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BLACKGRAM (Urd)Vigna mungo

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Vigna mungo , known as Urad , urad dal , udad dal , urd bean ,urd , urid , black matpe bean , black gram , black lentil (not to beconfused with the much smaller true black lentil ( Lens culinaris )),maas (in Nepali ), u en (Vietnamese , literally: black bean ) or white lentil , is a bean grown in southern Asia .It is largely used to make dal from the whole or split, dehusked seeds.It, along with the mung bean , was placed in Ph aseolus but has been

transferred to Vigna .It was at one point considered to belong to the same species as themung bean.Black gram originated in India where it has been in cultivation fromancient times and is one of the most highly prized pulses of India .

It has also been introduced to other tropical areas mainly by Indianimmigrants

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K ingdom: Plantae

(unranked ): Angiosperms

(unranked ): Eudicots

(unranked ): Rosids

Order: Fabales

Family: FabaceaeGenus: Vigna

Species: V. radiata

Binomial nameVigna radiata

(L.) R. Wilczek Synonyms

Ph aseolus aureus Roxb.

Greengram

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The Mung bean , also known as green bean ,ch oroko (in Swahili ),mung , mongo , moong , moog (whole ) or moog dal (split ) (in Bengali

, Marathi ), mash bean , munggo or monggo , green gram ,[1]

goldengram ,[1] and green soy , is the seed of Vigna radiata ,[2] which isnative to Bangladesh , India ,[1] and Pakistan .

In tamil it is known as when dehusked it isknown as .The split bean is known as pesara [ ] (Telugu ), which is greenwith the husk, and yellow when dehusked.The beans are small, ovoid in shape, and green in color.

The English word "mung" derives from the Hindi : mung .

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This plant is a native of India and since ancient times it has been incultivation. It is not found in a wild state. It was introduced early intoSouthern China, Indo-China and Java. It has been introduced in

comparatively recent times into East and Central Africa, the West Indiesand the United States.

Food value Minerals & vitamins

Moisture - 10.4% Calcium - 124 mg

Protein - 24.0% Phosphorus - 326 mg

Fat - 1.3% Iron - 7.3mg

Fibre - 4.1% Small amount of

Vitamin B ComplexMinerals - 3.5% * Values per 100 gm's

edible portion

Carbohydrates - 56.7% Calorific Value - 334

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Contains 25% protein , 1.83% fat, 61.0%

carbohydrate

Husked dal is ground into a fine paste and allowedto ferment with rice flour to make 'dosa ' and 'Idli '

Being short duration fit well in many intensivecrop rotations

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O rigin : India

D istributionIndia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri LankaIn India - MP, Maharastra, AP, T N, UP, Orissa

Soil and Climat e Req uir ement Ideal soils are well drained loam or sandy loam

Generally grown - annual rainfall is 800mmGrown from sea level to 1800 mOptimum pH range is 5.5 to 7.5

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S eason and Vari eti es

K h arif and summer crop - North India

South and South west it is also grown as rabicrop

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I n Tamil Nadu

S eason Month Varieties

K harif (Adipattam )

June July CO4, CO5, K M2, T9 , VBN1,VBN2, VBN 3, VBN(Bg ) 4

Rabi

(Purattasipattam )

Sept Oct K 1,CO5, K M2, VBN2, VBN 3,

VBN(Bg ) 4Rice fallows JanFeb AD T2, AD T3, AD T4, AD T5,

TMV1,

Summer Feb - March CO4, CO5, K M2, T9 , TMV1,

AD T5, VBN 3, VBN(Bg ) 4O ther important varieties in India :Type- 9, Type-27, Type-56, Pusa-1, Mosh-48, Pant-430, Gwalior-2,K hargone-3, Ujjain-4, Naveen, K rishna, Sarla, UG218

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GREEN GRAM ( Vigna radiata)

(Moong, Mung, Golden gram)

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I mportan ce

As dhal or split seeds and green pods used as vegetables

Haulms used as fodder

Husk and split beans are useful as livestock feedIt makes a good cover crop and soil binder

Excellent green manure easily decomposed whenincorporated (Biomass has 1.5% N )

Contains 24% protein , 1.15% fat , 62.6% carbohydrate

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Seeds are boiled and used in soups , made into porridge with rice or wheat

Sprouted seeds consumed as salad which are rich invitamins

Flour is used in cakes and deserts

Starch is used in making noodles

Being short duration fit well in many intensive croprotations

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Origin- India and Central Asia

D istribution

India (45% world production ), Myanmar, Pakistan,Thailand, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, China

In India - AP, Orissa, MP, Maharastra, Bihar andGujarat

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Soil and climat e r equir ement Ideal - well drained loam or sandy loamsaline alkali soils are not suitableAnnual rainfall is 60-75cmGrown from sea level to 2000 m

Can grown 20 oC to 40 oC and Opt temp - 28oC to 30 oCShort day plantOptimum pH range is 6.5 to 7.5

S eason and Vari eti esK h arif and summer crop - North IndiaSouth and South west it is also grown as rabi crop

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I n Tamil Nadu

S eason Month Varieties

K harif (Adipattam )

June July CO4, CO5, CO 6, K M2, T9,VBN1, VBN(Gg ) 2, Paiyur 1,VRM(Gg ) 1,

Rabi(Purattasipattam )

Sept - Oct K 1, CO4, CO 6, K M2,VBN1, Paiyur 1, VBN(Gg ) 2

Rice fallows Jan - Feb AD T2, AD T3

Summer Feb - March CO4, K M2, CO 6,Paiyur 1

O ther important varieties in India :Type 44, Pusa Baisakti, Jawahar-45, K -851, Sheela, PS-16,Pant Mung-1, Mohini (S8 )

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F i eld Pr e paration

Fine tilth and form beds and channels

T o tide over surface soil crusting apply lime @ 2t/haalong with 12.5t/ha FYM or composted coir pith toget additional yield of 15 to 20%

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S eeds

20kg/ha- pure crop ,

10kg/ha - mixed crop,

25kg/ha - Rice fallows

50g/100m length - bund sowing

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Bund crop

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S eed Tr eatm ent Carbandazim or Thiram @ 2g/kg

Instead of chemical, T. viride @ 4g/kg or P . fluorescence @ 10g/kg fb biofertilizer

3 packets of Rhizobial + 3 packets of PGPR and 3 packets of Phosphobacteria using rice kanji as binder.

If not carried out apply each10 packets with 25 kg of FYM and 25 kg of soil before sowing.

For Pre-monsoon sowing seeds treated with paste madeof ash (500g/kg of seeds ) + 3% gum followed by 5 hrsdrying is recommended

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F ertiliz er Appli cation

Apply as basallyRainfed : 12.5 kg N + 25 kg P2O5 / haIrrigated : 25.0 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 / ha

Soil application of 25 kg ZnSO 4/ha under irrigatedcondition

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W ater Management

Immediately fb life irrigation on 3rd

dayOnce in 10 -15days depending on soil moisture

For wetland bunds pot water daily for a WASFlowering and pod formation - critical periods

Avoid water stagnationApply K Cl at 0.5% as foliar spray duringvegetative stage if there is moisture stress

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F oliar spray of D AP and NAA

(Irrigated and Rainfed )

DAP 20 g/l or Urea 20 g/l once at flowering andanother at 15 days thereafter.

NAA 40 mg/l and Salicylic acid 100 mg/l once at pre-flowering and another at 15 days thereafter

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W eed Manag ement

Fluchloralin 1.5l /ha or Pendimethalin 2.0 l/haas Pre -E 3 DAS fb 1HW - 30DAS

If herbicides are not applied give 2 HW on 15 th

and 30 th DAS

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Multi Bloom T ech nologyA special technology in Pattukottai block of Tanjore

sown during early summer (Jan.-Feb. ) as normal crop withrecom. fertilizer for irrigated crop.In addition, top dressing of extra N of 25 to 30 kg through urea.Since pulses are indeterminate growth habit and continue to

produce new fleshes, the top dressing will be done on 40-45

DAS. T he crop complete its first flesh of matured pods during 60-65 thday , further their second new flesh within 20-25 days .

T herefore two fleshes of pods can be harvested at a time withinthe duration of 100 days.

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Cropping Syst ems

Black gramOne or two rows is intercropped withMaize, Pearl millet, Sorghum, Pigeon pea, Cottonand Sugarcane

Rotations : Maize-wheat-urd , Maize-potato-urd ,Paddy-wheat-urd

Green gramOne or two rows with Maize, Pearl millet, Sorghum,Pigeon pea, Cotton and SugarcaneRotated with wheat, potato

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Y i eld :Black gram

Rainfed : 600 to 700 kg/ha,Irrigated : 1000 to 1300 kg/ha andRice fallows : 500 kg/ha

Green gramRainfed : 700 to 900 kg/ha,

Irrigated : 1500 kg/ha andRice fallows : 500 kg/ha

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R I CE- F ALL OW S

Vari eti es and S eed Rat e Bla ck gram

Varieties AD T3, AD T4, AD T5, TMV 1

Gr een gram

All varieties

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3 . Spraying of D AP, NAA and Sali c yli c Acid

NAA 40 mg/l and Salicylic acid 100 mg/l once at pre-flowering and another at 15 days thereafter DAP 20 g/l once at flowering and another at 15days thereafter

4. H arv esting

i) Picking the matured pods, drying and processingii) Uprooting or cutting the whole plants, heaping,

drying and processingY i eld :

Rice fallows: 500 kg/ha

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Pulses play a vital role in human nutrition. Black gram ( Ph aseolusmungo Roxb ) is used in many Indian dishes. Application of oil andsubsequent heating of black gram is followed as a premilling treatment.

In this investigation, effect of different concentrations of oil viz. 0.0, 0.2,0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0% and different drying temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70and 90 C on the removal of husk was studied. It was observed that85.25% and 85.5% of dehusking were obtained at 0.4% and 0.8% oil andat drying temperature of 90 C, respectively, and the powdering loss was

7.15% and 6. 98%, respectively. Further studies were conducted toexamine the batter volume of above treated samples and it was found thatthe unfermented batter volume was 1120 ml and 825 ml at 40 and 90 C,respectively; after fermentation period of 24 h, the increase in the batter volume was found to decrease from 6 9.84% to 26.66%, i.e. theunfermented batter and fermented batter volume decrease as dryingtemperature increases. Decrease in batter volume and fermentation levelat elevated temperature may be due to the denaturation of heat labilemuco-protein and inactivation of enzymes, which are responsible for

fermentation