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Building Science 1 (ARC 2412)
Project 1: Human Thermal Environment
Group members: Michael Wong
Ng Tit Wei
Ong Ju-Ee 1002P70376
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Table of Content
1.0 Summary
1.1 The Aim of Study1.2 General Procedure
2.0 Introduction2.1 Introduction of site (macro)
2.2 Introduction of site (micro)
2.3 Purpose
2.4 Limitations
2.5 Preview
3.0 Methodology3.1 Description of data logger used3.2 Measured drawings
3.3 Analytical diagrams
3.4 Building components
3.5 Human adjustments
3.6 Thermal transmittance calculation
4.0 Results and Analysis4.1 Data logger results
4.2 Regional data results
4.3 Graphical representation of data
4.4 Data analysis
5.0 Discussion5.1 Psychometric Chart
5.2 Problems and Solutions A
5.3 Problems and Solutions B
6.0 Conclusion
7.0 References
8.0 Appendix
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1.0 Summary
1.1 The Aim of the Study:
To identify and define the principles of heat transfer in relation to building and people
To understand what is thermal comfort and discuss factors relating to thermal comfort To analyze the effect of thermal comfort factors in a person and in a space
To be able to criticize design of the space in terms of thermal comfort and to propose a
solution referring to MS1525
1.2 General Procedure
We have chosen B3-2C-4 as our site for study. The recording of temperature and
relative humidity is conducted between 10pm, April 8, 2011 to 6am, April 10, 2011 using a
Thermo-Hygrometer data logger. The data logger placed and left undisturbed on the desk with
is approximately 1 meter above ground level. It is also prevented from direct solar radiation and
having close proximity with any heat generating equipment. Using measured drawings, we have
shown all the features which we believe affect the thermal conditions in the room. Also, we have
done an analysis on the monitored temperatures, looked at the effects of solar radiation, thermal
mass, insulation, ventilation and space heating or cooling.
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2.0 Introduction
2.1 Introduction of site (Macro)
On average, Malaysia has a tropical climate that measures at 27C and frequent rainfall
at about 250 centimeters a year. However, factors such as presence of mountain, sea and
ground level will affect its local climate, thus Malaysia may be divided into 3 main types of
climatic-geographic regions: highland, lowland and coastal regions.
Our studied site, Subang Jaya is within the klang
valley, lowland marked by Titiwangsa Mountains to the
north and east and the Strait of Malacca to the west. It
has an average daily maximum temperature of 32C and
average minimum temperature at night of 23C. Humidity
level is high at around 97% during morning and later
decreasing to 65% as it reaches evening.
Figure 2.1a: Air Temperature
(C) and Relative Humidity (%in Peninsular Malaysia.
Source:
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/ap
plication/environment/climate/mm
019pf.htm
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kl
angvalley.gif
Figure 2.1b: Map of Klang valley, red
indicates the site while blue is part of
straits of Malacca.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titiwangsa_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malaccahttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/climate/mm019pf.htmhttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/climate/mm019pf.htmhttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/climate/mm019pf.htmhttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/climate/mm019pf.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klangvalley.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klangvalley.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klangvalley.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klangvalley.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klangvalley.gifhttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/climate/mm019pf.htmhttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/climate/mm019pf.htmhttp://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/climate/mm019pf.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Malaccahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titiwangsa_Mountains8/3/2019 B Science Report Example
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2.2 Introduction of site (Micro)
Our room for study, B3-2C-4 room is located in U-Residence, Taylors University
Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. B3-2C-4 is a hostel room provided for its
students. It sits at the second floor of Block B, one of the two commercial blocks, and faces the
Broadwalk, a corridor in between Block A and B. Part of the planning design for the commercial
block; varieties of shops are available along the Broadwalk, starting from Food and Beverages
outlet to shops selling miscellaneous items.
Figure 2.2: Plan
View of Taylors
University
LakesideCampus, the
red circle
indicates the
room for study
N
Source:self-drawn
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2.3 Purpose
The purpose for conducting this study is:
Understanding the basic principles of thermal comfort and thermal heat transfer through
practical means.
Learn to propose a design solution in making a space more comfortable in relation to
thermal comfort.
2.4 Limitations
External factor, such as global warming
human error in handling the data logger
data logger competency influencing the data recording
2.5 Preview
The following section of the report will talk about the method of analyzing the site and explainevery factor that has an impact on the room thermal comfort. Also, the data recorded on thetemperature and relative humidity will be analysed and discussed. Regarding to the findings ofour analysis, we will propose appropriate solutions and ideas to achieve best thermal comfort inour site through passive building design only, excluding mechanical means.
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3.0 Methodology
3.1 Description of data logger used
Code : HT-3007SD
Brand : LUTRON
Model No : HT-3007SD
Functions: Record Humidity/Temp, Dew point, Wet bulb and Type K/J thermometer
Measuring: 5 % to 95 % R.H for air humidity and 0 to 50 for air temperature
range
Figure 3.1b: ROOM PLAN SHOWING THE
PLACEMENT OF DATA LOGGER
Source: Self-drawn
Figure 3.1a: Thermo hygrometer data logger
Source:
http://www.thermocoupless.com/tag/thermo-
hygrometers/
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3.3 Analytical diagrams
Figure 3.3a Then narrow corridor between block A and B draw wind in by
increasing the air pressure.
Source: self-photographed
Figure 3.3b Diagram showing the wind movement through the corridor
Source: self-photographed
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Figure 3.3c building elevation showing the heat absorbance of reinforced concrete
roof during the day
.
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Room position
Figure 3.3b Diagram showing the wind movement through the corridor
Source: self-photographed
.
Figure 3.3c building elevation showing the heat absorbance of reinforced concrete
roof during the day
.
Figure 3.3e: Solar radiation is filtered by the skylight. Causing diffused solar
radiation entering the units below.
.
Room position
Evening sun direction
Morning sun direction
Skylight
Room position
Evening sun direction
Morning sun direction
Skylight
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3.4 Buildings components
Walls and ceiling
The qualities and type of our room wall has different results on its
ability to absorb, store, and later release significant amounts of heat.
All walls in B3-2C-4 are precast concrete. While the exterior wall
facing the Broadwalkbeing the thickness wall, has a higher overall R-
value to insulate solar radiation entering the interior.
The ceiling and the walls exposing to direct solar radiation of our room
is painted gray, a color of good heat absorption. It has good thermal
mass and will absorb its surrounding heat during the day, later
releasing its heat at night.
Whereas, internal dividing walls are painted white, white has a poor absorption of heat but good
at reflecting.
Openings
Window is designed to provide light and breeze; it plays an important role
on the quality of life in a home just as any other building component. They
affect heating and cooling costs, natural lighting levels, ventilation quality,
and the comfort of occupants year-round. Casement window is installed
in our site.
Casement window gives you ventilation percentage up to 75% as they
can be opened to a full extent. They are hinged at the side and swing
outward to allow air ventilation.Figure 3.4bSource:
http://www.google.
com.my/imglandin
g?q=casement+wi
ndow
Figure 3.4aSource:self-photographed
.
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Window coverings
The available window shade in our room for study allows the user to
partially (around 50%) shield the room from solar radiation. Having the
blind closed or open has significant influence on the rooms temperature
and relative humidity.
Flooring
Made of concrete, the flooring in our site is painted gray with a
matte finishing. A matte finishing allows greater heat absorption
due to its flat and non-reflective surface.
Electrical appliances
The electrical appliances used during the recording are electrical boiler, laptop and speaker. All
these items releases significantly small amount of heat when in used.
Lighting Fittings
Lightings fittings converts electrical energy into both light energy and
heat energy. This also has slight significance on the air temperature.
Figure 3.4cSource: self-photographed
.
Figure 3.4dSource: self-photographed
.
Figure 3.4eSource: self-photographed
.
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Human adjustments 3.5
Window and door usage
The room door is usually left open when the occupant is present in it, and closed when he is not
around. The window is mostly left open throughout the recording time.
Air-conditioning usage
Air-conditioning usage is zero during the recording of site with the exception on 8 th April from
0100-0700
Shading adjustments
Shading is adjusted accordingly depending on the user preference.
Lighting fittings
Lighting is on during night before the user sleeps.
Occupancy & activities
Mostly, only one person is present in the room. However, there are circumstances where up to 4
people is in the room at the same time. The activities which affect temperature and relative
humidity in the room are: usage of laptop, hair-drying and boiling water.
External factors
Our site is relatively close to corridor in between block A and B, external factors such as the
public smoking just below our room are taken accounted.
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3.6 Thermal transmittance calculation
Through the window
MaterialsThickness
(m)
Conductivity, k (w/m C)Resistance, R
(m2C/w)
U-value
(w/m2deg c)Outside
surface0.04
Single glazed
glassn/a n/a 5.67
Aluminum
framen/a n/a 0.3
Inside Surface 0.13
Resistance= 0.04+0.3+0.13 = 0.47
Window total thermal transmittance = 5.67+ 0.13= 5.956
Through the wall
Materials Thickness (m)Conductivity, k
(w/m C)
Resistance, R
(m2C/w)
U-value
(w/m2deg c)
Outside surface 0.04Skim-coat 0.05 0.48 0.104
Light concrete
blocks0.125(93%) 0.42 0.298
Mortar between
concrete blocks0.125(7%) 1.73 0.072
Inside surface 0.13
0.644
1/0.644= 1.553
Wall total thermal transmittance= 1.553
Total solar heat gain: 1180.948 (refer to appendix)
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4.0 Results & Analysis
4.1 Data Logger Results
The data was recorded down throughout the duration of 48 hours of the chosen days.
Specifically, the temperature and relative humidity of the room for every hour from 1100, 8th
ofApril, to 1100, 10th of April were recorded by the data logger.
Date Time Value Unit Value2 Unit2
4/8/2011 11:00:00 78.2 %RH 27.2 Degree C
4/8/2011 12:00:00 79.7 %RH 28.5 Degree C
4/8/2011 13:00:00 80.3 %RH 28.9 Degree C
4/8/2011 14:00:00 77.1 %RH 29.5 Degree C
4/8/2011 15:00:00 75.8 %RH 30.2 Degree C
4/8/2011 16:00:00 75 %RH 29.1 Degree C
4/8/2011 17:00:00 78.3 %RH 28.3 Degree C
4/8/2011 18:00:00 79.7 %RH 27.6 Degree C
4/8/2011 19:00:00 77.7 %RH 27.5 Degree C
4/8/2011 20:00:00 74.9 %RH 27.3 Degree C
4/8/2011 21:00:00 72.3 %RH 27.2 Degree C
4/8/2011 22:00:00 79.2 %RH 27.3 Degree C
4/8/2011 23:00:00 80.7 %RH 27.2 Degree C
4/9/2011 0:00:00 79.8 %RH 27 Degree C
4/9/2011 1:00:00 81.5 %RH 26.9 Degree C
4/9/2011 2:00:00 80 %RH 26.7 Degree C
4/9/2011 3:00:00 79.2 %RH 26.5 Degree C
4/9/2011 4:00:00 78.5 %RH 26.2 Degree C
4/9/2011 5:00:00 81.4 %RH 26 Degree C
4/9/2011 6:00:00 82.8 %RH 25.9 Degree C
4/9/2011 7:00:00 81.3 %RH 25.8 Degree C
4/9/2011 8:00:00 82 %RH 26.8 Degree C
4/9/2011 9:00:00 81.8 %RH 27 Degree C
4/9/2011 10:00:00 80.1 %RH 27.3 Degree C
4/9/2011 11:00:00 79 %RH 27.5 Degree C
4/9/2011 12:00:00 77.6 %RH 27.8 Degree C
4/9/2011 13:00:00 82 %RH 27.9 Degree C
4/9/2011 14:00:00 85.3 %RH 27.8 Degree C
4/9/2011 15:00:00 87.2 %RH 28.3 Degree C
Figure 4.1a
Source: self-drawn
.
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4/9/2011 16:00:00 89 %RH 29 Degree C
4/9/2011 17:00:00 95 %RH 28.5 Degree C
4/9/2011 18:00:00 87 %RH 29 Degree C
4/9/2011 19:00:00 88 %RH 29.3 Degree C
4/9/2011 20:00:00 86.2 %RH 29 Degree C
4/9/2011 21:00:00 85.6 %RH 28.8 Degree C
4/9/2011 22:00:00 87.5 %RH 28.5 Degree C
4/9/2011 23:00:00 84.9 %RH 27.5 Degree C
4/10/2011 0:00:00 82 %RH 27.3 Degree C
4/10/2011 1:00:00 82.2 %RH 27.1 Degree C
4/10/2011 2:00:00 83.1 %RH 26.8 Degree C
4/10/2011 3:00:00 84.1 %RH 26.5 Degree C
4/10/2011 4:00:00 85.2 %RH 26.2 Degree C
4/10/2011 5:00:00 87 %RH 26 Degree C
4/10/2011 6:00:00 89.3 %RH 25.8 Degree C
4/10/2011 7:00:00 83.2 %RH 25.6 Degree C
4/10/2011 8:00:00 81.4 %RH 25 Degree C
4/10/2011 9:00:00 75.9 %RH 25.2 Degree C
4/10/2011 10:00:00 82.3 %RH 25.5 Degree C
4/10/2011 11:00:00 78.7 %RH 26.8 Degree C
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4.2 Regional Data Results
In order to study the thermal performance of our site, macro data was needed to interpret how
the macro-climate affects the micro-climate and eventually the thermal performance of our
room. Thus the data was retrieved from a credited website, www.timeanddate.com.
Specifically, the temperature and relative humidity of the room for every hour from 1100, 8 th of
April, to 1100, 10th of April were recorded and used.
Date Time Weather WeatherDescription
Temperature(c)
WindSpeed
WindDirection
RelativeHumidity
(%)
Barometer Visib
8Apr
11:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
28 13km/h
74 1012millibars
N/
8Apr
12:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
30 7km/h
66 1012millibars
N/
8
Apr
13:00 Broken clouds.
Warm.
31 7
km/h
66 1011
millibars
N/
8Apr
14:00 Broken clouds.Hot.
32 4km/h
55 1010millibars
N/
8Apr
15:00 Broken clouds.Hot.
32 6km/h
63 1008millibars
N/
8Apr
16:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
30 19km/h
75 1008millibars
N/
8Apr
17:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
29 15km/h
79 1007millibars
N/
8Apr
18:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
29 13km/h
79 1007millibars
N/
8
Apr
19:00 Broken clouds.
Warm.
28 6
km/h
84 1008
millibars
N/
8Apr
20:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
28 6km/h
74 1009millibars
N/
8Apr
21:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
28 2km/h
79 1010millibars
N/
8Apr
22:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
27 4km/h
84 1010millibars
N/
8Apr
23:00 Passing clouds.Warm.
26 6km/h
89 1010millibars
N/
9Apr
00:00 Passing clouds.Warm.
26 6km/h
89 1011millibars
N/
9Apr
01:00 Passing clouds.Warm.
25 6km/h
94 1011millibars
N/
9Apr
02:00 Passing clouds.Warm.
25 6km/h
94 1011millibars
N/
9Apr
03:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
25 7km/h
94 1009millibars
N/
9Apr
04:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
25 6km/h
94 1009millibars
N/
9Apr
05:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
25 7km/h
94 1009millibars
9 k
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9Apr
06:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
25 Nowind
- 94 1010millibars
9 k
9Apr
07:00 Partly cloudy.Mild.
24 6km/h
100 1010millibars
6 k
9Apr
08:00 Fog. Warm. 25 2km/h
94 1011millibars
4 k
9Apr
09:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
27 6km/h
84 1012millibars
9 k
9Apr
10:00 Partly sunny.Warm.
29 2km/h
79 1012millibars
N/
9Apr
11:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
29 7km/h
74 1013millibars
N/
9Apr
12:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
28 13km/h
84 1013millibars
7 k
9Apr
13:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
28 11km/h
79 1012millibars
N/
9Apr
14:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
28 15km/h
79 1011millibars
N/
9Apr 15:00 Broken clouds.Warm. 29 15km/h 80 1010millibars N/
9Apr
16:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
31 13km/h
82 1009millibars
N/
9Apr
17:00 Thunderstorms.Broken clouds.
Warm.
29 6km/h
100 1009millibars
N/
9Apr
18:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
29 2km/h
92 1009millibars
N/
9Apr
19:00 Partly sunny.Warm.
29 9km/h
84 1009millibars
N/
9Apr
20:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
27 9km/h
79 1010millibars
N/
9Apr
21:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
27 7km/h
84 1011millibars
N/
9Apr
22:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
26 7km/h
84 1012millibars
N/
9Apr
23:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
26 7km/h
89 1012millibars
N/
10Apr
00:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
26 2km/h
89 1012millibars
N/
10Apr
01:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
26 4km/h
89 1012millibars
N/
10Apr
02:00 Passing clouds.Warm.
26 4km/h
89 1012millibars
N/
10Apr 03:00 Partly cloudy.Warm. 26 4km/h 89 1011millibars N/
10Apr
04:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
26 6km/h
89 1011millibars
N/
10Apr
05:00 Light rain.Partly cloudy.
Warm.
25 6km/h
94 1011millibars
9 k
10Apr
06:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
25 4km/h
94 1011millibars
N/
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10Apr
07:00 Partly cloudy.Warm.
25 4km/h
94 1011millibars
9 k
10Apr
08:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
25 4km/h
100 1012millibars
N/
10Apr
09:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
26 7km/h
94 1013millibars
N/
10Apr
10:00 Partly sunny.Warm.
27 4km/h
84 1013millibars
N/
10Apr
11:00 Broken clouds.Warm.
27 11km/h
89 1013millibars
N/
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4.3 Graphical Presentation of Data
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
Degr
ee
Celcius(c)/RelativeHumidity(%)
Time
Indoor Data (8th-9th of April)
RH
Temp
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
DegreeCelcius(c)/RelativeHumidity(%)
Time
Indoor Data (9th-10th of April)
RH
Temp
Figure 4.3a
.
Figure 4.3b
.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
DegreeCelcius(c)/RelativeHumidity(%)
Time
Outdoor Data (8th-9th of April)
RH
Temp
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
DegreeCelcius(c)/RelativeHumidi
ty(%)
Time
Outdoor Data (9th-10th of April)
RH
Temp
Figure 4.3d
.
Figure 4.3c
.
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Indoor Data Documentation
Highest Temperature: 30.2 (1500, 8th of April)
Lowest Temperature: 25 (0800, 10th of April)
Highest Relative Humidity: 95 (1700, 9th
of April)
Lowest Relative Humidity: 72.3 (2100, 8th of April)
Outdoor Data Documentation
Highest Temperature: 32 (1400 and 1500, 8th of April)
Lowest Temperature: 24 (0700, 9th of April)
Highest Relative Humidity: 100 (0700, 9th of April; 0800, 10th of April)
Lowest Relative Humidity: 55 (1400, 8TH of April)
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4.4 Data Analysis
Based on the provided charts above, we found out a few notable data which the change can be
explained in terms of thermal performance of the room.
The very first thing we realized was the charts comparing the temperature of outdoor and indoor
shows a certain pattern that occurred constantly throughout 48 hours.
The temperature of the room was much cooler during the morning compared during afternoon
(refer to figure.4.4a 1100-2000 and figure 4.4b 1000-1700). The temperature of the room
increased slowly due to the fact that it was the hottest timing of tropical zone, where the heat of
the sun landed on the earth mostly. Anyhow generally the temperature inside the room is cooler
that outside by 4c.
The room was cooler compared to the room which facing outward, its due to the fact that the
sun was not able to penetrate through the building and into our room successfully. Our roomwas positioned facing inward to the corridor, and a roof (skylight) was built on the top of the
building, with the skylight acting as a filter, our room only received less-intensified solar
radiation. These incoming solar radiations have to further penetrate the room walls and window,
thus leaving the room temperature only slightly affected by the direct solar radiation.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
DegreeeCelcius(c)
Time
Outdoor and Indoor Temperature
(8th-9th of April)
Outdoor Temp
Indoor Temp
Figure 4.4a
.
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The temperature of the room was generally higher compared to the outdoor temperature during
the night (2200-0900 on the first chart on temperature comparison; 1900-0700 on the second.).
Though the temperature of the room inside was decreasing due to the fact that the night iscooler, yet its hotter compared to the temperature outside of the building.
The reason behind this change of temperature is the same; mainly due to the position of the
room itself. The room was located inside of the whole building, and its facing inward to another
block. This resulted in the heat it captured during the day was trapped inside the room. When
the night flush event happens, its unable to release its heat as fast as those rooms that facing
outward. Though the wind was able to pass through and cooled the room, its still hotter
compared to the rest due to the heat produced at the corridor and food court that around the
area.
Human activities also contributed to the change of thermal performance of the room. Duringevening (1700-2100, 9th of April), the temperature of the room is continuously higher than usual
for several hours. Reason being the user in the room, is using his laptop for a couple of hours,
releasing heat during the time of usage. At the same time, both window and door were closed to
block the undesirable noises coming from the corridor and food court; though the fan was
switched on, but the temperature inside the room still rises as it is unable to release its heat.
Thus the temperature of the room remained and only dropped slightly compared to the outdoor
temperature which decreased dramatically due to the rain at 1700.
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Figure 4.4b
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Around 1700, 9th of April, according to our data which were retrieved from
(www.timeanddate.com), it is raining with occurring thunder storms. At the same time, though
its a warm rain, the outdoor relative humidity reached its peak, 100%. Its a common natural
event that happened when it rained. It is Interesting that the relative humidity and temperature
were affected as well. At that hour, the temperature of the room reached 28.5c whereas the
outside reached 29c.
Not much difference it seems, but after that, the data actually gave us an insight on what
happened after rain. The temperature outside after 1700 quickly dropped down with around 2c
every hours (for few hours), and thus the temperature inside the room became higher few hours
later after the rain. Our findings showed: after the rain, the facing sides of the building as well
as the open area received rains and started to evaporate, with the process of evaporation, when
it happened, it brought the hot air to the sky as well. Thus the temperature outside was quicklydropped down, and accompanied with the absence of the sun, it became much cooler.
The temperature of the room dropped as the outsides dropped. But under the comparison, the
room started to become hotter than outdoor even though the temperature was still decreasing.
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Figure 4.4c
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Its because of the heat was trapped inside and its unable to release its heat to the atmosphere
when the open area did.
In terms of relative humidity, the room was not much affected. When it reached its dew point at
the midnight (0600), the relative humidity reached 100% in the morning (0700, 9 th of April; and
0800, 10th of April); anyhow the relative humidity remained at the same range throughout the
night. Some factors contributing to it was that the neighbors were using air-conditions
throughout the night, which affect the thermal performance of their common area (living room)
consequently our room itself.
During daytime (1100-1600 on the first chart of relative humidity comparison; 1300-1600 on the
second), the relative humidity of the room was generally high and frequently it appeared to bemore humid than the outdoor. Its due to the fact that the building was built in modern way,
which the insulation is strong enough to withhold its thermal performance. But it became a con
in this case. The process of water evaporation became much slower and it was very discomfort
to the user inside the room.
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umidity(%)
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Figure 4.4d
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5.0 discussions
Mean temperature: 27.9c
Mean Relative humidity: 83.46%
This result indicates our room thermal comfort is slightly too hot and considerably humid.5.2
Problems and Solutions A
Problem A: Trapped Heat
Solution A: Alternated roof (Skylight) and roof garden
Figure 5.0 indicates the mean
temperature and relative humidity
of our results
Figure 4.3b
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-Promotes air movement
-Fully use of green building design
-Good thermal mask on the top
-Wind welcoming structure
With the strategic location of our room, it performed very well in term of being heat insulated in
the morning and noon. The major drawback of our room is that it gets very hot and humid after
the noon, where the heat started to store up around the room. In the evening it gained heat and
its unable to release it quickly compared to the room facing outward.
Our solution is to alter the existing roof (skylight), in order to promote the air movement,
specifically for the hot air which was trapped inside after the noon. With the alternated roof
Figure 5.2a
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Figure 5.2b
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Figure 5.2c
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(skylight), the hot air will be released directly into the sky and thus it becomes cooler with new
air moves in.
At the same time, with the alternated roof, its became a very suitable site for having roof top
garden. In this case, the rain drops on the skylight can be collected and directed to the soil of
roof top greens. Wasting was minimized, and though its expensive, but once the system is on it
will affect substantially on the thermal performance of the building.
Because roof top garden helps in blocking the sun radiation penetrating the building, it becomes
multiple layers of heat insulations, a very good thermal mask on the top part of building. Besidesthat, having a roof top garden automatically cools the structure itself by providing organic
shading to the roof top. It provides radiant cooling effect from the structure with shading and
insulation (soil) during day time, and transpiration (evaporation) also cools the tree and the air in
contact with the vegetation. With that the sun heat will not be able to penetrate into our room as
quick as the room facing outward.
Figure 5.2d
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Figure 5.2e
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Thus, with the decrease of temperature, the temperature difference between the open area and
shaded area become bigger in this way, radiant temperature was created, wind will be able to
evolve and pass through it to fulfill the law of thermal balance. Stack effect will be created with
this solution, and it will change the temperature and relative humidity of our room.
Anyhow the trees shouldnt be planted densely, because it will block the heat from releasing into
the atmosphere. Only number of trees should be planted with careful planning, with that it will
help in making the room performs better in terms of thermal comfort.
Figure 5.2f
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Figure 5.2g
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Figure 5.2h
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5.3 Problems and Solution B
Problem B: Hot and Humid inside the room and less contact with the outdoor wind to be
cooled.
Solution B: Vertical landscaping installation
-Shading the internal facades
-Cooling the spaces around it with transpiration (evaporation)
-Filter the heat produced by sun radiation and human activities.
During the same timeframe, the temperature and relative humidity of the room are
uncomfortable for most people. This is due to the position of our room, is just above the
commercial blocks (including restaurants, stationary shops, and etc.), which produce heat. The
wind velocity and frequency are not that much compared to the floors upstairs, thus the room
becomes humid and hot with lacks of wind.
Our solution is to install a series of vertical landscape, vine covered panels all around the
internal facades partially. It should be attached at least 1meter away from the building itself to
allow the wind to change its temperature, velocity, and frequency.
As we mentioned before, greens provide many advantages on passive cooling, if properly used.
It acts as a shading device to the internal facades, filtering the sun light and sun heat; cooling
the spaces in contact with it by transpiration process of it; and acts as a wind break which
Figure 5.2j
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Figure 5.2i
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eventually increases the wind velocity on the facades in this case. Ultimately it will lower the
temperature of the room and increase the wind velocity on the facades thus affecting the
relative humidity of the room to provide a comfort zone for user.
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6.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, the unit recorded has a slightly higher temperature and relative humidity
compared to the average temperature. The thermal comfort of the room is also slightly above
the comfort zone (refer to figure 5.0 psychometric chart). As mentioned above, having a roof
garden is able to resolve the persisting problems. However, there are other factors too to be
considered, such as the high maintenance, repairing and fixing costs, fragility of plants leading it
to be blown away by strong winds, complex drainage systems and a stronger roof beam to
support the soil layer. Vertical layering however poses another kind of concern. It changes the
exterior look of the building significantly. Subjected to personal taste, some people might like,
some may not. So ultimately, it really depends on the users decisions.
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7.0 References
Published materials
1. Lechner, N. (2009). Heating, Cooling, Lighting : Sustainable Design Methods for Architects. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Adler, D. (2004). METRIC HANDBOOK PLANNING AND DESIGN DATA. Burlington: Elsevier Ltd.
3. B. Stein, J. Reynolds.(2010). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. New York. John &
Wiley. 2000.
Internet resources
http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=122
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-loss-transmission-d_748.html
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/overall-heat-transfer-coefficients-d_284.html
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html
http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/133394.pdf
http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=122http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=122http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-loss-transmission-d_748.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-loss-transmission-d_748.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/overall-heat-transfer-coefficients-d_284.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/overall-heat-transfer-coefficients-d_284.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.htmlhttp://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/133394.pdfhttp://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/133394.pdfhttp://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/133394.pdfhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/overall-heat-transfer-coefficients-d_284.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/heat-loss-transmission-d_748.htmlhttp://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1228/3/2019 B Science Report Example
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