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B. Cummins, E. Rich, & S. Robinson
CEPD 6101 – Fall 2012
9/17/2012
Schema Theory
Schema theory is also know as Cognitivism
Other Names for Schema Theory
Information ProcessingInformation MappingScaffoldingMental ModelsSymbol Manipulation
Associated Terms
1926 Piaget – Cognitive
Theory
1930’s Frederic Bartlett
1977 R.C. Anderson -
educational
Roots and Foundation of Schema Theory
Advance organizersAnalogies and comparisons Schema signals Cultural referencesMental models
Instructional Strategies(to activate learner’s existing schemata)
• Accretion – adding new information to existing schema
• Tuning – Modifying existing schema by enhancing with new ideas
• Restructuring – the creation of entirely new schema
•Mental Models – the schemata that represent one’s knowledge about specific matter,
but also include ideas of task demands and performances.
Concepts of Schema Theory
Activating background knowledge
SchemataScaffolding
Transfer of Learning
1930’s: Frederic Bartlett introduced the Schema Theory.
1970’s: Marvin Minsky reintroduced the schema construct by applying it to computer science.
1973: Bransford and Johnson discovered that schema has a strong effect on reading comprehension.
1977: Richard Anderson introduced schema theory in education.
Timeline
1980’s: Roger Schank and Robert Abelson developed the script construct to aid in the explanation of using schema to enhance reading comprehension.
1980: David Rumelhart expanded on Minsky’s application of schema in computer science, and included it in psychology, more specifically in the mental representation of complex knowledge.
1980: Charles Hacker furthered the idea of using Schema Theory in the classroom.
Timeline
1996: Carr and Thompson found that students need help students recall their prior knowledge in a subject area to help them use it to learn new information.
2000: William Brewer continued research on schema’s impact on learning and psychology.
Timeline
Education-Reading Comprehension and Problem Solving
Psychology-Memory Recall
Research Based on Schema Theory
References
Conrad, L. (2008). Put thinking to the test. Portland, ME, USA:
Stenhouse Publisher.
Dahlin, B. (2001). Critique of the Schema Concept. Scandinavian
Journal Of Educational Research, 45(3), 287-300.
doi:10.1080/00313830120074215.
DiCecco, V. M., & Gleason, M. M. (2002). Using graphic organizers to
attain relational knowledge from expository text. Journal of Learning
Disabilities, 35(4), 306-20. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/ 194221419?accountid=15017.
Driscoll, M. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction (3rd ed.).
Boston, MA, USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Gholson, B., & Craig, S. D. (2006). Promoting Constructive activities
that support vicarious learning during computer-based
instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 18(2), 119-139.
doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9006-3.
References – continued
Kiewra, K. A., Mayer, R. E., Dubois, N. F., Christensen, M., & al, e.
(1997). Effects of advance organizers and repeated presentations
on students' learning. The Journal of Experimental Education,
65(2), 147-147. Retrieved from http://
search.proquest.com/docview/217677182?accountid=15017.
Little, D. C., & Box, J. (2011). The use of a specific Schema Theory
Strategy- semantic mapping-to facilitate vocabulary development
and comprehension for at-risk readers. Reading Improvement,
48(1), 24-31.
McGregor, T. (2007). Comprehension connections: bridges to strategic
reading. Portsmouth, NH, USA: Heinemann.
McVee, M. B., Dunsmore, K., & Gavelek, J. R. (2005). Schema Theory
revisited. Review Of Educational Research, 75(4), 531-566.
Nichols, J. D. (2002). Schema Theory: A new twist using Duplo
models. Teaching of Psychology, 29(2), 150-151.
References – continued
Rance-Roney, J. (2010). Jump-starting language and schema for
English-Language Learners: Teacher-composed digital jumpstarts
for academic reading. Journal Of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 53(5),
386-395.
Stahl, N. A. (2006). Strategic reading and learning, theory to practice:
An interview with Michele Simpson and Sherrie Nist. Journal Of
Developmental Education, 29(3), 20-27.