B. R. Ambedkar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:
navigation, search For the Uttar Pradesh politician, see B. R.
Ambedkar (politician).
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may
be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until
the dispute is resolved. (April 2012)
Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Ambedkar delivering a speech to a rally at Yeola, Nashik, on 13
October 1935
Born 14 April 1891 Mhow, Central Provinces, British India (now
inMadhya Pradesh)
Died 6 December 1956 (aged 65) Delhi, India
Nationality Indian Other names
Alma mater
University of Mumbai Columbia University University of London
London School of Economics
Organizatio n
Samata Sainik Dal, Independent Labour Party,Scheduled Castes
Federation
Title 1st Law Minister of India, Chairman of the Constitution
Drafting Committee
Savita Ambedkar (m. 1948) [2]
Awards Bharat Ratna
Signature
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ([b i mra w ra md i a mbe kr]; 14 April 1891
– 6 December 1956), popularly also known as Babasaheb, was an
Indian jurist, political leader, philosopher, anthropologist,
historian, orator, economist, teacher, editor, prolific writer,
revolutionary and a revivalist for Buddhism in India. He was also
the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. In 2012 he was
chosen greatest Indian in a nationwide poll held by History TV and
CNN-IBN.[3][4]
Born into a poor Mahar (considered an Untouchable caste) family,
Ambedkar campaigned against social discrimination, the system of
Chaturvarna – the categorization of Hindu society into four varnas
– and the Hindu caste system. He converted to Buddhism and is also
credited with providing a spark for the transformation of hundreds
of thousands of Dalits or untouchables to Theravada Buddhism.
Ambedkar was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest
civilian award, in 1990.[5]
Overcoming numerous social and financial obstacles, Ambedkar became
one of the first Dalit (untouchable) to obtain a college education
in India. Eventually earning law degree and doctorates for his
study and research in law, economics and political science from
Columbia University and the London School of Economics, Ambedkar
gained a reputation as a scholar and practiced law for a few years,
later campaigning by publishing journals advocating political
rights and social freedom for India's untouchables. Mahatma Gandhi
and Ambedkar often clashed because Ambedkar sought to remove the
Dalits out of the Hindu community, while Gandhi tried to save
Hinduism by exorcising untouchability. Ambedkar complained that
Gandhi moved too slowly, while Hindu traditionalists said Gandhi
was a dangerous radical who rejected scripture. Guha noted in 2012
that, "Ideologues have carried these old rivalries into the
present, with the demonization of Gandhi now common among
politicians who presume to speak in Ambedkar’s name."[6] Guha adds
that their work complemented each other, and Gandhi often praised
Ambedkar.
He is regarded as a Bodhisattva by some Indian Buddhists, though he
never claimed himself to be a Bodhisattva.[7] Dr Ambedkar spoke
while he was converting in 1956 in a public function , “accepting
Buddhism does not only mean getting into new religion
Contents
2 Higher education
8 Role in the Formation of Reserve Bank of India
9 Second marriage
Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar seen as a young man[9]
Ambedkar was born in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in
the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh).[10] He was the 14th
and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal and Bhimabai.[11] His family
was of Marathi background from the town of Ambavade (Mandangad
taluka) in the Ratnagiri district of modern-dayMaharashtra. They
belonged to the Mahar caste, who were treated as untouchables and
subjected to socio-economic discrimination.[12] Ambedkar's
ancestors had for long been in the employment of the army of the
British East India Company, and, his father served in the Indian
Army at the Mhow cantonment. Having had little formal education in
Marathi and English, but encouraging his children to learn and work
hard at school. [citation needed]
Belonging to the Kabir Panth, Ramji Sakpal encouraged his children
to read the Hindu classics. He used his position in the army to
lobby for his children to study at the government school, as they
faced resistance owing to their caste. Although able to attend
school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and
given little attention or assistance by the teachers. They were not
allowed to sit inside the class. Even if they needed to drink water
somebody from a higher caste would have to pour that water from a
height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the
vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the
young Ambedkar by the school peon, and if the peon was not
available then he had to go without water, Ambedkar states this
situation as "No peon, No Water".[13] He was required to sit on a
gunny sack which he had to take home with him.[14] Ramji Sakpal
retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later.
Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were
cared for by their paternal aunt, and lived in difficult
circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two
daughters –
[edit] Higher education
Ambedkar's family moved to Bombay in 1902 and he became the only
untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School. In 1906 his
marriage to a nine-year old girl, Ramabai, was arranged.[1] In
1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following
year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to
theUniversity of Bombay, becoming the first from his untouchable
community to do so. This success provoked celebrations in his
community and after a public ceremony he was presented with a
biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family
friend. [1] By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and
political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up
employment with the Baroda state government. His wife, by then 19
years old gave birth to his first son, Yashwant, in the same year.
Ambedkar had just moved his young family and started work, when he
dashed back to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2
February 1913.[16]
In 1913 he moved to the United States. He had been awarded a Baroda
State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years
under a scheme established by the Gaekwar of Baroda that was
designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at
Columbia University. Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms
at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a
lifelong friend. He passed his MA exam in June 1915, majoring in
Economics, with Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology as
other subjects of study; he presented a thesis, Ancient Indian
Commerce. In 1916 he offered another MA thesis, National Dividend
of India-A Historic and Analytical Study. On 9 May, he read his
paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander
Goldenweiser. In October 1916 he studied for the Bar examination at
Gray's Inn, and enrolled at the London School of Economics where he
started work on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917 he was obliged to
go back to India as the term of his scholarship from Baroda ended,
however he was given permission to return and submit his thesis
within four years. He travelled separately from his collection of
books, which were lost when the ship on which they were despatched
was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine.[16]
[edit] Opposition to untouchability
As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was
bound to serve that State. He was appointed as Military Secretary
to the Gaikwar of Barodabut had to quit within a short time. He
described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a
Visa.[13]
Thereafter he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing
family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, investment
consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he
was an untouchable.[17] In 1918 he became Professor of Political
Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economicsin Bombay.
Even though he was successful with the students, other professors
objected to his sharing the same drinking-water jug that they all
used.[18]
Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough
Committee, which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919. At
this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and
reservations for untouchables and other religious
communities.[citation needed] In 1920, he began the publication of
the weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help
of Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj I (1884–1922), Maharaja of
Kolhapur.[19]
Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926 he
successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the
Brahmin community of ruining India
[edit] Protests
While practicing law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to uplift
the untouchables in order to educate them. His first organized
attempt to achieve this was theBahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, which
was intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement,
as well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to as
depressed classes.[21]
By 1927 Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against
untouchability. He began with public movements and marches to open
up and share public drinking water resources, also he began a
struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha
in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to
draw water from the main water tank of the town.[22]
He took part in an event in which an ancient Vedic[citation needed]
text, Manusm ti, was burned by G. N. Sahasrabuddhe, a
Brahmin.[23]
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with
the all- European Simon Commission in 1925.[24] This commission had
sparked great protests across India, and while its report was
ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of
recommendations for future constitutional recommendations.
[25]
[edit] Poona Pact
Due to Ambedkar's prominence and popular support amongst the
untouchable community, he was invited to attend the Second Round
Table Conference in London in 1932.[26] Gandhi fiercely opposed a
separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an
arrangement would split the Hindu community into two groups.
[26]
In 1932, when the British had agreed with Ambedkar and announced a
Communal Award of a separate electorate, Gandhi protested by
fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. The
fast provoked huge civil unrest across India and orthodox Hindu
leaders, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan
Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organized joint meetings with Ambedkar
and his supporters at Yerwada. Fearing a communal reprisal and
genocidal acts against untouchables,[27] Ambedkar was coerced into
agreeing with Gandhi.[citation needed] This agreement, which saw
Gandhi end his fast and Ambedkar drop his demand for a separate
electorate, was called the Poona Pact. Instead, a certain number of
seats were
[edit] Political career
In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law
College, Mumbai, a position he held for two years. Settling in
Mumbai, Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked
his personal library with more than 50,000 books.[29] His wife
Ramabai died after a long illness in the same year. It had been her
long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but
Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would
create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur
which treated them as untouchables. Speaking at the Yeola
Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced
his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his
followers to leave Hinduism.[29] He would repeat his message at
numerous public meetings across India.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which
contested in the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative
Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats and securing 11
and 3 seats respectively.[30]
On his report to the Viceroy about Bombay Presidency election, the
Governor of Bombay, Lord Brabourne said that:
Dr. Ambedkar's boast of winning, not only the 15 seats which are
reserved for the Harijans, but also a good many more looks like
completely falsified, as I feared it would be.
[31]
Ambedkar published his book The Annihilation of Caste in the same
year. This strongly criticized Hindu orthodox religious leaders and
the caste system in general. [32] Ambedkar served on the Defence
Advisory Committee[19] and the Viceroy's Executive Council as
minister for labour.[19]
In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar attempted to explain
the formation of Untouchables. He saw the Shudras, who form the
lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the Hindu caste system, as
being separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the
transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes
Federation, although it performed poorly in the elections held in
1946 for the Constituent Assembly of India. In his 1948 sequel to
Who Were the Shudras?, which he titled The Untouchables: A Thesis
on the Origins of Untouchability, Ambedkar said that:
The Hindu Civilisation ... is a diabolical contrivance to suppress
and enslave humanity. Its proper name would be infamy. What else
can be said of a civilisation which has produced a mass of people
... who are treated as an entity beyond human intercourse and whose
mere touch is enough to cause pollution?[2]
Ambedkar was also critical of Islam and its practices in South
Asia. While justifying the Partition of India, he condemned the
practice of child marriage, as well as the mistreatment of women,
in Muslim society.
No words can adequately express the great and many evils of
polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a
Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam
must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed],
much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries.
While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and
humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy,
there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the
abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among
Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.[33]
[edit] Role in drafting India's Constitution
"Ambedkar at his desk" (an art piece) at Ambedkar Museum
inPune
Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led
government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first law
minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, Ambedkar was appointed
Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the
Assembly to write India's new Constitution.[34]
Granville Austin has described the Indian Constitution drafted by
Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document'. ... 'The
majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly
arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to
foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its
achievement.' [35]
The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees
and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual
citizens, including freedom of religion, the
abolition of untouchability and the outlawing of all forms of
discrimination. [36] Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and
social rights for women, and also won the Assembly's support for
introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services,
schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes andscheduled
tribes, a system akin to affirmative action.[37] India's lawmakers
hoped to eradicate the socio- economic inequalities and lack of
opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.
The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent
Assembly.
Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951 following the stalling
in parliament of his draft of the Hindu Code Bill, which sought to
expound gender equality in the laws of inheritance, marriage and
the economy.[citation needed] Ambedkar independently contested an
election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha,
but was defeated.[38] He was appointed to the upper house, of
parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain as
member till death.[39]
[edit] Role in the Formation of Reserve Bank of India
Dr. Ambedkar was an economist by his basic training. His career was
characterised by two distinct phases : the first one up to 1921 as
a professional economist contributing scholarly books and the
second one as a political leader thereafter until his demise in
1956, during which he made pathbreaking contributions as a champion
of human rights for the untouchables. Dr. Ambedkar wrote three
scholarly books on economics: (i) Administration and Finance of the
East India Company, (ii) The Evolution of Provincial Finance in
British India, and (iii) The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and
Its Solution[40][41][42]
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) came into picture according to the
guidelines laid down by Dr Ambedkar. RBI was conceptualized as per
the guidelines, working style and outlook presented by Dr Ambedkar
in front of the Hilton Young Commission. When this commission came
to India under the name of “Royal Commission on Indian Currency
& Finance”, each and every member of this commission were
holding Dr Ambedkar’s book named “The Problem of the Rupee – Its
origin and its solution.” (The legislative assembly passed this
under the name of RBI act 1934, its need, working style and its
outlook was presented by Dr Ambedkar in-front of Hilton Young
Commission. Read, “Evidence before the Royal Commission on Indian
Currency and Finance” and “The Problem of the Rupee – Its origin
and its solution.”)[43][44][45][46]
Prof. Amartya Sen ,6th Indian to get Prestigious Nobel Prize has
recently claimed in a lecture session :
[edit] Second marriage
After the completion of the drafting of India's constitution,
Ambedkar went to Bombay for treatment. There he met Dr. Sharada
Kabir, a Saraswat Brahmin, whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his
home in New Delhi.[48] She adopted the name Savita and took care of
him for the rest of his life.[2]
[edit] Returning to Buddhism
Ambedkar discovered from his research on ancient India and
anthropology that the Mahar people were an ancient Buddhist
community of India who had been forced to live outside villages as
outcasts because they refused to renounce their Buddhist
practices.[citation needed] He considered this to be why they
became untouchables[citation
needed] and he wrote a book on this topic, entitled Who were the
Shudras?.
Dikshabhumi, a stupa at the site in Nagpur, where Ambedkar embraced
Buddhism along with many of his followers
Ambedkar studied Buddhism all his life, and around 1950s, Ambedkar
turned his attention fully to Buddhism and travelled to Sri Lanka
(then Ceylon) to attend a convention of Buddhist scholars and
monks.[49] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune,
Ambedkar announced that he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that
as soon as it was finished, he planned to make a formal conversion
back to Buddhism.[50] Ambedkar twice visited Burma in 1954; the
second time in order to attend the third conference of the World
Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.[51] In 1955, he founded the
Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.[52]
He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, in 1956. It
was published posthumously.[52]
[edit] Death
Bust of Ambedkar at Ambedkar Museum in Pune
Since 1948, Ambedkar had been suffering from diabetes. He was
bed-ridden from June to October in 1954 owing to side-effects from
his medication and failing eyesight. [50] He had been increasingly
embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health.
His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his
final
manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died in his sleep on
6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.
A Buddhist cremation[55] was organised for him at Dadar Chowpatty
beach on 7 December, attended by hundreds of thousands of
people.[56] A conversion program was supposed to be organised on 16
December 1956.[57] So, those who had attended the cremation were
also converted to Buddhism at the same place.[57]
Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003.[58] and
his son Yashwant (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar).[59] Ambedkar's
grandson, Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant, is the chief-adviser of the
Buddhist Society of India,[60] leads the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh
[61] and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament.
[61]
A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were
found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made
available. Among these wereWaiting for a Visa, which probably dates
from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables,
or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of
1951.[50]
A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26
Alipur Road. His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known
as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti. He was posthumously awarded
India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.[62]
Many public institutions are named in his honour, such as theDr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University in Hyderabad; B. R. Ambedkar
Bihar University, Muzaffarpur; the Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National
Institute of Technology, Jalandhar; Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Technological University, Lonere,Maharashtra; the Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as
Sonegaon Airport; the Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University in
Tamil Nadu; DR. Ambedkar Law Collage in Nagpur; Dr. Ambedkar
Government Law College in Chennai, Tamil Nadu; and Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar College of Law, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam. A large
official portrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian
Parliament building. B R Ambedkar, was voted as the ‘Greatest
Indian’on 14 August 2012 in a poll spearheaded by History TV18 and
CNN IBN. Nearly 2 crore votes were cast, making him the most
popular Indian figure since the launch of the initiative.[63]
On the anniversary of his birth (14 April) and death (6 December),
and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least
half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial
in Mumbai.[64] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are
sold. His message to his followers was
"Educate!,Organize!,Agitate!," ."[65]
Volume No.
Description
vol. 1. Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
and 11 other essays
vol. 2. Dr Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon
Commission and at the Round Table Conferences, 1927–1939
vol. 3. Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the pre-requisites of
communism; Revolution and counter-revolution;Buddha or Karl
Marx
vol. 4. Riddles in Hinduism[67]
vol. 5. Essays on untouchables and un-touchability vol. 6. The
evolution of provincial finance in British India vol. 7. Who were
the shudras? ; The untouchables vol. 8. Pakistan or the partition
of India
vol. 9. What Congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables; Mr.
Gandhi and the emancipitation of the untouchables
vol. 10. Dr. Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive
Council, 1942–46 vol. 11. The Buddha and his Dhamma
vol. 12. Unpublished writings; Ancient Indian commerce; Notes on
laws; Waiting for a Visa ; Miscellaneous notes, etc.
vol. 13. Dr. Ambedkar as the principal architect of the
Constitution of India vol. 14. (2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu
Code Bill
vol. 15. Dr. Ambedkar as free India's first Law Minister and member
of opposition in Indian Parliament (1947–1956)
vol. 16. Dr. Ambedkar's The Pali grammar
vol. 17
(Part I) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution –
Struggle for Human Rights. Events starting from March 1927 to 17
November 1956 in the chronological order (Part II) Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and
religious activities. Events starting from November 1929 to 8 May
1956 in the chronological order (Part III) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and
his Egalitarian Revolution – Speeches. Events starting from 1
January to 20 November 1956 in the chronological order
vol. 18 (3 parts) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Speeches and writing in
Marathi vol. 19 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Speeches and writing in
Marathi vol. 20 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Speeches and writing in
Marathi vol. 21 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s Photo Album and
correspondence.
[edit] Legacy
This section may contain original research. (September 2007)
Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect
on modern India. In post-Independence India his socio-political
thought has acquired respect across the political spectrum. His
initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed
the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and
affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His
reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's
first law minister, and chairman of the committee responsible to
draft a constitution. He passionately believed in the freedom of
the individual and criticized equally both orthodox casteist Hindu
society. His condemnation of Hinduism and its foundation of caste
system, made him controversial and unpopular among the Hindu right.
His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in
Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.[68]
Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of
Mass political parties, publications and workers' unions that
remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra. His
promotion of the Buddhist movement has rejuvenated interest in
Buddhist philosophy in many parts of India. Mass conversion
ceremonies have been organized by human rights activists in modern
times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.[69]
Outside India, at the end of the 1990s, some Hungarian Romani
people drew parallels between their own situation and the situation
of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar's
approach, they started to convert to Buddhism.[70]
[edit] In popular culture
Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life
and thoughts of Ambedkar. These include:
Jabbar Patel directed the English-language movie, Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar,[71] in 2000. This biographical depiction was sponsored by
India's National Film Development Corporation and the Ministry of
Social Justice. The film was released after a long and
controversial gestation period.[72]
David Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical
ethnographer, has established 'Arising Light' – a series of films
and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge
about the social and welfare conditions in India. Arising Light is
a film on the life on Dr B. R. Ambedkar and social welfare in
India.
The play 'Ambedkar Aur Gandhi', directed by Arvind Gaur and written
by Rajesh Kumar, tracks two prominent personalities of history –
Mahatma Gandhi and Bhimrao Ambedkar.[73]
A Vedic scholar from Pune, Prabhakar Joshi, began writing a
biography of Ambedkar in Sanskrit in 2004. Joshi is a recipient of
Maharashtra Government's 'Mahakavi Kalidas' award. The completed
work, "Bhimayan", comprises 1577 Shlokas and is intended as an
atonement for the injustice done to the young Bhimrao by some
teachers.[74]
The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Samajik Parivarthan Sthal has been
constructed at Lucknow by the BSP leader Mayawati. The chaitya
consists of monuments showing Ambedkar's biography and quotes
[edit] Notes and references
2. ^ a b c Pritchett, Frances. "In the
1940s".http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1940s.html.
Retrieved 2012-06-13.
3. ^ cnn ibn.
http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/282480/the-greatest-indian-after-
independence-br-ambedkar.html.
4. ^ http://www.historyindia.com/TGI/
5. ^ Government Of India Ministry of Home Affairs Website LIST OF
RECIPIENTS OF BHARAT RATNA Website as seen on 18/6/2012
6. ^ Ramachandra Guha, "The Other Liberal Light" The New Republic
June 22, 2012
7. ^ Michael (1999), p. 65, notes that "The concept of Ambedkar as
a Bodhisattva or enlightened being who brings liberation to all
backward classes is widespread among Buddhists." He also notes how
Ambedkar's pictures are enshrined side-to-side in Buddhist Vihars
and households in Indian Buddhist homes.
8. ^
http://atrocitynews.com/2007/05/31/goenka-talks-on-dr-ambedkar-dream/
10. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Ambedkar and Untouchability:
Fighting the Indian Caste System. New York: Columbia University
Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-231- 13602-1.
11. ^ Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1890s" (PHP). Archived from the
original on 7 September
2006.http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1890s.html.
Retrieved 2 August 2006.
12. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Mahar".
britannica.com.http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357931/Mahar.
Retrieved 12 January 2012.
14. ^ KURIAN, SANGEETH. "Human rights education in schools". The
Hindu.http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/02/23/stories/2007022304300600.htm.
15. ^ a b "Bhim, Eklavya". outlookindia.com. Archived from the
original on 11 August 2010.
http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263871. Retrieved 17 July
2010.
16. ^ a b Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1910s"
(PHP).http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1910s
.html. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
17. ^ Keer, Dhananjay (1971) [1954]. Dr. Ambedkar: Life and
Mission. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 37–38. ISBN 8171542379.OCLC
123913369.
18. ^ ed Ian Harris. Buddhism and politics in twentieth-century
Asia. Continuum International Publishing
Group.http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=0rwiLKm3LGUC&pg=PA84&dq=ambedkar+discriminated+at+Sydenham+College+
of+Comme&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FqsOT_PyKI6HrAfYxsiAAg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAA#v
=onepage&q=ambedkar%20discriminated%20at%20Sydenham%20College%20of
%20Comme&f=false.
19. ^ a b c Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Dr Ambedkar and
Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste. London: C. Hurst
& Co. Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 1850654492.
20. ^ Keer, Dhananjay (1990) [1954]. "Man of The Hour". Dr.
Ambedkar: life and mission (Third Edition ed.). Mumbai: Popular
Prakashan Private Limited. pp. 63–64. ISBN 81-7154-237-9. OCLC
123913369.
21. ^ "Dr. Ambedkar". National Campaign on Dalit Human
Rights.http://www.ncdhr.org.in/ncdhr/general-info-misc-pages/dr-ambedkar.
Retrieved 12 January 2012.
22. ^ "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar". Maharashtra Navanirman
Sena.http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=1&id=857.
Retrieved 26 December 2010.
23. ^ Joshi, Barbara R.. Untouchable!: voices of the Dalit
liberation movement. Minority Rights Group. p. 81.
24. ^ Sukhadeo Thorat & Narender Kumar (2008). B.R.
Ambedkar:perspectives on social exclusion and inclusive policies.
New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
25. ^ Dr.B.R. Ambedkar (1979). Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, writings and
speeches, Volume 1. Education Dept.,Govt.of Maharashtra.
26. ^ a b "Round Table Conference 1930 – 1932". http://www.hepl-
edu.com/hist/ViewEvent.aspx?HId=20.
27. ^ Omvedt, Gail (2012). "A Part That Parted". Outlook India (The
Outlook Group). http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?281929.
Retrieved 12 Aug 2012.
28. ^ "Gandhi's Epic Fast".
http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/epic_fast.htm.
29. ^ a b Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1930s" (PHP). Archived from
the original on 6 September
2006.http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1930s.html.
Retrieved 2 August 2006.
30. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability:
Analysing and Fighting Caste. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Publishers. pp. 76– 77. ISBN 1850654492.
32. ^ BHALCHANDRA, MUNGEKAR. "Annihilating caste".
Frontline.http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2815/stories/20110729281509500.htm.
33. ^ Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (1946). "Chapter X: Social
Stagnation".Pakistan or the Partition of India. Bombay: Thackers
Publishers. pp. 215–
219.http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/410.h
tml. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
34. ^ "Some Facts of Constituent Assembly". Parliament of India.
National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 11 May
2011.http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm.
Retrieved 2011-04-14. "On 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly
set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India"
35. ^ Granville Austin (1999), The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone
of a Nation, Oxford University Press
36. ^ MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA (As modified up to the 1 December 2007),
notes in the preamble that "WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having
solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST
SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought,
expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of
opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the
dignity of the individual and the unity of the Nation; IN OUR
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do
HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION."
37. ^ "Constituent Assembly Debates Clause wise Discussion on the
Draft Constitution 15th November 1948 to 8th January
1949".http://www.ambedkar.org/ambcd/63B3.CA%20Debates%2015.11.1948%20to
%208.1.1949%20Part%20III.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
38. ^ Dalmia, Vasudha; Sadana, Rashmi, eds. (2012). "The Politics
of Caste Identity". The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian
Culture. Cambridge
39. ^ Rajya Sabha Website. "Alphabetical List Of All Members Of
Rajya Sabha Since
1952".http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx.
"Serial Number 69 in the list"
40. ^ http://www.aygrt.net/publishArticles/651.pdf
41. ^ http://www.onlineresearchjournals.com/aajoss/art/60.pdf
48. ^ Keer, Dhananjay (2005) [1954]. Dr. Ambedkar: life and
mission. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 403–404. ISBN 81-7154-237-
9.http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA394.
Retrieved 2012- 06-13.
49. ^ Paswan, Sanjay; Jaideva, Paramanshi, eds. (2004). "B.R.
Ambedkar: Messiah of Dalits". Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India:
Leaders. Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India. Vol.4. Delhi: Kalpaz
Publications. p. 32.ISBN 81-7835-033-5.
50. ^ a b c d Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1950s" (PHP). Archived
from the original on 20 June
2006.http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1950s.html.
Retrieved 2 August 2006.
51. ^ a b Ganguly, Debjani; Docker, John, eds. (2007). Rethinking
Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives. Routledge
studies in the modern history of Asia. 46. London: Routledge. p.
257.ISBN 0415437407. OCLC 123912708.
52. ^ a b Quack, Johannes (2011). Disenchanting India: Organized
Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India. Oxford University
Press. p. 88. ISBN 0199812608. OCLC 704120510.
53. ^ Online edition of Sunday Observer – Features.
Sundayobserver.lk. Retrieved on 2012-08-12.
54. ^ Buddha or Karl Marx – Editorial Note in the source
publication: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Vol. 3.
Ambedkar.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-12.
55. ^ "Life of Babasaheb
Ambedkar".http://www.ambedkar.org/Babasaheb/lifeofbabasaheb.htm.
56. ^ Sangharakshita (2006) [1986]. "After Ambedkar". Ambedkar and
Buddhism (First South Asian Edition ed.). New Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 162–163. ISBN
81-208-3023-7.
57. ^ a b Detlef Kantowsky (2003). Buddhists in India
today:descriptions, pictures, and documents. Manohar Publishers
& Distributors.
58. ^ "President, PM condole Savita Ambedkar's death". The Hindu.
30 May
2003.http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/30/stories/2003053002081300.htm.
59. ^ Kshrasgara, Rmacandra (1994). Dalit movement in India and its
leaders, 1857–1956. New Delhi: M D Publications pvt
Ltd.http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=Bhaiyasaheb+Ambedkar&source=b
l&ots=8w5w1YZo2j&sig=CRnguNxCOLdnOkcy5Vo_bxbUmw8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=s_
MOT8zDOtHtrQf7rZj2AQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Bhaiyasaheb
%20Ambedkar&f=false.
60. ^
"maharashtrapoliticalparties".http://www.maharashtrapoliticalparties.com/praka
sh-ambedkar.html.
61. ^ a b "Biographical Sketch, Member of Parliament, 13th Lok
Sabha".
parliamentofindia.nic.in.http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13MH19.htm.
62. ^ "Baba Saheb".
http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/bharat.htm.
64. ^ "Homage to Dr Ambedkar: When all roads led to
Chaityabhoomi".http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_tributes-paid-to-br-ambedkar-
followers-throng-chaityabhoomi_1622263.
65. ^ Ganguly, Debanji (2005). "Buddha, bhakti and 'superstition':
a post- secular reading of dalit conversion". Caste, Colonialism
and Counter- Modernity: : notes on a postcolonial hermeneutics of
caste. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0-415-34294-5.
66. ^ B. R. Ambedkar (1979), Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, writings and
speeches, Bombay: Education Dept., Government of Maharashtra,OL
4080132M
67. ^ "Riddle In Hinduism".
Ambedkar.org.http://www.ambedkar.org/riddleinhinduism/. Retrieved
17 July 2010.
68. ^ Naik, C.D (2003). "Buddhist Developments in East and West
Since 1950: An Outline of World Buddhism and Ambedkarism Today in
Nutshell". Thoughts and philosophy of Doctor B.R. Ambedkar (First
ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 12. ISBN 81-7625-418-5.OCLC
53950941.
69. ^ "One lakh people convert to Buddhism". The Hindu. 28 May
2007.http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052806851200.htm.
70. ^ "Magazine / Land & People: Ambedkar in Hungary". The
Hindu(Chennai, India). 22 November
2009.http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/11/22/stories/2009112250120300.htm.
Retrieved 17 July 2010.
71. ^ Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at the Internet Movie Database
72. ^ Viswanathan, S (24). "Ambedkar film: better late than never".
The Hindu.
http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/article435886.ece.
73. ^ P.ANIMA (17 July 2009). "A spirited adventure". The
Hindu(Chennai,
India).http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/17/stories/2009071750610300.htm.
Retrieved 14 August 2009.
74. ^ Vedic scholar pens Ambedkar's biography in Sanskrit. NDTV.com
(2010-07- 10). Retrieved on 2012-08-12.
Find more about B. R. Ambedkar at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
Michael, S.M. (1999). Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India. Lynne
Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-697-5.
Beltz, Johannes; Jondhale, S., eds. Reconstructing the World: B.R.
Ambedkar and Buddhism in India. New Delhi: Oxford University
Press.
Sangharakshita, Urgyen. Ambedkar and Buddhism. ISBN 0-904766-28-4.
PDF
Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). Ambedkar and Untouchability.
Analysing and Fighting Caste. New York: Columbia University
Press.
Omvedt, Gail. Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India. ISBN
0-670-04991-3.
Gautam, C. (May 2000). Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar (Second ed.).
London: Ambedkar Memorial Trust.
Kuber, W. N.. Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study. New Delhi: People's
Publishing House.
Bholay, Bhaskar Laxman (2001). Dr Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar: Anubhav
Ani Athavani. Nagpur: Sahitya Akademi.
Kasare, M. L.. Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. New Delhi:
B. I. Publications.
Ahir, D. C.. The Legacy Of Dr. Ambedkar. Delhi: B. R. Publishing.
ISBN 81- 7018-603-X.
Ajnat, Surendra (1986). Ambedkar on Islam. Jalandhar: Buddhist
Publ..
Fernando, W. J. Basil (2000). Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the
Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy—A comparative study of
N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar
(1881–1956) India. Hong Kong: AHRC Publication. ISBN
962-8314-08-4.
"Pakistan or the Partition of India".
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/in
dex.html.
Swaraj
Revolutionaries
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Bakht Khan
Patel (Deputy Prime Minister, Home Affairs)
Baldev Singh (Defence)
M. G. Ramachandran( 1988)
B. R. Ambedkar(19 90)
Satyajit Ray (1992)
Gulzarilal Nanda(1997)
Buddhist B. R. Ambedkar
T. W. Rhys Davids
First Indian Cabinet
B. R. Ambedkar
Columbia University alumni
Buddhist philosophers
Elphinstone College alumni
Hidden categories:
All NPOV disputes
Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012
Articles that may contain original research from September
2007
All articles that may contain original research
Wikipedia articles with authority control information
Persondata templates without short description parameter
Navigation menu
esky
Winaray
This page was last modified on 8 December 2012 at 19:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non- profit organization.
Contact us
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
[edit] Higher education
[edit] Role in the Formation of Reserve Bank of India
[edit] Second marriage