Bohr Model?

A) Shells 1 and 2 are full, while shell 3 has one electron.

B) Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, while shell 4 has one electron.

C) Shells 1 and 2 are full, while shell 3 has three electrons.

D) Shells 1, 2, 3, and 4 are full, while shell 5 has one electron


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Which of the following happens during a reaction?

A) Ionic bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms.

B) Chemical bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms.

C) Ionic bonds are formed but not broken between atoms.

D) Covalent bond are formed but not broken between atoms.



Which of the following happens during a reaction?

A) Ionic bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms.

B) Chemical bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms.

C) Ionic bonds are formed but not broken between atoms.

D) Covalent bond are formed but not broken between atoms.






Which of the following is true of compounds?

A) Compounds have double bonds between all of the atoms.

B) Compounds are always made from the same kinds of elements.

C) Compounds are always human-made

D) Compounds have atoms of more than one type of element.



Which of the following is true of compounds?

A) Compounds have double bonds between all of the atoms.

B) Compounds are always made from the same kinds of elements.

C) Compounds are always human-made

D) Compounds have atoms of more than one type of element.






Anions tend to have a __________ charge and cations tend to have a __________ charge.

A) negative, negative

B) negative, positive

C) positive, positive

D) positive, negative



Anions tend to have a __________ charge and cations tend to have a __________ charge

A) negative, negative

B) negative, positive.

C) positive, positive

D) positive, negative






Sodium has one valence electron. Chlorine has seven. Which statement below best describes the chemical reaction that will occur between these two atoms? A) Chlorine will give up one electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Sodium will accept one electron becoming a positively charged cation. An ionic bond will form between the two.

B) Sodium will give up one electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Chlorine will accept one electron becoming a positively charged cation. An ionic bond will form between the two.

C) Sodium will give up one electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Chlorine will accept one electron becoming a positively charged cation. A covalent bond will form between the two.

D) Sodium will give up one electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Chlorine will accept one electron becoming a positively charged cation. A hydrogen bond will form between the two.


Sodium has one valence electron. Chlorine has seven. Which statement below best describes the chemical reaction that will occur between these two atoms?

A) Chlorine will give up one electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Sodium will accept one electron becoming a positively charged cation. An ionic bond will form between the two.

B) Sodium will give up one electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Chlorine will accept one electron becoming a positively charged cation. An ionic bond will form between the two.

C) Sodium will give up one electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Chlorine will accept one electron becoming a positively charged cation. A covalent bond will form between the two.

D) Sodium will give up one electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Chlorine will accept one electron becoming a positively charged cation. A hydrogen bond will form between the two.



How do covalent bonds form between atoms?

A) Covalent bonds are formed via an electrostatic interaction between two ions

B) Covalent bonds are formed via the sharing of electrons between two atoms

C) Covalent bonds are formed via an equal sharing of two electrons between two atoms

D) Covalent bonds are formed via the sharing of only one pair of electrons between atoms



How do covalent bonds form between atoms?

A) Covalent bonds are formed via an electrostatic interaction between two ions

B) Covalent bonds are formed via the sharing of electrons between two atoms

C) Covalent bonds are formed via an equal sharing of two electrons between two atoms

D) Covalent bonds are formed via the sharing of only one pair of electrons between atoms





Which is true of a non-polar covalent bond?

A) the electron pair is shared equally by the bonded atoms

B) the electron pair is shared unequally by the bonded atoms

C) the electronegativity difference of the atoms is very large

D) the electron affinity difference of the atoms is very large


Which is true of a non-polar covalent bond?

A) the electron pair is shared unequally by the bonded atoms

B) the electron pair is shared equally by the bonded atoms

C) the electronegativity difference of the atoms is very large

D) the electron affinity difference of the atoms is very large



A polar covalent bond refers to....

A) A covalent bond with an equal distribution of charge.

B) A covalent bond where one electron has been transferred completely from one atom to its’ neighbor.

C) A bond resulting in almost no ability to contribute to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

D) A covalent bond with an unequal distribution of charge.


A polar covalent bond refers to....

A) A covalent bond with an equal distribution of charge.

B) A covalent bond where one electron has been transferred completely from one atom to a neighbor.

C) A bond resulting in almost no ability to contribute to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

D) A covalent bond with an unequal distribution of charge.


Electronegativity is a measure of....

A) The attraction of atoms for their electrons.

B) The energy released when an electron is added to an atom.

C) The energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

D) A measure of the tendency for hydrogen bonds to form.


Electronegativity is a measure of....

A) The attraction of atoms for their electrons.

B) The energy released when an electron is added to an atom.

C) The energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

D) A measure of the tendency for hydrogen bonds to form.



Which of the following differences in electronegativity is most likely to result in the formation of an ionic bond?

A) Between 0 and 0.3

B) 0.3 and 1.7.

C) Less than zero.

D) Greater than 1.7.



Which of the following differences in electronegativity is most likely to result in the formation of an ionic bond?

A) Between 0 and 0.3

B) 0.3 and 1.7.

C) Less than zero.

D) Greater than 1.7.



An hydrogen bond is ______________

A) A strong bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between the cation portion of one molecule and the anion portion of another.

B) A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

C) Any weak electrostatic interaction.

D) The bond that can form between two molecules that contain non-polar covalent bonds.



An hydrogen bond is ______________

A) A strong bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between the cation portion of one molecule and the anion portion of another.

B) A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

C) Any weak electrostatic interaction.

D) The bond that can form between two molecules that contain non-polar covalent bonds.


Which of the following correctly shows a hydrogen bond between two water molecules?

A)

B)

C)

D)


Which of the following correctly shows hydrogen bonds between two water molecules?

A)

B)

C)

D)



Rank the following bonds in order of increasing strength: A) ionic bonds B) covalent bonds C) hydrogen bonds

A) B < A < C

B) A < B < C

C) C < A < B

D) B < C < A



Rank the following bonds in order of increasing strength: A) ionic bonds B) covalent bonds C) hydrogen bonds

A) B < A < C

B) A < B < C

C) C < A < B

D) B < C < A




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